Fragilariopsis (Bacillariophyceae) of the Northern Hemisphere – morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution, with a description of F. pacifica sp. nov.

REFERENCES

• Amato A., Kooistra W.H.C., Ghiron J.H.L., Mann D.G., Pröshold T. & Montresor M. 2007. Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms. Protist 158: 193–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous, 1975. Proposals for a standardization of diatom terminology and diagnoses. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 53: 323–354.
   Google Scholar
• Assmy P., Henjes J., Smetacek V. & Montresor M. 2006. Auxospore formation by the silica sinking, oceanic diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 42: 1002–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bérard-Therriault L., Poulin M. & Bossé L. 1999. Guide d'identification du phytoplancton marin de l'estuaire et du Golfe du Saint-Laurent. Publication spéciale canadienne des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques 128: 1–387.
   Google Scholar
• Beszteri B., John U. & Medlin L.K. 2007. An assessment of cryptic genetic diversity within the Cyclotella meneghiniana species complex (Bacillariophyta) based on nuclear and plastid genes, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms. European Journal of Phycology 42: 47–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth B. 1981. Vernal phytoplankton community in the eastern subarctic Pacific: predominant species. In: Proceedings of the sixth symposium on recent and fossil diatoms (Ed. by R. Ross), pp. 339–358. Otto Koeltz, Koenigstein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Censarek B. & Gersonde R. 2002. Miocene diatom biostratigraphy at ODP Sites 689, 690, 1088, 1092 (Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean). Marine Micropaleontology 45: 309–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleve P.T. 1873. On diatoms from the arctic Sea. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1(13): 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cleve P.T. 1883. Diatoms, collected during the expedition of the Vega. Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser 3: 455–517.
   Google Scholar
• Cleve P.T. & Grunow A. 1880. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der arctischen Diatomeen. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 17(2): 1–121.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman A.W. 2000. The significance of a coincidence between evolutionary landmarks found in mating affinity and a DNA sequence. Protist 151: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremer H. 1998. The diatom flora of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 40. J. Cramer, Berlin & Stuttgart. 169 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cremer H., Roberts D., McMinn A., Gore D. & Melles M. 2003. The Holocene diatom flora of marine bays in the Windmill Islands, east Antarctica. Botanica Marina 46: 82–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale T., Rey F. & Heimdal B.R. 1999. Seasonal development of phytoplankton at a high latitude oceanic site. Sarsia 84: 419–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovich N.A. & Bates S.S. 1998. Sexual reproduction in the pennate diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 34: 126–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay B.J. & Fenchel T. 2004. Cosmopolitan metapopulations of free-living microbial eukaryotes. Protist 155: 237–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenguelli J. 1943. Diatomeas de las Orcadas del Sur. Revista del Museo de La Plata, Nueva Serie, 5 Botánica 21: 221–265.
   Google Scholar
• Frenguelli J. & Orlando H.A. 1958. Diatomeas y silicoflagellados del sector antarctico Sudamericano. Instituto Antarctico Argentino. Publ. 5: 1–191.
   Google Scholar
• Gersonde R. & Bárcena M.A. 1998. Revision of the upper Pliocene — Pleistocene diatom biostratigraphy for the northern belt of the southern ocean. Micropaleontology 44: 84–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillard R.R.L. & Hargraves P.E. 1993. Stichrysis immobilis is a diatom, not a chrysophyte. Phycologia 12: 234–236.
   Google Scholar
• Halldal P. 1953. Phytoplankton investigations from Weather ship M in the Norwegian Sea, 1948–1949. Hvalrådets Skrifter 38: 1–91.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1965. Nitzschia and Fragilariopsis species studied in the light and electron microscopes. III. The genus Fragilariopsis. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse. Ny Serie 21: 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1969. An analysis of the phytoplankton of the Pacific Southern Ocean. Hvalrådets Skrifter 52: 1–168.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1972. Fragilariopsis Hustedt as a section of the genus Nitzschia Hassall. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 39: 111–119.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1974. Validation of the names of some marine planktonic species of Nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae). Taxon 23: 425–428.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1976. Biogeography of some marine planktonic diatoms. Deep-Sea Research 23: 319–338.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1978. Diatoms. In: Phytplankton manual (Ed. by A. Sournia), pp. 136–142. UNESCO, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. 1993. Nomenclatural notes on marine planktonic diatoms. The family Bacillariaceae. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 106: 315–321.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. & Booth B.C. 1984. Nitzschia cylindroformis sp. nov. a common and abundant nanoplankton diatom of the eastern subarctic Pacific. Journal of Plankton Research 6: 493–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. & Heimdal B.R. 1998. The net phytoplankton in Kongsfjorden, July 1988, with general remarks on species composition of arctic phytoplankton. Polar Research 17: 31–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R. & Syvertsen E.E. 1997. Marine diatoms. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (Ed. by C.R. Tomas), pp. 5–386. Academic Press, San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R., Von Stosch H.A. & Syvertsen E.E. 1983. Cymatosiraceae, a new diatom family. Bacillaria 6: 9–156.
   Google Scholar
• Hasle G.R., Syvertsen E.H. & Von Quillfeldt C.B. 1996. Fossula arctica gen. nov. spec. nov., a marine Arctic araphid diatom. Diatom Research 11: 261–272.
   Google Scholar
• Heiden H. & Kolbe R.W. 1928. Die marinen Diatomeen der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 8 Botanik: 447–715.
   Google Scholar
• Hellum C. 1989. Planteplanktonet i Barentshavet, nœr østkysten av Svalbard, i overgangen mellom april og mai 1985. Cand. real. thesis universitetet i Oslo, 309 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Helmcke J.-G. & Krieger W. 1954. Diatomeenschalen im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild 2, 24 pp., pls 103–200 pp. Cramer, Weinheim.
   Google Scholar
• Hustedt F. 1913. In A. Schmidt's Atlas der Diatomaceenkunde, pl. 299, figs 9–14. O. R. Reisland, Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Hustedt F. 1952. Diatomeen aus der Lebensgemeinschaft des Buckelwals (Megaptera nodosa Bonn.). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 46: 286–298.
   Google Scholar
• Hustedt F. 1958a. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen an Diatomeen. Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift 105: 193–211.
   Google Scholar
• Hustedt F. 1958b. Diatomeen aus der Antarktis und dem Südatlantik. Deutsche Antarktische Expedition 1938/39 2: 103–191.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen K.G. 2003. Holocene hydrographic changes in Greenland coastal waters. Reconstructing environmenal change from subfossil and contemporary diatoms. PhD thesis. University of Copenhagen and GEUS. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske undersøgelse rapport 2003/58.
   Google Scholar
• Kang S.-H. & Fryxell G.A. 1992. Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger: the most abundant diatom in water column assemblages of Antarctic marginal ice-edge zones. Polar Biology 12: 609–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S.-H., Fryxell G.A. & Roelke D.L. 1993. Fragilariopsis cylindrus compared with other species of the diatom family Bacillariaceae in Antarctic marginal ice-edge zones. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 106: 335–352.
   Google Scholar
• Krell A., Schnack-Schiel S.B., Thomas D.N., Kattner G., Zipan W. & Dieckmann G.S. 2005. Phytoplankton dynamics in relation to hydrography, nutrients and zooplankton at the onset of sea ice formation in the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology 28: 700–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange C.B., Hasle G.R. & Syvertsen E.E. 1992. Seasonal cycle of diatoms in the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, with emphasis on the period 1980–1900. Sarsia 77: 173–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizotte M.P. 2001. The contributions of sea ice algae to the Antarctic marine primary production. American Zoology 41: 57–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lundholm N. & Hasle G.R. 2008. Are Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Fragilariopsis nana bipolar diatoms? — morphological and molecular analyses of two sympatric species. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 133: 231–250.
   Google Scholar
• Lundholm N., Daubjerg N. & Moestrup Ø. 2002. Phylogeny of the Bacillariaceae with emphasis on the genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) based on partial LSU rDNA. European Journal of Phycology 37: 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundholm N., Moestrup Ø., Hasle G.R. & Hoef-Emden K. 2003. A study of the P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata-complex (Bacillariophyceae). What is Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima? Journal of Phycology 39: 797–813.
   Google Scholar
• Lundholm N., Moestrup Ø., Kotaki Y., Hoef-Emden K., Scholin C. & Miller P. 2006. Inter-and intraspecific variation of the Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complex (Bacillariophyceae) illustrated by rRNA probes, morphological data and phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Phycology 42: 464–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai J.C. & Coleman A.W. 1997. The internal transcribed spacer 2 exhibits a common secondary structure in green algae and flowering plants. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44: 258–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann D.G. 1978. Studies in the family Nitzschiaceae (Bacillariophyta). PhD dissertation. University of Bristol, 386 pp., 146 pls pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mann D.G. 1981. Sieves and flaps: siliceous minutiae in the pores of raphid diatoms. In: Proceedings of the sixth symposium on recent and fossil diatoms (Ed. by R. Ross), Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Koenigstein, Germany, pp. 279–300.
   Google Scholar
• McNeill J., Readhead S.A. & Wiersema J.H. [Eds] 2006. Report of the general committee. Taxon 55: 799.
   Google Scholar
• Medlin L.K. & Sims P.A. 1993. The transfer of Pseudoeunotia doliolus to Fragilariopsis. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 106: 323–334.
   Google Scholar
• Melnikov I.A., Kolosova E.G., Welch H.H. & Zhitina L.S. 2002. Sea ice biological communities in the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 49: 1623–1649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzeltin D. & Witkowski A. 1996. Diatomeen der Bären-Insel. In: Iconographia Diatomologica, Annotated diatom micrographs. Taxonomy (Ed. by H. Lange-Bertalot), 4, pp. 1–232. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard I. 1963. Fytoplanktonet i den sydlige delen av Norskehavet i juni 1959. Cand. real. thesis. University of Oslo. 142 pp., 81 tables pp.
   Google Scholar
• Olney M.P., Scherer R.P., Bohaty S.M. & Harwood D.M. 2005. Eocene-oligocene paleology and the diatom genus Kisseleviella Sheshukova-Poretskaya from Victoria Land Basin. Antarctic Marine Paleontology 58: 56–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlova T.Y.U., Selina M.S. & Stonik I.V. 2004. Species structure of plankton microalgae on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk on Sakhalin Island. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 30: 77–86.
   Google Scholar
• Paasche E. 1961. Notes on phytoplankton from the Norwegian Sea. Botanica Marina 2: 197–210.
   Google Scholar
• Posada D. & Crandall K.A. 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substation. Bioinformatics Application Note 14: 817–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quijano-Scheggia S., Garcés E., Lundholm N., Moestrup Ø., Andree K. & Camp J. 2009. Morphology, physiology, molecular phylogeny and sexual compatibility of the cryptic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complex (Bacillariophyta), including the description of P. arenysensis sp. nov. Phycologia 48: 492–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quillfeldt C.B. Von. 1997. Distribution of diatoms in the Northeast Water polynia, Greenland. Journal of Marine Systems 10: 211–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quillfeldt C.B. Von. 2000. Common diatom species in Arctic spring blooms: their distribution and abundance. Botanica Marina 43: 499–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quillfeldt C.B. Von, Ambrose W.G. & Clough L.M. 2003. High number of diatom species in first-year ice from the Chukchi Sea. Polar Biology 26: 806–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratkova T.N. & Wassmann P. 2005. Sea ice algae in the White and Barents seas: composition and origin. Polar Research 24: 95–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Round F.E., Crawford R.M. & Mann D.G. 1990. The diatoms, biology & morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 747 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sancetta C. 1982. Distribution of diatom species in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. Micropaleontology 28: 221–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt A. 1913. Atlas der Diatomaceenkunde. Pl. 299, figs 9–14. O.R. Reisland, Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Schrader H.-J. 1973. 17. Cenozoic diatoms from the northeast Pacific, leg 18. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 18 (Ed. by L.D. Kulm & R. von Huene, et al. (1973). pp. 673–797. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Schrader H.-J. 1974. Revised diatom stratigraphy of the experimental Mohole Drilling, Guadalupe site. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, fourth series 39: 517–562.
   Google Scholar
• Schrader H.-J. & Fenner J. 1976. 30. Norwegian Sea Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy and taxonomy. Part 1: Norwegian Sea Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 38 (Ed. by M. Talwani & G. Udintsev, et al. (1976). pp. 921–1099. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Scott P., McMinn A. & Hosie G. 1994. Physical parameters influencing diatom community structure in eastern Antarctic sea ice. Polar Biology 14: 507–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semina H.J. 2003. SEM-studied diatoms of different regions of the world ocean. Iconographia Diatomologica. Annotated diatom micrographs (Ed. by H. Lange-Bertalot), A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Rugell, Liechtenstein, 10, pp. 1–363.
   Google Scholar
• Silva P.C. & Hasle G.R. 2005. (1653) Proposal to conserve the name Fragilariopsis against Pseudo-eunotia (Bacillariophyceae). Taxon 54: 177–178.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastav A. 2003. Upper Miocene to Pliocene diatom taxonomy and biostratigraphic synthesis of ODP hole 695A, Jane Basin, Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Sukhanova I.N., Semina H.J. & Venttsel M.V. 1999. Variability of phytoplankton in the Bering Sea. Chapter 19. In: Dynamic of the Bering Sea (Ed. by T.R. Loughlin & K. Ohtani), University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, AK, USA. pp 453–484.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford D.L. 2001. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Trobajo R., Mann D.G., Chepurnov V.A., Clavero E. & Cox E.J. 2006. Taxonomy, life cycle and auxosporolation of Nitzschia fonticula (Bacillariophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 1353–1372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Heurck H. 1881. Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique. M. Brouwers and Co., Anvers, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Wassmann P., Ratkova T., Andreassen I., Vernet M., Pedersen G. & Rey F. 1999. Spring bloom development in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea. Marine Ecology 20: 321–346.
   Google Scholar
• Witkowski A., Lange-Bertalot H. & Metzeltin D. 2000. Diatom flora of marine coasts 1. Iconographia Diatomologica. Annotated diatom micrographs (Ed. by Lange-Bertalot), A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Rugell, Liechtenstein. 925 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zielinski U. & Gersonde R. 2002. Plio-Pleistocene diatom biostragraphy from ODP Leg 177, Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 45: 225–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuker M. 2003. Mfold web server for nucleic folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Research 31: 3406–3415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar