Does Coffee Raise Cholesterol?

Bibliography

• Urgert R, Katan MB: The cholesterolraising factor from coffee beans. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17, 305–324 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Describes human intervention trials using cafestol.
   Google Scholar
• Puccio EM, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor E, Ganiats TG: Clustering of atherogenic behaviors in coffee drinkers. Am. J. Public Health 80(11), 1310–1313 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Tavani A, Bertuzzi M, Negri E, Sorbara L, La Vecchia C: Alcohol, smoking, coffee and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 17(12), 1131–1137 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Mattioli A: Effects of caffeine and coffee consumption on cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Future Cardiol. 3(2), 203–212 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Useful review of caffeine, coffee and cardiovascular disease risk.
   Google Scholar
• Thelle DS, Arnesen E, Forde OH: The Tromso heart study. Does coffee raise serum cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 308(24), 1454–1457 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Ahola I, Jauhiainen M, Aro A: The hypercholesterolaemic factor in boiled coffee is retained by a paper filter. J. Intern. Med. 230(4), 293–297 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Demonstrated that the cholesterol-raising factor was a lipid and is retained by a paper filter.
   Google Scholar
• van Dusseldorp M, Katan MB, van Vliet T, Demacker PN, Stalenhoef AF: Cholesterolraising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 11(3), 586–593 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Demonstrated that the cholesterol-raising factor was a lipid and is retained by a paper filter.
   Google Scholar
• Urgert R, Meyboom S, Kuilman M et al.: Comparison of effect of cafetiere and filtered coffee on serum concentrations of liver aminotransferases and lipids: six month randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 313(7069), 1362–1366 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Boekschoten MV, van Cruchten ST, Katan MB, Kosmeijer-Schuil TG. [Negligible amounts of cholesterol-raising diterpenes in coffee made with coffee pads in comparison with unfiltered coffee]. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 150(52), 2873–2875 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• van den Maagdenberg AM, Hofker MH, Krimpenfort PJ et al.: Transgenic mice carrying the apolipoprotein E3-Leiden gene exhibit hyperlipoproteinemia. J. Biol. Chem. 268(14), 10540–10545 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• van Vlijmen BJ, van den Maagdenberg AM, Gijbels MJ et al.: Diet-induced hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E3-Leiden transgenic mice. J. Clin. Invest. 93(4), 1403–1410 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Kleemann R, Princen HM, Emeis JJ et al.: Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis development beyond and independent of its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: evidence for antiinflammatory effects of rosuvastatin. Circulation 108(11), 1368–1374 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kooistra T, Verschuren L, de Vries-van der Weij J et al.: Fenofibrate reduces atherogenesis in ApoE*3Leiden mice: evidence for multiple antiatherogenic effects besides lowering plasma cholesterol. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26(10), 2322–2330 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• van Vlijmen BJ, Mensink RP, van’t Hof HB, Offermans RF, Hofker MH, Havekes LM: Effects of dietary fish oil on serum lipids and VLDL kinetics in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. J. Lipid Res. 39(6), 1181–1188 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Volger OL, van der Boom H, de Wit EC et al.: Dietary plant stanol esters reduce VLDL cholesterol secretion and bile saturation in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21(6), 1046–1052 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Post SM, de Roos B, Vermeulen M et al.: Cafestol increases serum cholesterol levels in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice by suppression of bile acid synthesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20(6), 1551–1556 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Edwards PA, Kast HR, Anisfeld AM: BAREing it all: the adoption of LXR and FXR and their roles in lipid homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 43(1), 2–12 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Describes the role of liver X receptor (LXR) in controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in regulating genes that control bile acid and lipoprotein metabolism, and the regulation of bile acid transport/metabolism in response to pregnane X receptor (PXR).
   Google Scholar
• Pullinger CR, Eng C, Salen G et al.: Human cholesterol 7 -hydroxylase (CYP7A1) deficiency has a hypercholesterolemic phenotype. J. Clin. Invest. 110(1), 109–117 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Ricketts ML, Boekschoten MV, Kreeft AJ et al.: The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans, cafestol, as an agonist ligand for the farnesoid and pregnane X receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 21(7), 1603–1616. Epub 2007 Apr 24 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Describes the mechanism of action of cafestol and how it elevates serum cholesterol.
   Google Scholar
• Lu T, Makishima M, Repa JJ et al.: Molecular basis for feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis by nuclear receptors. Mol. Cell 6(3), 507–515 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin B, Jones SA, Price RR et al.: A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis. Mol. Cell 6(3), 517–526 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ et al.: Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 284(5418), 1362–1365 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Inagaki T, Choi M, Moschetta A et al.: Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2(4), 217–225 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Describes how FGF15 works in the intestine to repress bile acid synthesis in the liver.
   Google Scholar