Katodinium glaucum (Dinophyceae) revisited: proposal of new genus, family and order based on ultrastructure and phylogeny

REFERENCES

• Afzelius B.A. 1963. The nucleus of Noctiluca scintillans. Aspects of nucleocytoplasmic exchanges and the formation of nuclear membrane. Journal of Cell Biology 19: 229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bérard-Therriault L., Poulin M. & Bossé L. 1999. Guide d'identification du phytoplancton marin de l'estuaire et du golfe du Saint-Laurent incluant également certains protozoaires. Publication spéciale canadienne des sciences halieutiques et aquatique 128. Les presses scientifiques du CNRC, Ottawa. 387 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bessudova A.Y., Sorokovikova L.M., Firsova A.D., Kuz'mina A.Y., Tomberg I.V. & Likhoshway Y.V. 2014. Changes in phytoplankton community composition along a salinity gradient from the lower Yenisei River to the Kara Sea, Russia. Botanica Marina 57: 225–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BSPC Editorial Board. 2015. Black Sea phytoplankton checklist. Available at http://phyto.bss.ibss.org.ua (13 November 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Calado A.J. 2011. On the identity of the freshwater dinoflagellate Glenodinium edax, with a discussion on the genera Tyrannodinium and Katodinium, and the description of Opisthoaulax gen. nov. Phycologia 50: 641–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado A.J. & Moestrup Ø. 1997. Feeding in Peridiniopsis berolinensis (Dinophyceae): new observations on tube feeding by an omnivorous, heterotrophic dinoflagellate. Phycologia 36: 47–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado A.J., Craveiro S.C. & Moestrup Ø. 1998. Taxonomy and ultrastructure of a freshwater, heterotrophic Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) that feeds on unicellular protists. Journal of Phycology 34: 536–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado A.J., Craveiro S.C., Daugbjerg N. & Moestrup Ø. 2006. Ultrastructure and LSU rDNA-based phylogeny of Esoptrodinium gemma (Dinophyceae), with notes on feeding behaviour and the description of the flagellar base area of a planozygote. Journal of Phycology 42: 434–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cărăuş I. 2012. Algae of Romania. A distributional checklist of actual algae, ver. 2.3, rev. 3. University of Bacău, Bacău, Romania. 809 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Chang F.H., Charleston T., Mckenna P.B., Clowes C.D., Wilson G.J. & Broady P.A. 2012. Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans. In: New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume Three. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi (Ed. by Gordon D.P.), pp. 175–216. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
   Google Scholar
• Conrad W. 1926. Recherches sur les Flagellates de nos eaux saumâtres. Ie partie: Dinoflagellates. Archiv für Protistenkunde 55: 63–100.
   Google Scholar
• Darriba D., Taboada G.L., Doallo R. & Posada D. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugbjerg N., Hansen G., Larsen J. & Moestrup Ø. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39: 302–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wilderman É. 1897. Notes mycologiques. Annales de la Société Belge de Microscopie 21: 5–31.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. 1972. The ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate pusule: a unique osmo-regulatory organelle. Protoplasma 75: 285–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. 1982. Marine dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London. 303 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. & Crawford R.M. 1968. Fine structure of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carteri Hulburt [sic]. Protistologica 4: 231–248.
   Google Scholar
• Drebes G. 1974. Marines Phytoplankton, Eine Auswahl der Helgoländer Planktonalgen (Diatomeen, Peridineen). Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. 186 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Elbrächter M. 1979. On the taxonomy of unarmoured dinophytes (Dinophyta) from the Northwest African upwelling region. Meteor Forschungs-Ergebnisse 30: 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar-Morales S. & Hernández-Becerril D.U. 2015. Free-living marine planktonic unarmoured dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific. Botanica Marina 58: 9–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fott B. 1957. Taxonomie drobnohledné flory našich vod. Preslia 29: 278–319.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyo Y., Takano H., Chihara M. & Matsuoka K. 1990. Red tide organisms in Japan. An illustrated taxonomic guide. Uchida Rokakuho Co., Ltd, Tokyo. 430 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gárate-Lizárraga I. 2014. Proliferation of Levanderina fissa and Polykrikos hartmannii (Dinophyceae: Gymnodiniales) in Bahìa de la Paz, Gulf of California, México. CICIMAR Oceánides 29: 25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Gárate-Lizárraga I., Band-Schmidt C.J., Aguirre-Bahena F. & Grayeb Del Alamo T. 2009. A multi-species microalgae bloom in Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California, Mexico (June 2008). CICIMAR Oceánides 24: 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Gil-Rodríguez M.C., Haroun R., Rodríguez A.O., Zugasti E.B., Santana P.D. & Morán B.H. 2003. Protoctista. In: Lista de especies marinas de Canarias (algas, hongos, plantas y animales) 2003 (Ed. by L. Moro, J.L. Martín, M.J. Garrido & Izquierdo I.). Consejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. 248 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez F. 2003. Checklist of Mediterranean free-living dinoflagellates. Botanica Marina 46: 215–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez F. 2009. Torodinium and Pavillardia (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae): two unarmoured dinoflagellates with a body extension, collected from the open Pacific Ocean. Protistology 6: 131–135.
   Google Scholar
• Gosselck F., Kell V. & Spittler P. 1978. On the feeding of Branchiostoma senegalense (Acrania: Branchiostomidae). Marine Biology 46: 175–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillard R.R.L. & Ryther J.H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Cleve. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8: 229–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guindon S. & Gascuel O. 2003. A simple, fast and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Systematic Biology 52: 696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiry M.D. & Guiry G.M. 2015. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 3 August 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hällfors G. 2004. Checklist of Baltic Sea phytoplankton species (including some heterotrophic protists). Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings 95: 1–208.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen G. 1995. Analysis of the thecal plate pattern in the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) comb. nov. (=Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich). Phycologia 34: 166–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen G. & Daugbjerg N. 2004. Ultrastructure of Gyrodinium spirale, the type species of Gyrodinium (Dinophyceae), including a phylogeny of G. dominans, G. rubrum and G. spirale deduced from partial LSU rDNA sequences. Protist 155: 271–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen G. & Larsen J. 1992. Dinoflagellater i danske farvande. In: Plankton i de indre danske farvande (Ed. by Thomsen H.A.), pp. 45–155. Havforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen G., Moestrup Ø. & Roberts K.R. 2000. Light and electron microscopical observations on the type species Gymnodinium, G. fuscum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 39: 365–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen P.J. 1992. Prey size selection, feeding rates and growth dynamics of heterotrophic dinoflagellates with special emphasis on Gyrodinium spirale. Marine Biology 114: 327–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen P.J. & Calado A.J. 1999. Phagotrophic mechanisms and prey selection in free-living dinoflagellates. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46: 382–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen-Ostenfeld C. 1913. De danske farvandes plankton i årene 1898–1901. Det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter, 7. række, afd. 9 (2). Copenhagen. 364 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hulburt E.M. 1957. The taxonomy of unarmored Dinophyceae of shallow embayments on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Biological Bulletin 112: 196–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaanus A. 2003. Water environment of Haapsalu Bay in retrospect (1975–2000). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology 52: 91–111.
   Google Scholar
• Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kim J.S., Seong K.A., Kang N.S. & Kim T.H. 2010. Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Science Journal 45: 65–91.
   Google Scholar
• Kim K.-Y. & Kim C.-H. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships among diverse dinoflagellate species occurring in coastal waters off Korea inferred from large subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data. Algae 22: 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Klut M.E., Bisalputra T. & Antia N.J. 1987. Some observations on the structure and function of the dinoflagellate pusule. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 736–744.
   Google Scholar
• Kofoid C.A. & Swezy O. 1921. The free-living unarmoured Dinoflagellata. Memoirs of the University of California 5: 1–564.
   Google Scholar
• Konovalova G.V. 1998. Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta) of the Far-Eastern seas of Russia and adjacent areas of the Pacific Ocean. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. 300 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lebour M.V. 1917. The Peridiniales of Plymouth Sound from the region beyond the breakwater. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 11: 183–200.
   Google Scholar
• Lebour M.V. 1925. The Dinoflagellates of Northern Seas. Mayflower Press, Plymouth, UK. 250 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich A.R. III. 1965. Dinoflagellate nomenclature. Taxon 14: 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Lohmann H. 1908. Untersuchungen zur Feststellung der vollständigen Gehaltes des Meeres an Plankton. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Abt. Kiel 10: 131–370.
   Google Scholar
• Meave-Del Castillo M.E., Zamundio-Resendiz M.E. & Castillo-Rivera M. 2012. Riqueza fitoplanctónica de la Bahía de Acapulco y zona costera aledaña, Guerrero, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana 100: 405–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino-Virgilio F. Del C., Okolodkov Y.B., Aguilar-Trujillo A.C. & Herrera-Silveira J.A. 2013. Phytoplankton of the northern coastal and shelf waters of the Yucatan Peninsula, southeastern Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Check List 9: 771–779.
   Google Scholar
• Moestrup Ø. & Daugbjerg N. 2007. On dinoflagellate phylogeny and classification. In: Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics (Ed. by J. Brodie & J. Lewis), pp. 215–230. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Moestrup Ø., Hakanen P., Hansen G., Daugbjerg N. & Ellegaard M. 2014. On Levanderina fissa gen. & comb. nov. (Dinophyceae) (syn. Gymnodinium fissum, Gyrodinium instriatum, Gyr. uncatenum), a dinoflagellate with a very unusual sulcus. Phycologia 53: 265–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn G.B., Theisen B.F., Christensen B. & Arctander P. 1996. Simplicity-correlated size growth of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA D3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda. Journal of Molecular Evolution 42: 211–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okolodkov Y.B. 1998 a. Unarmoured dinoflagellates collected during the cruise of the r/v Oceania to the European Arctic, in June–August 1992 and 1993. Polish Polar Research 19: 211–218.
   Google Scholar
• Okolodkov Y.B. 1998 b. A checklist of dinoflagellates recorded from the Russian Arctic Seas. Sarsia 83: 267–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okolodkov Y.B. & Gárate-Lizárraga I. 2006. An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from the Mexican Pacific. Acta Botanica Mexicana 74: 1–154.
   Google Scholar
• Parke M. & Dixon P.S. 1976. Check-list of British marine algae – third revision. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56: 527–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulmier G. 1992. Catalogue illustré des microphytes planctoniques et benthiques des côtes Normandes. IFREMER, DRV-92.007-RH/Le Robert. 108 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Reñé A., Camp J. & Garcés E. 2015. Diversity and phylogeny of Gymnodiniales (Dinophyceae) from the NW Mediterranean Sea revealed by a morphological and molecular approach. Protist 166: 234–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, K.R., Timpano P. & Montegut A.E. 1987. The apical pore fibrous complex: a new cytological feature of some dinoflagellates. Protoplasma 137: 65–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller J. 1933. Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae) in monographischer Behandlung. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 10 (3). 1. Teil, 3. Ausgabe, 433–617. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Schnepf E. & Elbrächter M. 1992. Nutritional strategies in dinoflagellates. A review with emphasis on cell biological aspects. European Journal of Protistology 28: 3–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholin C.A., Herzog M., Sogin M. & Anderson D.M. 1994. Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene. Journal of Phycology 30: 999–1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütt F. 1895. Die Peridineen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung 4: 1–170.
   Google Scholar
• Schütt F. 1896. Gymnodiniaceae, Prorocentraceae, Peridiniaceae, Bacillariaceae. In: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Ed. by A. Engler & Prantl K.). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1ste Augabe, Teil 1, Abt B, pp. 1–153.
   Google Scholar
• Sukhanova I.N., Flint M.V., Pautova L.A., Stockwell D.A., Grebmeier J.M. & Sergeeva V.M. 2009. Phytoplankton of the western Arctic in the spring and summer of 2002: structure and seasonal changes. Deep-Sea Research II 56: 1223–1236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford D.L. 2003. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), ver. 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Takayama H. 1985. Apical grooves of unarmored dinoflagellates. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan 32: 129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Takayama H. 1998. Morphological and taxonomical studies of the free-living unarmored dinoflagellates occurring in the Seto Inland Sea and adjacent waters. PhD thesis. University of Tokyo, 211 pp. (in Japanese). The Torodinium plate can be viewed online at http://www.geocities.jp/takayama_haruyoshi/HAB/Torodinium_teredo.html (5 October 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Throndsen J., Hasle G. R. & Tangen K. 2003. Norsk kystplankton flora. Almater Forlag AS, Oslo. 341 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Tillmann U., Elbrächter M., John U. & Krock B. 2011. A new non-toxic species in the dinoflagellate genus Azadinium: A. poporum sp. nov. European Journal of Phycology 46: 74–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Peer Y., Van Der Auwera G. & De Wachter R. 1996. The evolution of stramenopiles and alveolates as derived by ‘substitution rate calibration’ of small ribosomal subunit RNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 42: 201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesk M. & Lucas I.A.N. 1986. The rhabdosome: a new type of organelle in the dinoflagellate Dinophysis. Protoplasma 134: 62–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wailes G.H. 1939. Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1(e). Mastigophora. University of Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Toronto. 45 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse A.M., Procter J.B., Martin D.M.A, Clamp M. & Barton G.J. 2009. Jalview version 2 – a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench. Bioinformatics 25: 1189–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood E.J.F. 1963. Dinoflagellates in the Australian region III. Further collections. Technical paper. Division of Fisheries and Oceanography C.S.I.R.O. Australia 17: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Wulff A. 1919. Ueber das Kleinplankton der Barentssee. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen Kiel, 13, Heft 1: 95–125.
   Google Scholar