Advanced search
Publication Cover
Future Cardiology Volume 4, 2008 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
839
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Understanding How Statins Work: the Path to Better Treatments for Heart Disease and More

John S Hilla Atherosclerosis Specialty Laboratory Healthy Heart Program St Paul‘s Hospital James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada. [email protected]
&
Guosong Qiub Atherosclerosis Specialty Laboratory Healthy Heart Program St Paul‘s Hospital James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada. [email protected]
Pages 5-8 | Published online: 18 Dec 2007

Bibliography

  • Pedersen TR , KjekshusJ, BergKet al.: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).Atheroscler. Suppl., 344(8934), 1383–1389 (1994).
  • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group N. Engl. J. Med., 339(19), 1349–1357 (1998).
  • Downs JR , ClearfieldM, WeisSet al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA, 279(20), 1615–1622 (1998).
  • Shepherd J , BlauwGJ, MurphyMBet al.: Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 360(9346), 1623–1630 (2002).
  • Shepherd J , CobbeSM, FordIet al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 333(20), 1301–1307 (1995).
  • Beckman JA , LiaoJK, HurleySet al.: Atorvastatin restores endothelial function in normocholesterolemic smokers independent of changes in low-density lipoprotein. Circ. Res., 95(2), 217–223 (2004).
  • Forrester JS , LibbyP: The inflammation hypothesis and its potential relevance to statin therapy.Am. J. Cardiol., 99(5), 732–738 (2007).
  • Arnaud C , BurgerF, SteffensSet al.: Statins reduce interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes: new evidence for direct antiinflammatory effects of statins. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 25(6), 1231–1236 (2005).
  • Mayer C , GruberHJ, LandlEMet al.: Rosuvastatin reduces interleukin-6-induced expression of C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes in a STAT3- and C/EBP-dependent fashion. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 45(6), 319–327 (2007).
  • Ray KK , CannonCP, CairnsRet al.: Relationship between uncontrolled risk factors and C-reactive protein levels in patients receiving standard or intensive statin therapy for acute coronary syndromes in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 46(8), 1417–1424 (2005).
  • Rueckschloss U , GalleJ, HoltzJet al.: Induction of NAD(P)H oxidase by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in human endothelial cells: antioxidative potential of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy. Circulation, 104(15), 1767–1772 (2001).
  • Kumar AP , ReynoldsWF: Statins downregulate myeloperoxidase gene expression in macrophages.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 331(2), 442–451 (2005).
  • Davignon J , JacobRF, MasonRP: The antioxidant effects of statins.Coron. Artery. Dis., 15(5), 251–258 (2004)
  • Resch U , TatzberF, BudinskyAet al.: Reduction of oxidative stress and modulation of autoantibodies against modified low-density lipoprotein after rosuvastatin therapy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 61(3), 262–274 (2006).
  • Luan Z , ChaseAJ, NewbyAC: Statins inhibit secretion of metalloproteinases-1, -2, -3, and -9 from vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 23(5), 769–775 (2003).
  • Nissen SE , TuzcuEM, SchoenhagenPet al.: Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 291(9), 1071–1080 (2004).
  • Nissen SE , NichollsSJ, SipahiIet al.: Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA, 295(13), 1556–1565 (2006).
  • Crouse JR et al. 3rd, Raichlen JS, Riley WA : Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR trial. JAMA, 297(12), 1344–1353 (2007).
  • Undas A , Celinska-LowenhoffM, Brummel-ZiedinsKEet al.: Simvastatin given for 3 days can inhibit thrombin generation and activation of factor V and enhance factor Va inactivation in hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 25(7), 1524–1525 (2005).
  • Mussoni L , BanfiC, SironiLet al.: Fluvastatin inhibits basal and stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, but induces tissue type plasminogen activator in cultured human endothelial cells. Thromb. Haemost., 84(1), 59–64 (2000)
  • Niessner A , SteinerS, SpeidlWSet al.: Simvastatin suppresses endotoxin-induced upregulation of Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in vivo. Atherosclerosis, 189(2), 408–413 (2006).
  • Methe H , KimJO, KoflerSet al.: Statins decrease Toll-like receptor 4 expression and downstream signaling in human CD14+ monocytes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 25(7), 1439–1445 (2005).
  • Hakamada-Taguchi R , UeharaYet al., Kuribayashi K : Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase reduces Th1 development and promotes Th2 development. Circ. Res., 93(10), 948–956 (2003).
  • Geissler I , CollinsL, SchofieldRet al.: In vivo suppression of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on porcine vascular endothelial cells by an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Transplantation, 81(6), 922–926 (2006).
  • Kuipers HF , BiestaPJ, GroothuisTAet al.: Statins affect cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by disrupting cholesterol-containing microdomains. Hum. Immunol., 66(6), 653–665 (2005).
  • Qiu G , HillJS: Atorvastatin decreases lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase expression in human THP-1 macrophages.J. Lipid. Res., 48(10), 2112–2122 (2007).
  • Scirica BM , MorrowDA, CannonCPet al.: Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 47(11), 2326–2331 (2006).
  • Patti G , ChelloM, CanduraDet al.: Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation, 114(14), 1455–1461 (2006).
  • Ramani G , ZahidM, GoodCBet al.: Comparison of frequency of new-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter in patients on statins versus not on statins presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol., 100(3), 404–405 (2007).
  • Chan KL , TeoK, TamJet al.: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a randomized trial to assess the effect of cholesterol lowering on the progression of aortic stenosis: the Aortic Stenosis Progression Observation: Measuring Effects of Rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Am. Heart. J., 153(6), 925–931 (2007).
  • Rossebo AB , PedersenTR, AllenCet al.: Design and baseline characteristics of the simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis (SEAS) study. Am. J. Cardiol., 99(7), 970–973 (2007).
  • Wenke K , MeiserB, ThieryJet al.: Simvastatin initiated early after heart transplantation: 8-year prospective experience. Circulation, 107(1), 93–97 (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.