444
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A review of recent freshwater dinoflagellate cysts: taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and palaeocology

, , &
Pages 612-619 | Received 21 Aug 2011, Accepted 20 Mar 2012, Published online: 13 May 2019

REFERENCES

  • Alpermann T.J., Beszteri B., John U., Tillmann U. & Cembella A.D. 2009. Implications of life history transitions on the population genetic structure of the toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Molecular Ecology 18: 2122–2133.
  • Alpermann T., Tillmann U., Beszteri B., Cembella A.D. & John U. 2010. phenotypic variation and genotypic diversity in a planktonic population of the toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Journal of Phycology 46: 18–32.
  • Alster A., Zohary T. & Dubinsky Z. 2006a. Peridinium gatunense cyst type, abundance and germination in Lake Kinneret. Verhandlungen der internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie 29: 2083–2086.
  • Alster A., Dubinsky Z. & Zohary T. 2006b. Encystment of Peridinium gatunense: occurrence, favourable environmental conditions and its role in the dinoflagellate life cycle in a subtropical lake. Freshwater Biology 51: 1219–1228.
  • Anderson D.M. 1980. Effects of temperature conditioning on development and germination of Gonyaulax tamarensis (Dinophyceae) hypnozygotes. Journal of Phycology 16: 166–172.
  • Anderson D.M. & Lindquist N.L. 1985. Time-course measurements of phosphorus depletion and cyst formation in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 86: 1–13.
  • Anderson D.M. & Rengefors K. 2006. Community assembly and seasonal succession of marine dinoflagellates in a temperate estuary: the importance of life cycle events. Limnology & Oceanography 42: 860–873.
  • Anderson D.M. & Wall D. 1978. Potential importance of benthic cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis and G. excavata in initiating toxic dinoflagellate blooms. Journal of Phycology 14: 224–234.
  • Anderson D.M., Aubrey D.G., Tyler M.A. & Coats D.W. 1982. Vertical and horizontal distributions of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments. Limnology & Oceanography 27: 757–765.
  • Anderson D.M., Kulis D.M. & Binder B.J. 1984. Sexuality and cyst formation in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis, cyst yield in batch cultures. Journal of Phycology 20: 418–425.
  • Anderson D.M., Coats D.W. & Tyler M.A. 1985. Encystment of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium uncatenum: temperature and nutrient effects. Journal of Phycology 21: 200–206.
  • Anderson D.M., Taylor C.D. & Armbrust E.V. 1987. The effects of darkness and anaerobiosis on dinoflagellate cyst germination. Limnology & Oceanography 32: 340–351.
  • Annenkova N.V., Lavrov D.V. & Belikov S.I. 2011. Dinoflagellates associated with freshwater sponges from the ancient Lake Baikal. Protist 162: 222–36.
  • Binder G.J. & Anderson D.M. 1987. Physiological and environmental control of germination in Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae) cysts. Journal of Phycology 23: 99–107.
  • Bolch C.J.S. 1997. The use of polytungstate for the separation and concentration of living dinoflagellate cysts from marine sediments. Phycologia 37: 472–478.
  • Bradford M. 1978. An Annotated Bibliographic and Geographic Review of Pleistocene and Quaternary Dinoflagellate Cysts and Acritarchs. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation Foundation Contributions Series 6, 192 pp.
  • Bravo I. & Anderson D.M. 1994. The effects of temperature, growth medium and darkness on excystment and growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from northwest Spain. Journal of Plankton Research 16: 513–525.
  • Bravo I., Figueroa R.I., Garcés E., Fraga S. & Massanet A. 2010. The intricacies of dinoflagellate pellicle cysts: the example of Alexandrium minutum cysts from a bloom-recurrent area (Bay of Baiona, NW Spain). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57: 166–174.
  • Burden E.T., McAndrews J.H. & Norris G. 1986. Palynology of Indian and European forest clearance and farming in lake sediment cores from Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23: 43–54.
  • Carty S. 2008. Parvodinium gen. nov. for the umbonatum group of Peridinium (Dinophyceae). The Ohio Journal of Science 108 (5): 103–107.
  • Carty S. & Cox E.R. 1985. Observations on Lophodinium polylophum (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 21: 396–401.
  • Chapman A.D. & Pfiester L.A. 1995. The effects of temperature, irradiance, and nitrogen on the encystment and growth of the freshwater dinoflagellates Peridinium cinctum and P. willei in culture (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 31: 355–359.
  • Chu G., Sun Q., Rioual P., Boltovskoy A., Liu Q., Sun P., Han J. & Liu J. 2008. Distinct microlaminations and freshwater “red tides” recorded in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern, China. Journal of Paleolimnology 39: 319–333.
  • Chu G., Sun Q., Wang X., Li D., Rioual P., Qiang L., Han J. & Liu J. 2009. A 1600 year multiproxy record of paleoclimatic change from varved sediments in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern China. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, D22108, doi:10.1029/2009JD012077.
  • Craveiro S.C., Calado A.J., Daugbjerg N., Hansen G. & Moestrup Ø. 2011. Ultrastructure and LSU rDNA-based phylogeny of Peridinium lomnickii and description of Chimonodinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae). Protist 162: 590–615.
  • Dale B. 1983. Dinoflagellate resting cysts: “benthic plankton”. In: Survival strategies of the algae (Ed. by G.A. Fryxell), pp. 69–136. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • de Verteuil L. & Norris G. 1996. Part 2. Homology and structure in dinoflagellate cyst terminology. Micropaleontology supplement 42: 83–172.
  • Edlund M.B., Taylor C.M., Schelske C.L. & Stoermer E.F. 2000. Thalassiosira baltica (Grunow) Ostenfeld (Bacillariophyta), a new exotic species in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 610–615.
  • Fensome R.A., Taylor F.J.R., Norris G., Sarjeant W.A.S., Wharton D.I. & Williams G.L. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. American Museum of Natural History, Micropaleontology, Special Publication 7: 1–351.
  • Figueroa R.I., Bravo I. & Garcés E. 2006. Multiple routes of sexuality in Alexandrium taylori (Dinophyceae) in culture. Journal of Phycology 42: 1028–1039.
  • Findlay D.L., Kling H.J., Rönicke H. & Findlay W.J. 1998. A paleolimnological study of eutrophied Lake Arendsee (Germany). Journal of Paleolimnology 19: 41–54.
  • Fryxell G.A. 1983. Introduction. In: Survival strategies of the algae (Ed. by A. Fryxell), pp. 1–22. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Hansen G. & Flaim G. 2007. Dinoflagellates of the Trentino Province, Italy. Journal of Limnology 66: 107–141.
  • Hansson L.-A. 1996. Algal recruitment from lake sediments in relation to grazing, sinking and dominance patterns in the phytoplankton community. Limnology & Oceanography 41: 1312–1323.
  • Harland R. 1982. A review of Recent and Quaternary organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts of the genus Protoperidinium. Palaeontology 25: 369–397.
  • Head M.J. 1996. Modern dinoflagellate cysts and their biological affinities. In: Palynology: Principles and applications (Ed. by J. Jansonius & D.C. McGregor), pp. 1197–1248. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas, Texas.
  • Head M.J., Borel C.M., Guerstein G.R. & Harland R. 2003. The problematic aquatic palynomorph genus Cobricosphaeridium Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 emend., with new records from the Holocene of Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 77: 1159–1181.
  • Heaney S.I. & Talling J.F. 1980. Dynamic aspects of dinoflagellate distribution patterns in a small productive lake. Journal of Ecology 68: 75–94.
  • Heaney S.I., Chapman D.V. & Morrison H.R. 1983. The role of the cysts stage in the seasonal growth of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella within a small productive lake. British Phycological Journal 18: 47–59.
  • Höll K. 1928. Oekologie der Peridineen. Pflanzenforschung 11: 1–105.
  • Huber G. & Nipkow F. 1922. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung von Ceratium hirundinella O.F.M. Zeitschrift für Botanik 14: 337–371.
  • John U., Groben R., Beszteri B. & Medlin L. 2004. Utility of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) to analyse genetic structures within the Alexandrium tamarense species complex. Protist 155: 169–179.
  • Kadota H., Ishida Y., Sako Y. & Hata Y. 1984. Growth, encystment and excystment of Peridinium cunningtonii. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University 123: 27–36.
  • Keafer B.A., Buesseler K.O. & Anderson D.M. 1992. Burial of living dinoflagellate cysts in estuarine and nearshore sediments. Marine Micropaleontology 20: 147–161.
  • Kim B.-H., Park M.-H., Hwang S.-J. & Han M.-S. 2007. Excystment patterns of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium bipes (Dinophyceae) in Juam Reservoir, Korea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 47: 213–221.
  • Kouli K., Brinkhuis H, & Dale B. 2001. Spiniferites cruciformis: a fresh water dinoflagellate cyst? Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 113: 273–286.
  • Kremp A. & Heiskanen A.-S. 1999. Sexuality and cyst formation of the spring-bloom dinoflagellate Scrippsiella hangoei the coastal northern Baltic Sea. Marine Biology 134: 771–777.
  • Kremp A., Elbrächter M., Schweikert M., Wolny J.L. & Gottschling M. 2005. Woloszynskia halophila (Biecheler) comb. nov.: a bloom-forming cold-water dinoflagellate co-occurring with Scrippsiella hangoei (Dinophyceae) in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Phycology 41: 629–42.
  • Kremp, A. & Parrow, M.W. 2006. Evidence for asexual resting cysts in the life cycle of the marine peridinoid dinoflagellate, Scrippsiella hangoei. Journal of Phycology 42: 400–409.
  • Kremp A., Rengefors K. & Montresor M. 2009. Species specific encystment patterns in three Baltic cold-water dinoflagellates: the role of multiple cues in resting cyst formation. Limnology & Oceanography 54: 1125–1138.
  • Kristiansen J. 1996. 16. Dispersal of freshwater algae — a review. Hydrobiologia 336: 151–157.
  • Lennon J.T. & Jones S.E. 2011. Microbial seed banks: the ecological and evolutionary implications of dormancy. Nature Reviews Microbiology 9: 119–130.
  • Lessmann D., Fyson A. & Nixdorf B. 2000. Phytoplankton of the extremely acidic mining lakes of Lusatia (Germany) with pH ≤3. Hydrobiologia 433: 123–128.
  • Lewis J.M. & Dodge J.D. 2002. Phylum Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates). In: The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. (Ed. by D.M. John, B.A. Whitton & A.J. Brook), pp. 186–207. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Loeblich A.R. III. 1970. The amphiesma or dinoflagellate cell covering. Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, 1969 (G): 867–929.
  • Logares R., Shalchian-Tabrizi K., Boltovskoy A., & Rengefors K. 2007. Extensive dinoflagellate phylogenies indicate infrequent marine-freshwater transitions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 887–903.
  • Logares R., Boltovskoy A., Bensch S., Laybourn-Parry J. & Rengefors K. 2009. Genetic diversity patterns in five protist species occurring in lakes. Protist 160: 301–317.
  • Lundholm N., Ribeiro S., Andersen T.J., Koch T., Godhe A., Ekelund F. & Ellegaard M. 2011. Buried alive — germination of up to a century old marine protist resting stages. Phycologia 50: 629–640.
  • Marcus N.H. & Boero F. 1998. Minireview: the importance of benthic-pelagic coupling and the forgotten role of life cycles in coastal aquatic systems. Limnology & Oceanography 43: 763–768.
  • Marret F., Leroy S.A.G., Chalié F. & Gasse F. 2004. New organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from recent sediments of Central Asian seas. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129: 1–20.
  • McCarthy F.M.G., Mertens K.N., Ellegaard M., Sherman K., Pospelova V., Ribeiro S., Blasco S. & Vercauteren D. 2011. Resting cysts of freshwater dinoflagellates in southeastern Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) as proxies of cultural eutrophication. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.04.008.
  • Mertens K.N., Verhoeven K., Verleye T., Louwye S., Amorim A., Ribeiro S., Deaf A.S., Harding I.C., De Schepper S., González C., Kodrans-Nsiah M., de Vernal A., Henry M., Radi T., Dybkjaer K., Poulsen N.E., Feist-Burkhardt S., Chitolie J., Heilmann-Clausen C., Londeix L., Turon J.-L., Marret F., Matthiessen J., McCarthy F.M.G., Prasad V., Pospelova V., Hughes J.E.K., Riding J.B., Rochon A., Sangiorgi F., Welters N., Sinclair N., Thun C., Soliman A., Van Nieuwenhove, N., Vink A. & Young M. 2009. The absolute abundance calibration project: the Lycopodium marker-grain method put to the test. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 157: 238–252.
  • Mertens K.N., Dale B., Ellegaard M., Jansson I.-M., Godhe A., Kremp A. & Louwye S. 2010. Process length variation in cysts of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum from surface sediments of the Baltic-Kattegat-Skaggerak estuarine system: a regional salinity proxy. Boreas 40: 242–255.
  • Meyer B., Rai H. & Cronberg G. 1997. The thecal structure of Peridiniopsis amazonica spec. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new cyst-producing freshwater dinoflagellate from Amazonian floodplain lakes. Nova Hedwigia 65: 365–375.
  • Miller A.A.L., Mudie P.J. & Scott D.B. 1982. Holocene history of Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia: foraminifera, dinoflagellate and pollen records. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19: 2342–2367.
  • Moestrup Ø., Hansen G., Daugbjerg N., Flaim G. & D'Andrea M. 2006. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates 2: On Tovellia sanguinea sp. nov., the dinoflagellate responsible for the reddening of Lake Tovel, N. Italy. European Journal of Phycology 41: 47–65.
  • Moestrup Ø., Lindberg K. & Daugbjerg N. 2009. Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IV: The genus Biecheleria gen. nov. Phycological Research 57: 203–220.
  • Moldowan J.M., Dahl J., Jacobson S.R., Huizinga B.J., Fago F.J., Shetty R., Watt D.S. & Peters K.E. 1996. Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors. Geology 24: 159–162.
  • Nagai S., Lian C., Yamaguchi S., Hamaguchi M., Matsuyama Y., Itakura S., Shimada H., Kaga S., Yamauchi H., Sonda Y., Nishikawa T., Kim C.-H. & Hogetsu T. 2007. Microsatellite markers reveal population genetic structure of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) in Japanese coastal waters. Journal of Phycology 43: 43–54.
  • Nauwerck A. 1963. Die Beziehungen zwischen Zooplankton und Phytoplankton im See Erken. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 17: 1–163.
  • Niesel V., Hoehm E., Sudbrack R., Willems H. & Chorus I. 2007. The occurrence of the dinophyte species Gymnodinium uberrimum and Peridinium willei in German reservoirs. Journal of Plankton Research 29: 347–357.
  • Norris G. & McAndrews J.H. 1970. Dinoflagellate cysts from post-glacial lake muds, Minnesota (U.S.A.). Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 10: 131–156.
  • Olli K. 1996. Resting cyst formation of Eutreptiella gymnastica (Euglenophyceae) in the northern coastal Baltic Sea. Journal of Phycology 32: 535–542.
  • Olli K. 2004. Temporary cyst formation of Heterocapse triquetra (Dinophyceae) in natural populations. Marine Biology 145: 1–8.
  • Ostenfeld C.H. 1908. The phytoplankton of the Aral Sea and its effluents. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Aralsee-Expedition. St. Petersburg 8: 123–225.
  • Ostenfeld C.H. & Wesenberg-Lund C. 1906. A regular fortnightly exploration of the plankton of the two Icelandic lakes, Thingvallavatn and Myvatn. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Session 1904–1905, vol. XXV — Part XII. Edinburgh. published by Robert Grant and Son, 107 Princes Street, and Williams and Norgate, 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London.
  • Pfiester L.A. 1975. Sexual reproduction of Peridinium cinctum f. ovaplanum (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 11: 259–265.
  • Pfiester L.A. 1976. Sexual reproduction of Peridinium willei (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 12: 234–238.
  • Pfiester L.A. 1977. Sexual reproduction of Peridinium gatunense (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 13: 92–95.
  • Pfiester L.A. & Anderson D.M. 1987. Dinoflagellate reproduction. In: The biology of dinoflagellates. Botanical monographs 21 (Ed. by F.J.R. Taylor), pp. 611–648. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Phillips K.A. & Fawley M.W. 2002. Winter phytoplankton blooms under ice associated with elevated oxygen levels. Journal of Phycology 38: 1068–1073.
  • Pollingher U. 1987. Ecology: freshwater systems. In: The biology of dinoflagellates. Botanical Monographs 21 (Ed. by F.J.R. Taylor), pp. 503–529. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
  • Pollingher U. & Hickel B. 1991. Dinoflagellate associations in a subtropical lake (Lake Kinneret, Israel). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 120: 267–285.
  • Popovský J. & Pfiester L.A. 1990. Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida). In: Siüßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Begründet von A. Pascher. Band 6 (Ed. by H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig. & D. Mollenhauer). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 272 pp.
  • Pospelova V., Pedersen T.F. & de Vernal A. 2006. Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of climatic and oceanographic changes during the past 40 kyr in the Santa Barbara Basin, southern California. Paleoceanography 21, PA2010, doi:10.1029/2005PA001251.
  • Reid P.C. & Boalch G.T. 1987. A new method for the identification of dinoflagellate cysts. Journal of Plankton Research 9: 249–253.
  • Rengefors K. 1997. The Role of Resting Cysts in the Survival and Succession of Freshwater Dinoflagellates. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations form the Faculty of Science and Technology 332. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. pp 42. ISBN 91-554-4114-9
  • Rengefors K. 1998. Seasonal succession of dinoflagellates coupled to the benthic cyst dynamics in Lake Erken, Sweden. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Special Issues, Advances in Limnology 51: 123–141.
  • Rengefors K. & Anderson D.M. 1998. Environmental and endogenous regulation of cyst germination in two freshwater dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology 34: 568–577.
  • Rengefors K. & Meyer B. 1998. Peridinium euryceps sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae), a cryophilic dinoflagellate from Lake Erken, Sweden. Phycologia 37: 284–291.
  • Rengefors K., Gustafsson S. & Ståhl-Delbanco A. 2004. Factors regulating the recruitment of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic phytoplankton from littoral and profundal sediments. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 36: 213–226.
  • Rengefors K., Karlsson I. & Hansson L.-A. 1998. Algal cyst dormancy — a temporal escape from herbivory. Proceedings of the Royal London Society B 265: 1353–1358.
  • Ribeiro S., Berge T., Lundholm N., Andersen T.J., Abrantes F. & Ellegaard M. 2011. Phytoplankton growth after a century of dormancy illuminates past resilience to catastrophic darkness. Nature Communications 2 (311), doi:10.1038/ncomms1314.
  • Sako Y., Ishida Y., Kadota H. & Hata Y. 1984. Sexual reproduction and cyst formation in the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium cunningtonii. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 50: 743–750. [Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries].
  • Sako Y., Ishida Y., Kadota H. & Hata Y. 1985. Excystment in the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium cunningtonii. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 51: 267–272.
  • Sako Y., Ishida Y., Imamura K. & Fukuyo Y. 1986. Study on life histories of freshwater red-tide algae VI — Cyst formation of Peridinium polonicum. Abstract for the autumn meeting of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, No. 344.
  • Sanderson B.L. & Frost T.M. 1996. Regulation of dinoflagellate populations: relative importance of grazing, resource limitation, and recruitment from sediments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 1409–1417.
  • Sarjeant W.A.S., Lacalli T. & Gaines G. 1987. The cysts and skeletal elements of dinoflagellates: speculations on the ecological causes for their morphology and development. Micropaleontology 33: 1–36.
  • Schilling A.J. 1891. Die Süsswasser-Peridineen. Flora oder Allgemeine botanische Zeitung 74: 220–299.
  • Spero H.J. & Moree M.D. 1981. Phagotrophic feeding and its importance to the life cycle of the holozoic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium fungiforme. Journal of Phycology 17: 43–51.
  • von Stein F.R. von. 1883. Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. 2. Hälfte. Die Naturgeschichte der arthrodelen Flagellaten, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 30 p., 25 pl.
  • von Stosch H.A. von. 1965. Sexualität bei Ceratium cornutum (Dinophyta). Die Naturwissenschaften 52: 112–113.
  • von Stosch H.A. von. 1972. La signification cytologique de la “cyclose nucleaire” dans le cycle de vie des dinoflagellés. Colloque sur les cycles sexuels et l'alternance des générations chez les Algues. Paris (1970). Mémoires publiés par la Société botanique de France, 1972: 201–212.
  • von Stosch H.A. von. 1973. Observations on vegetative reproduction and sexual life cycles of two freshwater dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium pseudopalustre schiller and Woloszynskia apiculata sp. nov. British Phycological Journal 8: 105–34.
  • Sundström A.M., Kremp A., Daugbjerg N., Moestrup Ø., Ellegaard M., Hansen R. & Hajdu S. 2009. Gymnodinium corollarium sp. nov. (dinophyceae) — a new cold-water dinoflagellate responsible for cyst sedimentation events in the Baltic sea. Journal of Phycology 45: 938–952.
  • Tardio M., Sangiorgi F., Brinkhuis H., Filippi M.L., Cantonati M. & Lotter A.F. 2006. Peridinioid dinoflagellate cysts in a Holocene high-mountain lake deposits in Italy. Journal of Paleolimnology 36: 315–318.
  • Tardio M., Ellegaard M., Lundholm N., Sangiorgi F. & Di Giuseppe D. 2009. A hypocystal archeopyle in a freshwater dinoflagellate from the Peridinium umbonatum group (Dinophyceae) from Lake Nero di Cornisello, South-East Alps, Italy. European Journal of Phycology 44: 1–10.
  • Taylor F.J.R. 1990. 24. Phylum Dinoflagellata. In: Handbook of protoctista (Ed. by L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman & H.I. McKhann), pp. 419–437. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
  • de Vernal A., Eynaud F., Henry M., Hillaire-Marcel C., Londeix L., Mangin S., Matthiessen J., Marret F., Radi T., Rochon A., Solignac S. & Turon J.-L. 2005. Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 897–924.
  • Wall D. 1971. Biological problems concerning fossilizable dinoflagellates. Geoscience and Man 3: 1–15.
  • Wall D. & Dale B. 1966. “Living fossils” in Atlantic plankton. Nature 211 (5053): 1025–1026.
  • Wall D. & Dale B. 1968. Modern dinoflagellate cysts and evolution of the Peridiniales. Micropaleontology 14: 265–304.
  • Weissbach A., Rengefors K. & Lindström Å. 2006. Migratory birds disperse phytoplankton. Abstracts — 24th Oikos symposium in Kalmar, 6–8 February 2006, p. 20.
  • Zippi P., Yung Y.-K., McAndrews J.A., Norris G. & Welbourn P. 1990. An investigation of the potential of zygnematacean zygospores, Peridinium, and Pediastrum as paleo-indicators of recent lake acidification. Environmental Research: 1990 Technology Transfer Conference (Toronto, Canada), Proceedings 1, pp. 393–396.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.