Morphology and SSU rDNA phylogeny of Durinskia agilis (Kofoid & Swezy) comb. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a thecate, marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate formerly classified within Gymnodinium

REFERENCES

• Abé T.H. 1981. Studies on the family Peridinidae. An unfinished monograph of the armoured dinoflagellata. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. Special Publications series 6: 1–413.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Yamani F.Y. & Saburova M.A. 2010. Illustrated guide on the flagellates of Kuwait's intertidal soft sediments. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait. 197 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Yamani F.Y., Bishop J., Ramadhan E., Al-Husaini M. & Al-Ghadban A.N. 2004. Oceanographic atlas of Kuwait's waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait. 203 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Zaidan A.S.Y., Kennedy H., Jones D.A. & Al-Mohanna S.Y. 2006. Role of microbial mats in Sulaibikhat Bay (Kuwait) mudflat food webs: evidence from δ13C analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 308: 27–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carty S. & Cox E.R. 1986. Kansodinium gen. nov. and Durinskia gen. nov.: two genera of freshwater dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta). Phycologia 25: 197–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesnick J.M. & Cox E.R. 1985. Thecal plate tabulation and variation in Peridinium balticum (Pyrrhophyta: Peridiniales). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 104: 387–394.
   Google Scholar
• Chomérat N. & Couté A. 2008. Protoperidinium bolmonense sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a small dinoflagellate from a brackish hypereutrophic lagoon (South of France). Phycologia 47: 392–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomérat N., Sellos D.Y., Zentz F. & Nézan E. 2010. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Prorocentrum consutum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic dinoflagellate from South Brittany (northwestern France). Journal of Phycology 46: 183–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton D.A. 1986. Ecology of mudflats with particular reference to those of the northern Arabian Gulf. In: Marine environment and pollution (Ed. by R. Halwagy, D. Clayton & M. Behbehani), pp. 83–96. Alden Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. 1981. Three new generic names in the Dinophyceae: Herdmania, Sclerodinium and Triadinium to replace Heteraulacus and Goniodoma. British Phycological Journal 16: 273–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. 1982. Marine dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 249 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. 1983. A re-examination of the relationship between unicellular host and eukaryotic endsymbiont with special reference to Glenodinium foliaceum Dinophyceae. Endocytobiology II, 1015–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. & Crawford R.M. 1969. Observations on the fine structure of the eyespot and associated organelles in the dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliaceum. Journal of Cell Science 5: 479–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar R.C. 2004. MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. BMC Bioinformatics 5: 113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust M.A. 1990. Morphological details of six benthic species of Prorocentrum (Pyrrophyta) from a mangrove island, Twin Cays, Belize, including two new species. Journal of Phycology 26: 548–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust M.A. 1995. Observation of sand-dwelling toxic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from widely differing sites, including two new species. Journal of Phycology 31: 996–1003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust M.A. & Balech E. 1993. A further SEM study of marine benthic dinoflagellates from a mangrove island, Twin Cays, Belize, including Plagiodinium belizeanum gen. et sp. nov. Journal of Phycology 29: 826–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust M.A., Litaker R.W., Vandersea M.W., Kibler S.R. & Tester P.A. 2005. Dinoflagellate diversity and abundance in two Belizean coral-reef mangrove lagoons: a test of Margalef's Mandala. Atoll Research Bulletin 534: 105–131.
   Google Scholar
• Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueroa R.I., Bravo I., Fraga S., Garcés E. & Llavería G. 2009. The life history and cell cycle of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, a dinoflagellate with two eukaryotic nuclei. Protist 160: 285–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz L. & Triemer R.E. 1985. A rapid simple technique utilizing calcofluor white MR2 for the visualization of dinoflagellate thecal plates. Journal of Phycology 21: 662–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuyo Y. 1981. Taxonomical study on benthic dinoflagellates collected in coral reefs. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47: 967–978.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyo Y., Takano H., Chihara M. & Matsuoka K. 1990. Red tide organisms in Japan. An illustrated taxonomic guide. Uchida Rokakuho, Tokyo, Japan. 407 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Guindon S. & Gascuel O. 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Systematic Biology 52: 696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen G. & Flaim G. 2007. Dinoflagellates of the Trentino Province, Italy. Journal of Limnology 66: 107–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendey N.I. 1970. Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait. Nova Hedwigia Beihefte 31: 101–168.
   Google Scholar
• Herdman E.C. 1922. Notes on dinoflagellates and other organisms causing discolouration of the sand at Port Erin: II. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 36: 15–30.
   Google Scholar
• Herdman E.C. 1924a. Notes on dinoflagellates and other organisms causing discolouration of the sand at Port Erin: III. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 38: 58–63.
   Google Scholar
• Herdman E.C. 1924b. Notes on dinoflagellates and other organisms causing discolouration of the sand at Port Erin: IV. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 38: 75–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann L. 1996. Recolonisation of the intertidal flats by microbial mats after the Gulf War oil spill. In: A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf: environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War oil spill (Ed. by F. Krupp, A.H. Abuzinada & I.A. Nader), pp. 96–115. NCWCD, Riyadh and Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M. 2000a. Morphology and taxonomy of six marine sand-dwelling Amphidiniopsis species (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales), four of them new, from the German Bight, North Sea. Phycologia 39: 482–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M. 2000b. Taxonomische und ökologische Untersuchungen von Flagellaten mariner Sande. Dissertation. Universität Hamburg, Germany. 311 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M. 2000c. An emended description of Herdmania litoralis Dodge (Dinophyceae) including the plate formula. Nova Hedwigia 71: 481–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M. 2000d. Morphology and taxonomy of Sinophysis (Dinophyceae, Dinophysiales) including two new marine sand-dwelling species from the North German Wadden Sea. European Journal of Phycology 35: 153–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M. & Elbrächter M. 1998. Roscoffia capitata (Dinophyceae) refound: notes on morphology and biology. Phycologia 37: 450–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M., Murray S. & Horiguchi T. 2003. What do we know about sand-dwelling dinoflagellates? A first review. In: Seventh International Conference on Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellates, DINO7, 21–25 Sept. 2003, Abstract, 52 pp, Nagasaki, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath M., Koeman R.P.T. & Leander B.S. 2009. Morphology and taxonomy of a new marine sand-dwelling Amphidiniopsis species (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales), A. aculeata sp. nov., from Cap Feret, France. Marine Biodiversity 39: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. 1995. Amphidiniella sedentaria gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from Japan. Phycological Research 43: 93–99.
   Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. 2004. Origin and evolution of dinoflagellates with a diatom endosymbiont. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on “Dawn of a New Natural History - Integration of Geoscience and Biodiversity Studies” (Ed. by S.F. Mawatari & H. Okada), March 5–6, 2004, pp. 53–59. Hokkaido University, Sapporo.
   Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. & Pienaar R.N. 1991. Ultrastructure of a marine dinoflagellate, Peridinium quinquecorne Abé (Peridiniales) from South Africa with particular reference to its chrysophyte endosymbiont. Botanica Marina 34: 123–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. & Chihara M. 1993. Life cycle and ultra structure of Dinothrix paradoxa (Dinophyceae). In: 15th International Botanical Congress. Abstracts, 216 pp, Yokohama, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. & Pienaar R.N. 1994. Ultrastructure of a new marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium quadrilobatum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with special reference to its endosymbiotic alga. European Journal of Phycology 29: 237–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. & Kubo F. 1997. Roscoffia minor sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae): a new, sand-dwelling, armored dinoflagellate from Hokkaido, Japan. Phycological Research 45: 65–69.
   Google Scholar
• Horiguchi T. & Takano Y. 2006. Serial replacement of a diatom endosymbiont in the marine dinoflagellate Peridinium quinquecorne (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycological Research 54: 193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D.A. 1986. A field guide to the sea shore of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. University of Kuwait, Blandford Press, UK. 192 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kempton J.W., Wolny J., Tengs T., Rizzo P., Morris R., Tunnell J., Scott P., Steidinger K., Hymel S.N. & Lewitus A.J. 2002. Kryptoperidinium foliaceum blooms in South Carolina: a multi-analytical approach to identification. Harmful Algae 1: 383–392.
   Google Scholar
• Kofoid C.A. 1909. On Peridinium steinii Jörgensen with a note on the nomenclature of the skeleton of Peridinidae. Archiv für Protistenkunde 16: 25–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kofoid C.A. & Swezy O. 1921. The free-living unarmored Dinoflagellata. Memoirs of the University of California 5: 1–562. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Lebour M.V. 1925. The dinoflagellates of northern seas. Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth. 250 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Moestrup Ø. & Daugbjerg N. 2007. On dinoflagellate phylogeny and classification. In: Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algae systematics (Ed. by J. Brodie & J. Lewis), vol. Systematics Association Special Volumes, 75: 215–230. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammad-Noor N., Daugbjerg N., Moestrup Ø. & Anton A. 2007. Marine epibenthic dinoflagellates from Malaysia — a study of live cultures and preserved samples based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Nordic Journal of Botany 24: 629–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray S. 2003. Diversity and phylogenetics of sand-dwelling dinoflagellates from Southern Australia. PhD thesis. University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 202 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Murray S. & Patterson D.J. 2002. Amphidiniopsis korewalensis sp. nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate. Phycologia 41: 382–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray S. & Patterson D.J. 2004. Cabra matta, gen. nov. sp. nov., a new heterotrophic benthic dinoflagellate. European Journal of Phycology 39: 229–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray S., Hoppenrath M., Preisfeld A., Larsen J., Yoshimatsu S., Toriumi S. & Patterson D.J. 2006. Phylogeny of Rhinodinium broomeense gen. et sp. nov., a thecate, marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate. Journal of Phycology 42: 934–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray S., Nagahama Y. & Fukuyo Y. 2007. Phylogenetic study of benthic, spine-bearing prorocentroids, including Prorocentrum fukuyoi sp. nov. Phycological Research 55: 91–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pienaar R.N., Sakai H. & Horiguchi T. 2007. Description of a new dinoflagellate with a diatom endosymbiont, Durinskia capensis sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) from South Africa. Journal of Plant Research 120: 247–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada D. 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 1253–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saburova M., Al-Yamani F. & Polikarpov I. 2009. Biodiversity of free-living flagellates in Kuwait's intertidal sediments. In: Environment, biodiversity and conservation in the Middle East (Ed. by F. Krupp, L.J. Musselman, M.M.A. Kotb & I. Weidig). Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008. BioRisk 3: 97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders R.D. & Dodge J.D. 1984. An SEM study and taxonomic revision of some armoured sand-dwelling marine dinoflagellates. Protistologica 20: 271–283.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller J. 1933. Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae) in monographischer Behandlung. In: L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 10: 3(I). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig. 617 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Sournia A. 1986. Atlas du phytoplancton marin, vol. 1. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 219 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford D.L. 2002. PAUP* beta version. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). ver. 4b4–10. Sinauer Associated, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 142 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Takano Y., Hansen G., Fujita D. & Horiguchi T. 2008. Serial replacement of diatom endosymbionts in two freshwater dinoflagellates, Peridiniopsis spp. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 47: 41–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura M., Shimada S. & Horiguchi T. 2005. Galeidiniium rugatum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new coccoid dinoflagellate with a diatom endosymbiont. Journal of Phycology 41: 658–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. & Kumar S. 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor F.J.R., Hoppenrath M. & Saldarriaga J.F. 2008. Dinoflagellate diversity and distribution. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 407–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas R.N. & Cox E.R. 1973. Observations on the symbiosis of Peridinium balticum and its intracellular alga. I. Ultrastructure. Journal of Phycology 9: 304–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas R.N., Cox E.R. & Steidinger K.A. 1973. Peridinium balticum (Levander) Lemmermann, an unusual dinoflagellate with a mesocaryotic and an eucaryotic nucleus. Journal of Phycology 9: 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toriumi S., Yoshimatsu S. & Dodge J.D. 2002. Amphidiniopsis uroensis sp. nov. and Amphidiniopsis pectinaria sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): two new benthic dinoflagellates from Japan. Phycological Research 50: 115–124.
   Google Scholar
• Uhlig G. 1964. Eine einfache Methode zur Extraktion der vagilen, mesopsammalen Microfauna. Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 11: 178–185.
   Google Scholar
• Wolny J.L., Kempton J.W. & Lewitus A.J. 2004. Taxonomic reevaluation of a South Carolina “red tide” dinoflagellate indicates placement in the genus Kryptoperidinium. In: Harmful algae 2002, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 443–445. Florida Institute of Oceanography and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Wood E.J.F. 1963. Dinoflagellates in the Australian region. III. Further Collections. CSIRO Australian Division of Fisheries Oceanography, Technical Report 17: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimatsu S., Toriumi S. & Dodge J. 2000. Light and scanning microscopy of two benthic species of Amphidiniopsis (Dinophyceae), Amphidiniopsis hexagona sp. nov. and Amphidiniopsis swedmarkii from Japan. Phycological Research 48: 107–113.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimatsu S., Toriumi S. & Dodge J.D. 2004. Morphology and taxonomy of five marine sand-dwelling Thecadinium species (Dinophyceae) from Japan, including four new species: Thecadinium arenarium sp. nov., Thecadinium ovatum sp. nov., Thecadinium striatum sp. nov. and Thecadinium yashimaense sp. nov. Phycological Research 52: 211–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar