Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: renewed interest in triglycerides

References

• Eberly LE, Stamler J, Neaton JD. Relation of triglyceride levels, fasting and nonfasting, to fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 163, 1077–1083 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 298, 299–308 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 298, 309–316 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120, 1640–1645 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Murad MH, Hazem A, Coto-Yglesias F et al. The association of hypertriglyceridemia with cardiovascular events and pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord. 12, 2 (2012). ▪ Comprehensive meta-analysis assessing the role of triglycerides as independent predictors of cardiovascular disease.
   Google Scholar
• Brunzell JD, Schrott HG. The interaction of familial and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia: role in pancreatitis. J. Clin. Lipidol. 6, 409–412 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Shaw W. Possible role of lysolecithins and nonesterified fatty acids in the pathogenesis of Reye’s syndrome, sudden infant death syndrome, acute pancreatitis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Clin. Chem. 31, 1109–1115 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123, 2292–2333 (2011). Comprehensive overview of triglyceride nn metabolism and its role as a risk factor.
   Google Scholar
• Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 2969–2989 (2012). ▪▪ Overview of triglycerides as a risk factor for nn cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis.
   Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson WS, Mokdad AH. Hypertriglyceridemia and its pharmacologic treatment among US adults. Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 572–578 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths – United States, 1999–2006. Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 59, 29–33 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Muller-Riemenschneider F, Nocon M, Willich SN. Prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in German adolescents. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 17, 204–210 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M. Summary of American Heart Association diet and lifestyle recommendation revision. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 2186–2191 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 120, 1011–1020 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Furtado JD, Campos H, Sumner AE, Appel LJ, Carey VJ, Sacks FM. Dietary interventions that lower lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein C-III are more effective in whites than in blacks: results of the OmniHeart trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92, 714–722 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP et al. primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1237–1245 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 410–418 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• The BIP Study Group. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 102, 21–27 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• The FIELD Study Investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366, 1849–1861 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Jun M, Foote C, Lv J, Neal B et al. Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 375, 1875–1884 (2010). ▪▪ Informative up-to-date review of the impact of fibrate treatment on cardiovascular outcomes.
   Google Scholar
• Zilversmit DB. Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Circulation 60, 473–485 (1979).
   Google Scholar