62
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Serrated polyps and colorectal cancer risk

Pages 77-91 | Published online: 31 Jan 2014

References

  • Morson BC . Precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum. Classification and controversial issues. JAMA179, 316–321 (1962).
  • Fearon ER , VogelsteinB. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell61(5), 759–767 (1990).
  • Longacre TA , Fenoglio-PreiserCM. Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.14(6), 524–537 (1990).
  • Makinen MJ , GeorgeSM, JernvallP, MakelaJ, VihkoP, KarttunenTJ. Colorectal carcinoma associated with serrated adenoma – prevalence, histological features, and prognosis. J. Pathol.193(3), 286–294 (2001).
  • Makinen MJ . Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Histopathology50(1), 131–150 (2007).
  • Garcia-Solano J , Perez-GuillermoM, Conesa-ZamoraPet al. Clinicopathologic study of 85 colorectal serrated adenocarcinomas: further insights into the full recognition of a new subset of colorectal carcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 41(10), 1359–1368 (2010).
  • Snover DC . Update on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma. Hum. Pathol.42(1), 1–10 (2011).
  • Torlakovic E , SkovlundE, SnoverDC, TorlakovicG, NeslandJM. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.27(1), 65–81 (2003).
  • Snover DC , AhnenDJ, BurtRW, OdzeRD. Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum and serrated polyposis. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System (4th Edition). BosmanFT, CarneiroF, HrubanRH, TheiseND (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France, 160–165 (2010).
  • Yantiss RK , OhKY, ChenYT, RedstonM, OdzeRD. Filiform serrated adenomas: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 18 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.31(8), 1238–1245 (2007).
  • Lash RH , GentaRM, SchulerCM. Sessile serrated adenomas: prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in 2139 patients. J. Clin. Pathol.63(8), 681–686 (2010).
  • Carr NJ , MahajanH, TanKL, HawkinsNJ, WardRL. Serrated and non-serrated polyps of the colorectum: their prevalence in an unselected case series and correlation of BRAF mutation analysis with the diagnosis of sessile serrated adenoma. J. Clin. Pathol.62(6), 516–518 (2009).
  • Higuchi T , SugiharaK, JassJR. Demographic and pathological characteristics of serrated polyps of colorectum. Histopathology47(1), 32–40 (2005).
  • Rosenberg DW , YangS, PleauDCet al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS differentially distinguish serrated versus non-serrated hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci in humans. Cancer Res. 67(8), 3551–3554 (2007).
  • Roncucci L , StampD, MedlineA, CullenJB, BruceWR. Identification and quantification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in the human colon. Hum. Pathol.22(3), 287–294 (1991).
  • Bettington M , WalkerN, CloustonA, BrownI, LeggettB, WhitehallV. The serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma: current concepts and challenges. Histopathology62(3), 367–386 (2013).
  • Mohammadi M , GarbyalRS, KristensenMH, MadsenPM, NielsenHJ, HolckS. Sessile serrated lesion and its borderline variant – variables with impact on recorded data. Pathol. Res. Pract.207(7), 410–416 (2011).
  • Kim MJ , LeeEJ, ChunSMet al. Pedunculated serrated polyp with histologic features of sessile serrated adenoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 37(7), 1039–1043 (2013).
  • Torlakovic EE , GomezJD, DrimanDKet al. Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) vs. traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32(1), 21–29 (2008).
  • Goldstein NS , BhanotP, OdishE, HunterS. Hyperplastic-like colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.119(6), 778–796 (2003).
  • Goldstein NS . Small colonic microsatellite unstable adenocarcinomas and high-grade epithelial dysplasias in sessile serrated adenoma polypectomy specimens: a study of eight cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.125(1), 132–145 (2006).
  • Ensari A , BilezikciB, CarneiroF, DogusoyGB, DriessenA, DursunAet al. Serrated polyps of the colon: how reproducible is their classification? Virchows Arch 461(5), 495–504 (2012).
  • Klarskov L , MogensenAM, JespersenN, IngeholmP, HolckS. Filiform serrated adenomatous polyposis arising in a diverted rectum of an inflammatory bowel disease patient. APMIS119(6), 393–398 (2011).
  • Ha SY , LeeSM, LeeEJet al. Filiform serrated adenoma is an unusual, less aggressive variant of traditional serrated adenoma. Pathology 44(1), 18–23 (2012).
  • Fu B , YachidaS, MorganR, ZhongY, MontgomeryEA, Iacobuzio-DonahueCA. Clinicopathologic and genetic characterization of traditional serrated adenomas of the colon. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.138(3), 356–366 (2012).
  • Kriegl L , NeumannJ, ViethMet al. Up and downregulation of p16(Ink4a) expression in BRAF-mutated polyps/adenomas indicates a senescence barrier in the serrated route to colon cancer. Mod. Pathol. 24(7), 1015–1022 (2011).
  • Kim KM , LeeEJ, KimYH, ChangDK, OdzeRD. KRAS mutations in traditional serrated adenomas from Korea herald an aggressive phenotype. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.34(5), 667–675 (2010).
  • Tuppurainen K , MakinenJM, JunttilaOet al. Morphology and microsatellite instability in sporadic serrated and non-serrated colorectal cancer. J. Pathol. 207(3), 285–294 (2005).
  • Stefanius K , YlitaloL, TuomistoAet al. Frequent mutations of KRAS in addition to BRAF in colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 58(5), 679–692 (2011).
  • Kim MJ , LeeEJ, SuhJPet al. Traditional serrated adenoma of the colorectum: clinicopathologic implications and endoscopic findings of the precursor lesions. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 140(6), 898–911 (2013).
  • Teriaky A , DrimanDK, ChandeN. Outcomes of a 5-year follow-up of patients with sessile serrated adenomas. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.47(2), 178–183 (2012).
  • Oh K , RedstonM, OdzeRD. Support for hMLH1 and MGMT silencing as a mechanism of tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic-adenoma-carcinoma (serrated) carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Hum. Pathol.36(1), 101–111 (2005).
  • Williams GT , ArthurJF, BusseyHJ, MorsonBC. Metaplastic polyps and polyposis of the colorectum. Histopathology4(2), 155–170 (1980).
  • Sumner HW , WassermanNF, McClainCJ. Giant hyperplastic polyposis of the colon. Dig. Dis. Sci.26(1), 85–89 (1981).
  • Edelstein DL , AxilbundJE, HylindLMet al. Serrated polyposis: rapid and relentless development of colorectal neoplasia. Gut 62(3), 404–408 (2013).
  • Guarinos C , Sanchez-FortunC, Rodriguez-SolerM, AlendaC, PayaA, JoverR. Serrated polyposis syndrome: molecular, pathological and clinical aspects. World J. Gastroenterol.18(20), 2452–2461 (2012).
  • Oquinena S , GuerraA, PueyoAet al. Serrated polyposis: prospective study of first-degree relatives. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 25(1), 28–32 (2013).
  • Jeevaratnam P , CottierDS, BrowettPJ, Van De Water NS, Pokos V, Jass JR. Familial giant hyperplastic polyposis predisposing to colorectal cancer: a new hereditary bowel cancer syndrome. J. Pathol.179(1), 20–25 (1996).
  • Roberts A , NancarrowD, ClendenningMet al. Linkage to chromosome 2q32.2–q33.3 in familial serrated neoplasia (Jass syndrome). Fam. Cancer 10(2), 245–254 (2011).
  • Vakiani E , YantissRK. Pathologic features and biologic importance of colorectal serrated polyps. Adv. Anat. Pathol.16(2), 79–91 (2009).
  • Kearney J , GiovannucciE, RimmEBet al. Diet, alcohol, and smoking and the occurrence of hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum (United States). Cancer Causes Control 6(1), 45–56 (1995).
  • Morimoto LM , NewcombPA, UlrichCM, BostickRM, LaisCJ, PotterJD. Risk factors for hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps: evidence for malignant potential? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.11(10 Pt 1), 1012–1018 (2002).
  • Martinez ME , McPhersonRS, LevinB, GloberGA. A case–control study of dietary intake and other lifestyle risk factors for hyperplastic polyps. Gastroenterology113(2), 423–429 (1997).
  • Lieberman DA , PrindivilleS, WeissDG, Willett W; VA Cooperative Study Group 380. Risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia and hyperplastic polyps in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA290(22), 2959–2967 (2003).
  • Ji BT , WeissfeldJL, ChowWH, HuangWY, SchoenRE, HayesRB. Tobacco smoking and colorectal hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.15(5), 897–901 (2006).
  • Burnett-Hartman AN , PassarelliMN, AdamsSVet al. Differences in epidemiologic risk factors for colorectal adenomas and serrated polyps by lesion severity and anatomical site. Am. J. Epidemiol. 177(7), 625–637 (2013).
  • Burnett-Hartman AN , NewcombPA, PotterJDet al. Genomic aberrations occurring in subsets of serrated colorectal lesions but not conventional adenomas. Cancer Res. 73(9), 2863–2872 (2013).
  • Walker RG , LandmannJK, HewettDGet al. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome is associated with cigarette smoking, which may be a modifiable risk factor. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(7), 1642–1647 (2010).
  • Hasegawa S , MitsuyamaK, KawanoHet al. Endoscopic discrimination of sessile serrated adenomas from other serrated lesions. Oncol. Lett. 2(5), 785–789 (2011).
  • Limketkai BN , Lam-HimlinD, ArnoldCA, ArnoldMA. The cutting edge of serrated polyps: a practical guide to approaching and managing serrated colon polyps. Gastrointest. Endosc.77(3), 360–375 (2013).
  • Gurudu SR , HeighRI, De Petris Get al. Sessile serrated adenomas: demographic, endoscopic and pathological characteristics. World J. Gastroenterol.16(27), 3402–3405 (2010).
  • Rex DK , RahmaniEY. New endoscopic finding associated with hyperplastic polyps. Gastrointest. Endosc.50(5), 704–706 (1999).
  • Huang CS , O‘brienMJ, YangS, FarrayeFA. Hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. Am. J. Gastroenterol.99(11), 2242–2255 (2004).
  • Hazewinkel Y , López-CerónM, EastJEet al. Endoscopic features of sessile serrated adenomas: validation by international experts using high-resolution white-light endoscopy and narrow-band imaging. Gastrointest. Endosc. 77(6), 916–924 (2013).
  • Rondagh EJ , BouwensMW, RiedlRGet al. Endoscopic appearance of proximal colorectal neoplasms and potential implications for colonoscopy in cancer prevention. Gastrointest. Endosc. 75(6), 1218–1225 (2012).
  • Boparai KS , van den Broek FJ, van Eeden S, Fockens P, Dekker E. Increased polyp detection using narrow band imaging compared with high resolution endoscopy in patients with hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. Endoscopy43(8), 676–682 (2011).
  • Nakao Y , SaitoS, OhyaTet al. Endoscopic features of colorectal serrated lesions using image-enhanced endoscopy with pathological analysis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 25(8), 981–988 (2013).
  • Patel SG , AhnenDJ. Prevention of interval colorectal cancers: what every clinician needs to know. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.027 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Calderwood AH , JacobsonBC. Colonoscopy quality: metrics and implementation. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am.42(3), 599–618 (2013).
  • Kahi CJ , HewettDG, NortonDL, EckertGJ, RexDK. Prevalence and variable detection of proximal colon serrated polyps during screening colonoscopy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.9(1), 42–46 (2011).
  • Kahi CJ , LiX, EckertGJ, RexDK. High colonoscopic prevalence of proximal colon serrated polyps in average-risk men and women. Gastrointest. Endosc.75(3), 515–520 (2012).
  • Arain MA , SawhneyM, SheikhSet al. CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105(5), 1189–1195 (2010).
  • Sawhney MS , FarrarWD, GudisevaSet al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology 131(6), 1700–1705 (2006).
  • Burke CA , SnoverDC. Editorial: sessile serrated adenomas and their pit patterns: we must first see the forest through the trees. Am. J. Gastroenterol.107(3), 470–472 (2012).
  • Spring KJ , ZhaoZZ, KaramaticRet al. High prevalence of sessile serrated adenomas with BRAF mutations: a prospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 131(5), 1400–1407 (2006).
  • de Wijkerslooth TR , StoopEM, BossuytPMet al. Differences in proximal serrated polyp detection among endoscopists are associated with variability in withdrawal time. Gastrointest. Endosc. 77(4), 617–623 (2013).
  • Liang J , KaladyMF, AppauK, ChurchJ. Serrated polyp detection rate during screening colonoscopy. Colorectal Dis.14(11), 1323–1327 (2012).
  • Weisenberger DJ , SiegmundKD, CampanMet al. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat. Genet. 38(7), 787–793 (2006).
  • Jass JR , WhitehallVL, YoungJ, LeggettBA. Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology123(3), 862–876 (2002).
  • O‘Brien MJ , YangS, ClebanoffJLet al. Hyperplastic (serrated) polyps of the colorectum: relationship of CpG island methylator phenotype and K-ras mutation to location and histologic subtype. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28(4), 423–434 (2004).
  • Dong SM , LeeEJ, JeonES, ParkCK, KimKM. Progressive methylation during the serrated neoplasia pathway of the colorectum. Mod. Pathol.18(2), 170–178 (2005).
  • Shimomura T , HiyamaT, OkaSet al. Frequent somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA in traditional serrated adenomas but not in sessile serrated adenomas of the colorectum. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26(10), 1565–1569 (2011).
  • Drini M , YoungJP. Molecular change that distinguishes traditional serrated adenomas from sessile serrated adenomas. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.26(10), 1472–1474 (2011).
  • Gaiser T , MeinhardtS, HirschDet al. Molecular patterns in the evolution of serrated lesion of the colorectum. Int. J. Cancer 132(8), 1800–1810 (2013).
  • Jass JR . Serrated route to colorectal cancer: back street or super highway? J. Pathol.193(3), 283–285 (2001).
  • Lazarus R , JunttilaOE, KarttunenTJ, MakinenMJ. The risk of metachronous neoplasia in patients with serrated adenoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.123(3), 349–359 (2005).
  • Faiss S . The missed colorectal cancer problem. Dig. Dis.29(Suppl. 1), 60–63 (2011).
  • Schreiner MA , WeissDG, LiebermanDA. Proximal and large hyperplastic and nondysplastic serrated polyps detected by colonoscopy are associated with neoplasia. Gastroenterology139(5), 1497–1502 (2010).
  • Hiraoka S , KatoJ, FujikiSet al. The presence of large serrated polyps increases risk for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 139(5), 1503–1510; 1510.e1–1510.e3 (2010).
  • Alvarez C , AndreuM, CastellsAet al. Relationship of colonoscopy-detected serrated polyps with synchronous advanced neoplasia in average-risk individuals. Gastrointest. Endosc. 78(2), 333.e1–341.e1 (2013).
  • Aust DE , Baretton GB; Members of the Working Group GI–Pathology of the German Society of Pathology. Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum (hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps) – proposal for diagnostic criteria. Virchows Arch457(3), 291–297 (2010).
  • Lieberman DA , RexDK, WinawerSJet al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 143(3), 844–857 (2012).
  • Rex DK , AhnenDJ, BaronJAet al. Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(9), 1315–1329; quiz 1314; 1330 (2012).
  • Sheridan TB , FentonH, LewinMRet al. Sessile serrated adenomas with low- and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions ‘caught in the act‘. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 126(4), 564–571 (2006).
  • Vu HT , LopezR, BennettA, BurkeCA. Individuals with sessile serrated polyps express an aggressive colorectal phenotype. Dis. Colon Rectum54(10), 1216–1223 (2011).
  • Yamauchi T , WatanabeM, HasegawaHet al. Serrated adenoma developing into advanced colon cancer in 2 years. J. Gastroenterol. 37(6), 467–470 (2002).
  • Oono Y , FuK, NakamuraHet al. Progression of a sessile serrated adenoma to an early invasive cancer within 8 months. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54(4), 906–909 (2009).
  • Horii J , KatoJ, NagasakaTet al. Development of invasive colon cancer with microsatellite instability in a patient with hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 42(5), 451–454 (2012).
  • Makinen JM , MakinenMJ, KarttunenTJ. Serrated adenocarcinoma of the rectum associated with perianal Paget‘s disease: a case report. Histopathology41(2), 177–179 (2002).
  • Fujita K , YamamotoH, MatsumotoTet al. Sessile serrated adenoma with early neoplastic progression: a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 35(2), 295–304 (2011).
  • Franzin G , NovelliP. Adenocarcinoma occurring in a hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyp of the colon. Endoscopy14(1), 28–30 (1982).
  • Teoh HH , DelahuntB, IsbisterWH. Dysplastic and malignant areas in hyperplastic polyps of the large intestine. Pathology21(2), 138–142 (1989).
  • Urbanski SJ , KossakowskaAE, MarconN, BruceWR. Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps – an underdiagnosed entity. Report of a case of adenocarcinoma arising within a mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyp. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.8(7), 551–556 (1984).
  • Cooper HS , PatchefskyAS, MarksG. Adenomatous and carcinomatous changes within hyperplastic colonic epithelium. Dis. Colon Rectum22(3), 152–156 (1979).
  • Lev R , GroverR. Precursors of human colon carcinoma: a serial section study of colectomy specimens. Cancer47(8), 2007–2015 (1981).
  • Hawkins NJ , WardRL. Sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability and their possible origin in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst.93(17), 1307–1313 (2001).
  • O‘Brien MJ , YangS, MackCet al. Comparison of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylation phenotype, BRAF and KRAS status in serrated polyps and traditional adenomas indicates separate pathways to distinct colorectal carcinoma end points. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30(12), 1491–1501 (2006).
  • Barry EL , BaronJA, GrauMV, WallaceK, HaileRW. K-ras mutations in incident sporadic colorectal adenomas. Cancer106(5), 1036–1040 (2006).
  • Maltzman T , KnollK, MartinezMEet al. Ki–ras proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic colorectal adenomas: relationship to histologic and clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology121(2), 302–309 (2001).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.