Spatio-temporal variability in macroalgal assemblages of American Samoa

REFERENCES

• Adey W.H. 1998. Review. Coral reefs: algal structured and mediated ecosystems in shallow, turbulent, alkaline waters. Journal of Phycology 34: 393–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert E.M. & Lehman R.L. 2001. Marine algae associated with Caribbean rocky shores, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Phycology 37: 4.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson M.J., Gorley R.N. & Clarke K.R. 2008. PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK. 214 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Barile P.J. 2004. Evidence of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment of the littoral waters of East Central Florida. Journal of Coastal Research 20: 1237–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton J.J., Oyieke H.A. & Gwada P. 2007. The seaweeds of Kenya: checklist, history of seaweed study, coastal environment, and analysis of seaweed diversity and biogeography. South African Journal of Botany 73: 76–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainard R., Asher J., Gove J., Helyer J., Kenyon J., Mancini F., Miller J., Myhre S., Nadon M., Rooney J., Schroeder R., Smith E., Vargas-Angel B., Vogt S. & Vroom P. 2008. Coral reef ecosystem monitoring report for American Samoa: 2002–2006. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC Special Publication, SP-08-002. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Honolulu or at http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/pibhmc_amsamoa.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno J.F., Sweatman H., Precht W.F., Selig E.R. & Schutte V.G.W. 2009. Assessing evidence of phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance on coral reefs. Ecology 90: 1478–1484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman M.G. & Underwood A.J. 1999. Ecological patterns in multivariate assemblages: information and interpretation of negative values in ANOSIM tests. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180: 257–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney D.F. 1977. R&C/P, a new and improved ratio for comparing seaweed floras. Journal of Phycology 13: 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke K.R. & Gorley R.N. 2006. PRIMER v6: User Manual/ Tutorial. Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research, PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK. 190 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cornish A.S. & Didonato E.M. 2004. Resurvey of a reef flat in American Samoa after 85 years reveals devastation to a soft coral (Alcyonacea) community. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 768–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig P. 2002. Status of coral reefs in 2002: American Samoa. In: The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific freely Associated States: 2002 (Ed. by D.D. Turgeon, et al.), pp. 183–187. NOAA/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Craig P., Green A. & Saucerman S. 1995. Coral reef troubles in American Samoa. South Pacific Commission Newsletter 72: 33–34.
   Google Scholar
• Craig P., Birkeland C. & Belliveau S. 2001. High temperatures tolerated by a diverse assemblage of shallow-water corals in American Samoa. Coral Reefs 20: 185–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didonato, G.T. 2005. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in tropical Pacific insular streams: historical data from Tutuila, American Samoa. Micronesica 37: 235–247.
   Google Scholar
• DiDonato, G.T. & Paselio E.B. 2006. Localized beach contamination in American Samoa: results from two years of weekly monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 447–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabricius K., De'ath, G., McCook L., Turak L.E. & Williams D. M. 2005. Changes in algal, coral and fish assemblages along water quality gradients on the inshore Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51: 384–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander A., Aeby G., Brainard R., Clark A., DeMartini, E., Godwin S., Maragos J., Kenyon J., Kosaki R. & Vroom P. 2005. Status of coral reef ecosystems of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In: The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific freely associated states: 2005 (Ed. by J.E. Waddell). NOAA Technical memorandum II: 270–311.
   Google Scholar
• Gattuso J.-P., Payri C.E., Pichon M., Delesalle B. & Frankignoulle M. 1997. Primary production, calcification, and air-sea CO2 fluxes of a macroalgal-dominated coral reef community (Moorea, French Polynesia). Journal of Phycology 33: 729–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg N.A. & Kendrick G.A. 2004. Effects of island groups, depth, and exposure to ocean waves on subtidal macroalgal assemblages in the Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia. Journal of Phycology 40: 631–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green A.L. [Ed] 1996. Status of the coral reefs of the Samoan Archipelago. Report of the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa, pp. 1–125.
   Google Scholar
• Green A.L. [Ed] 2002. Status of coral reefs on the main volcanic islands of American Samoa: a survey of long term monitoring sites (benthic communities, fish communities, and key macroinvertebrates). Report of the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa, pp. 1–135.
   Google Scholar
• Green A. & Craig P. 1999. Population size and structure of giant clams at Rose Atoll, an important refuge in the Samoan Archipelago. Coral Reefs 18: 205–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green A., Burgett J, Molina M., Palawski D. & Gabrielson P. [Eds] 1997. The impact of the ship grounding and associated fuel spill at Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, American Samoa. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report, pp. 1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Harney J.N. & Fletcher C.H. III. 2003. A budget of carbonate framework and sediment production, Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Sedimentary Research 73: 856–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houk P., DiDonato, G., Iguel J. & van Woesik R. 2005. Assessing the effects of non-point source pollution on American Samoa's coral reef communities. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 107: 11–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerswell A.P. 2006. Global biodiversity patterns of benthic marine algae. Ecology 87: 2479–2488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey D.W. 1985. Metabolism, calcification and carbon production. I. Systems level studies. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, Tahiti 4: 505–526.
   Google Scholar
• Kohler K.E. & Gill S.M. 2006. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): a visual basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computational Geosciences 32: 1259–1269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraines S., Suzuki Y., Yamada K. & Komiyama H. 1996. Separating biological and physical changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in a coral reef. Limnology & Oceanography 41: 1790–1799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuffner I.B. & Paul V.J. 2004. Effects of the benthic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula on larval recruitment of the reef corals Acropora surculosa and Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 23: 455–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe B.E. 1999. Simultaneous top-down and bottom-up forces control macroalgal blooms on coral reefs. Limnology & Oceanography 44: 1586–1592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe B.E., Barile P.J. & Matzie W.R. 2004. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of seagrass and coral reef communities in the Lower Florida Keys: discrimination of local versus regional nitrogen sources. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 308: 23–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larned S.T. & Stimson J. 1996. Nitrogen-limited growth in the coral reef chlorophyte Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, and the effect of exposure to sediment-derived nitrogen on growth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 145: 95–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledlie M.H., Graham N.A.J., Bythell J.C., Wilson S.K., Jennings S., Polunin N.V.C. & Hardcastle J. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26: 641–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur R. H. & Wilson E. O. [Eds] 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Maragos J.E., Hunter C.L. & Meier K.Z. (EDS.) 1994. Reefs and corals observed during the 1991–1992 American Samoa coastal resources inventory. Prepared for the American Samoa Department of Marine & Wildlife Fisheries, American Samoa Government.
   Google Scholar
• McCook L.J., Jompa J. & Diaz-Pulido G. 2001. Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: a review of evidence and mechanisms. Coral Reefs 19: 400–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlathery K.J. 1992. Physiological controls on the distribution of the macroalga Spyridea hypnoides: patterns along a eutrophication gradient in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 87: 173–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus J.W. & Polsenberg J.F. 2004. Coral-algal phase shifts on coral reefs: ecological and environmental aspects. Progress in Oceanography 60: 263–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfi J.M., Jackson J.B.C., Baron N., Bradbury R.H., Guzman H.M., Hughes T.P., Kappel C.V., Micheli F., Ogden J.C., Possingham H.P. & Sala E. 2005. Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307: 1725–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish F.A. & Boland R.C. 2004. Habitat and reef-fish assemblages of banks in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology 144: 1065–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preskitt L.B., Vroom P.S. & Smith C.M. 2004. A rapid ecological assessment (REA) quantitative survey method for benthic algae using photoquadrats with scuba. Pacific Science 58: 201–209.
   Google Scholar
• Price A.R.G., Vincent L.P.A., Venkatachalam A.J., Bolton J.J. & Basson P.W. 2006. Concordance between different measures of biodiversity in Indian Ocean macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 19: 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Santelices B., Bolton J.J. & Meneses I. 2009. Marine algal communities. In: Marine macroecology (Ed. by J.D. Whitman & K. Roy). University Press, Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Schils T. 2006. The tripartite biogeographical index: a new tool for quantifying spatio-temporal differences in distribution patterns. Journal of Biogeography 33: 560–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder R.E., Green A.L., Demartini E.E. & Kenyon J.C. 2008. Long-term effects of a ship-grounding on coral reef fish assemblages at Rose Atoll, American Samoa. Bulletin of Marine Science 82: 345–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton P.A. [Ed] 2004. A survey of the benthic marine algae of the Apia District, Samoa, South Pacific. PhD thesis. University of the south Pacific, suva, Fiji islands.
   Google Scholar
• Skelton P.A. & South G.R. 1999. A preliminary checklist of the benthic marine algae of the samoan Archipelago. The University of the South Pacif ic. Marine Studies Programme Technical Report 99: 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Skelton P.A. & South G.R. 2004. New records and notes on marine benthic algae of American Samoa — Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta. Cryptogamy: Algologie 25: 291–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton P.A. & South G.R. 2007. The benthic marine algae of the Samoan Archipelago, South Pacific, with emphasis on the Apia district. Nova Hedwigia 132: 1–350.
   Google Scholar
• Tribollet A.D. & Vroom P.S. 2007. Temporal and spatial comparison of the relative abundance of macroalgae across the Mariana Archipelago between 2003 and 2005. Phycologia 46: 187–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Hoek C. 1984. World-wide longitudinal seaweed distribution patterns and their possible causes, as illustrated by the distribution of rhodophytan genera. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 38: 227–257.
   Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S. & Braun C.L. 2010. What is the benthic composition of a healthy subtropical reef? Baseline species-level percent cover, with an emphasis on reef algae, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One 5: e9733. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S. & Page K.N. 2006. Relative abundance of macroalgae (RAM) on Northwestern Island reefs. Atoll Research Bulletin 543: 533–548.
   Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S. & Timmers M.A.V. 2009. Spatial and temporal comparison of algal biodiversity and benthic cover at Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawai'ian Islands. Journal of Phycology 45: 337–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S., Page K.N., Peyton K.A. & Kukea-Shultz J.K. 2005a. Spatial heterogeneity of benthic community assemblages with an emphasis on reef algae at French Frigate Shoals, northwestern Hawai'ian Islands. Coral Reefs 24: 574–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S., Walters L., Beach K., Coyer J., Smith J., Abgrall M.-J., Byron D., Deangelis K., Konar B., Liss J., Okano R., Roberts C., Herren L., Woo M. & Smith C. 2005b. Hurricane-induced propagation and rapid regrowth of the weedy brown alga Dictyota in the Florida Keys. Florida Scientist 68: 161–174.
   Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S., Page K.N., Kenyon J.C. & Brainard R.E. 2006. Algae-dominated reefs. American Scientist 94: 430–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S., Asher J., Braun C.L., Coccagna E., Vetter O.J., Cover W.A., McCully K.M., Potts D.C., Marie A. & Vanderlip C. 2009. Macroalgal (Boodlea composita) bloom at Kure and Midway Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Botanica Marina 52: 361–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom P.S., Musburger C.A., Cooper S.W., Maragos J.E., Page-Albins K.N. & Timmers M.A.V. 2010. Marine biological community baselines in unimpacted tropical ecosystems: spatial and temporal analyses of reefs at Howland and Baker Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 797–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson C. [Ed] 2004. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Williams I.D. & Polunin N.V.C. 2001. Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on mid-depth reefs in the Caribbean. Coral Reefs 19: 358–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar