174
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Neuropathic pain: multiple mechanisms at multiple sites

&
Pages 661-671 | Published online: 25 Oct 2007

Bibliography

  • Taylor RS : Epidemiology of refractory neuropathic pain.Pain Pract.6(1), 22–26 (2006).
  • Oaklander AL , RissmillerJG: Postherpetic neuralgia after shingles: an under-recognized cause of chronic vulvar pain.Obstet. Gynecol.99(4), 625–628 (2002).
  • Dyck PJ , KratzKM, KarnesJLet al.: The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study.Neurology43(4), 817–824 (1993).
  • Loney PL , StratfordPW: The prevalence of low back pain in adults: a methodological review of the literature.Phys. Ther.79(4), 384–396 (1999).
  • Hansson P : Neuropathic pain: clinical characteristics and diagnostic workup.Eur. J. Pain6(Suppl. A), 47–50 (2002).
  • Le Bars D , GozariuM, CaddenSW: Animal models of nociception.Pharmacol. Rev.53(4), 597–652 (2001).
  • LaGraize SC , LabudaCJ, RutledgeMA, JacksonRL, FuchsPN: Differential effect of anterior cingulate cortex lesion on mechanical hypersensitivity and escape/avoidance behavior in an animal model of neuropathic pain.Exp. Neurol.188(1), 139–148 (2004).
  • Hasnie FS , WallaceVC, HefnerK, HolmesA, RiceAS: Mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in nerve-injured C57BL/6J mice is not associated with fear-avoidance- and depression-related behaviour.Br. J. Anaesth.98(6), 816–822 (2007).
  • Yang Y , WangY, LiSet al.: Mutations in SCN9A, encoding a sodium channel α subunit, in patients with primary erythermalgia.J. Med. Genet.41(3), 171–174 (2004).
  • Cox JJ , ReimannF, NicholasAKet al.: An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain.Nature444(7121), 894–898 (2006).
  • Okuse K , ChaplanSR, McMahonSBet al.: Regulation of expression of the sensory neuron-specific sodium channel SNS in inflammatory and neuropathic pain.Mol. Cell. Neurosci.10(3–4), 196–207 (1997).
  • Kim CH , OhY, ChungJM, ChungK: The changes in expression of three subtypes of TTX sensitive sodium channels in sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation.Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.95(1–2), 153–161 (2001).
  • Strichartz GR , ZhouZ, SinnottC, KhodorovaA: Therapeutic concentrations of local anaesthetics unveil the potential role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain.Novartis Found. Symp.241, 189–201; discussion 202–205, 226–232 (2002).
  • Hains BC , KleinJP, SaabCY, CranerMJ, BlackJA, WaxmanSG: Upregulation of sodium channel Nav1.3 and functional involvement in neuronal hyperexcitability associated with central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.J. Neurosci.23(26), 8881–8892 (2003).
  • Dib-Hajj SD , FjellJ, CumminsTRet al.: Plasticity of sodium channel expression in DRG neurons in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain.Pain83(3), 591–600 (1999).
  • Waxman SG , HainsBC: Fire and phantoms after spinal cord injury: Na+ channels and central pain.Trends Neurosci.29(4), 207–215 (2006).
  • Hains BC , WaxmanSG: Sodium channel expression and the molecular pathophysiology of pain after SCI.Prog. Brain Res.161, 195–203 (2007).
  • Jarvis MF , HonoreP, ShiehCCet al.: A-803467, a potent and selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker, attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the rat.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(20), 8520–8525 (2007).
  • Bahia PK , SuzukiR, BentonDCet al.: A functional role for small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in sensory pathways including nociceptive processes.J. Neurosci.25(14), 3489–3498 (2005).
  • Passmore GM , SelyankoAA, MistryMet al.: KCNQ/M currents in sensory neurons: significance for pain therapy. J. Neurosci.23(18), 7227–7236 (2003).
  • Rivera-Arconada I , Martinez-GomezJ, Lopez-GarciaJA: M-current modulators alter rat spinal nociceptive transmission: an electrophysiological study in vitro.Neuropharmacology46(4), 598–606 (2004).
  • Mayer ML , WestbrookGL: A voltage-clamp analysis of inward (anomalous) rectification in mouse spinal sensory ganglion neurones.J. Physiol.340, 19–45 (1983).
  • Robinson RB , SiegelbaumSA: Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents: from molecules to physiological function.Annu. Rev. Physiol.65, 453–480 (2003).
  • Chaplan SR , GuoHQ, LeeDHet al.: Neuronal hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels drive neuropathic pain.J. Neurosci.23(4), 1169–1178 (2003).
  • Luo L , ChangL, BrownSMet al.: Role of peripheral hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated channel pacemaker channels in acute and chronic pain models in the rat.Neuroscience144(4), 1477–1485 (2007).
  • Matthews EA , DickensonAH: Effects of ethosuximide, a T-type Ca2+ channel blocker, on dorsal horn neuronal responses in rats.Eur. J. Pharmacol.415(2–3), 141–149 (2001).
  • Matthews EA , DickensonAH: Effects of spinally delivered N- and P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy.Pain92(1–2), 235–246 (2001).
  • Matthews EA , BeeLA, StephensGJ, DickensonAH: The Cav2.3 calcium channel antagonist SNX-482 reduces dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain.Eur. J. Neurosci.25(12), 3561–3569 (2007).
  • Suzuki R , RahmanW, RyghLJ, WebberM, HuntSP, DickensonAH: Spinal-supraspinal serotonergic circuits regulating neuropathic pain and its treatment with gabapentin.Pain117(3), 292–303 (2005).
  • Iannetti GD , ZambreanuL, WiseRGet al.: Pharmacological modulation of pain-related brain activity during normal and central sensitization states in humans.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102(50), 18195–18200 (2005).
  • Dickenson AH , SullivanAF: Evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the frequency dependent potentiation of deep rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones following C fibre stimulation.Neuropharmacology26(8), 1235–1238 (1987).
  • Kozek SA , Sator-KatzenschlagerS, KressHG: Intrathecal S+-ketamine in refractory neuropathic cancer pain.Pain121(3), 283–284 (2006).
  • Wilson JA , GarryEM, AndersonHAet al.: NMDA receptor antagonist treatment at the time of nerve injury prevents injury-induced changes in spinal NR1 and NR2B subunit expression and increases the sensitivity of residual pain behaviours to subsequently administered NMDA receptor antagonists.Pain117(3), 421–432 (2005).
  • Iwata H , TakasusukiT, YamaguchiS, Hori Y:NMDA receptor 2B subunit-mediated synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of peripheral nerve-injured neuropathic mice. Brain Res.1135(1), 92–101 (2007).
  • Barclay J , PatelS, DornGet al.: Functional downregulation of P2X3 receptor subunit in rat sensory neurons reveals a significant role in chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain.J. Neurosci.22(18), 8139–8147 (2002).
  • Duggan AW , MortonCR, HutchisonWD, Hendry IA: Absence of tonic supraspinal control of substance P release in the substantia gelatinosa of the anaesthetized cat. Exp. Brain Res.71(3), 597–602 (1988).
  • Villar MJ , CortesR, TheodorssonEet al.: Neuropeptide expression in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury with special reference to galanin.Neuroscience33(3), 587–604 (1989).
  • Abbadie C , BrownJL, MantyhPW, BasbaumAI: Spinal cord substance P receptor immunoreactivity increases in both inflammatory and nerve injury models of persistent pain.Neuroscience70(1), 201–209 (1996).
  • Luo L , Wiesenfeld-HallinZ: Effects of intrathecal local anesthetics on spinal excitability and on the development of autotomy.Pain63(2), 173–179 (1995).
  • Mantyh PW , RogersSD, HonorePet al.: Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor.Science278(5336), 275–279 (1997).
  • Suzuki R , MorcuendeS, WebberM, HuntSP, DickensonAH: Superficial NK1-expressing neurons control spinal excitability through activation of descending pathways.Nat. Neurosci.5(12), 1319–1326 (2002).
  • Hill R : NK1 (substance P) receptor antagonists –why are they not analgesic in humans?Trends Pharmacol. Sci.21(7), 244–246 (2000).
  • Garrison CJ , DoughertyPM, KajanderKC, CarltonSM: Staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cord increases following a sciatic nerve constriction injury.Brain Res.565(1), 1–7 (1991).
  • Chapman GA , MooresK, HarrisonD, CampbellCA, StewartBR, StrijbosPJ: Fractalkine cleavage from neuronal membranes represents an acute event in the inflammatory response to excitotoxic brain damage.J. Neurosci.20(15), RC87 (2000).
  • Milligan ED , ZapataV, ChacurMet al.: Evidence that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine can induce spinal nociceptive facilitation in rats.Eur J. Neurosci.20(9), 2294–2302 (2004).
  • Raghavendra V , TangaF, DeLeoJA: Inhibition of microglial activation attenuates the development but not existing hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathy.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.306(2), 624–630 (2003).
  • Tawfik VL , Nutile-McMenemyN, Lacroix-FralishML, DeleoJA: Efficacy of propentofylline, a glial modulating agent, on existing mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury.Brain Behav. Immun.21(2), 238–246 (2007).
  • Liu X , ChungK, ChungJM: Ectopic discharges and adrenergic sensitivity of sensory neurons after spinal nerve injury.Brain Res.849(1–2), 244–247 (1999).
  • Liu X , EschenfelderS, BlenkKH, JanigW, HablerH: Spontaneous activity of axotomized afferent neurons after L5 spinal nerve injury in rats.Pain84(2–3), 309–318 (2000).
  • Zhuang ZY , GernerP, WoolfCJ, JiRR: ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model.Pain114(1–2), 149–159 (2005).
  • Melzack R , WallPD: Pain mechanisms: a new theory.Science150(699), 971–979 (1965).
  • Dickenson AH : Balances between excitatory and inhibitory events in the spinal cord and chronic pain.Prog. Brain Res.110, 225–231 (1996).
  • Dickenson AH : Gate control theory of pain stands the test of time.Br. J. Anaesth.88(6), 755–757 (2002).
  • Benedetti F , ArduinoC, AmanzioM: Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia.J. Neurosci.19(9), 3639–3648 (1999).
  • Petrovic P , KalsoE, PeterssonKM, Ingvar M: Placebo and opioid analgesia – imaging a shared neuronal network. Science295(5560), 1737–1740 (2002).
  • Basbaum AI , FieldsHL: Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry.Annu. Rev. Neurosci.7, 309–338 (1984).
  • Yaksh TL , WilsonPR: Spinal serotonin terminal system mediates antinociception.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.208(3), 446–453 (1979).
  • Hylden JL , WilcoxGL: Intrathecal serotonin in mice: analgesia and inhibition of a spinal action of substance P.Life Sci.33(8), 789–795 (1983).
  • Zhuo M , GebhartGF: Spinal serotonin receptors mediate descending facilitation of a nociceptive reflex from the nuclei reticularis gigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars α in the rat.Brain Res.550(1), 35–48 (1991).
  • Rahman W , SuzukiR, WebberM, HuntSP, DickensonAH: Depletion of endogenous spinal 5-HT attenuates the behavioural hypersensitivity to mechanical and cooling stimuli induced by spinal nerve ligation.Pain123(3), 264–274 (2006).
  • Rygh LJ , SuzukiR, RahmanWet al.: Local and descending circuits regulate long-term potentiation and zif268 expression in spinal neurons.Eur. J. Neurosci.24(3), 761–772 (2006).
  • Fleetwood-Walker SM , MitchellR, Hope PJ, Molony V, Iggo A: An α 2 receptor mediates the selective inhibition by noradrenaline of nociceptive responses of identified dorsal horn neurones. Brain Res.334(2), 243–254 (1985).
  • Suzuki R , GreenGM, MillanMJ, DickensonAH: Electrophysiologic characterization of the antinociceptive actions of S18616, a novel and potent α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, after acute and persistent pain states.J. Pain3(3), 234–243 (2002).
  • Ishii Y , SumiT: Amitriptyline inhibits striatal efflux of neurotransmitters via blockade of voltage-dependent Na+ channels.Eur. J. Pharmacol.221(2–3), 377–380 (1992).
  • Lavoie PA , BeauchampG, ElieR: Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit voltage-dependent calcium channels and Na+–Ca2+ exchange in rat brain cortex synaptosomes.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.68(11), 1414–1418 (1990).
  • Sindrup SH , JensenTS: Pharmacologic treatment of pain in polyneuropathy.Neurology55(7), 915–920 (2000).
  • Wernicke JF , PritchettYL, D‘SouzaDNet al.: A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology67(8), 1411–1420 (2006).
  • Hansson PT , DickensonAH: Pharmacological treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain conditions based on shared commonalities despite multiple etiologies.Pain113(3), 251–254 (2005).
  • Gilron I , BaileyJM, TuD, HoldenRR, WeaverDF, HouldenRL: Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain.N. Engl. J. Med.352(13), 1324–1334 (2005).
  • Matthews EA , DickensonAH: A combination of gabapentin and morphine mediates enhanced inhibitory effects on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy.Anesthesiology96(3), 633–640 (2002).
  • Hunt SP , MantyhPW: The molecular dynamics of pain control.Nat. Rev. Neurosci.2(2), 83–91 (2001).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.