Advanced search
Publication Cover
Epigenomics Volume 3, 2011 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
377
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

REST: Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulator

Angela BithellKing‘s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK. Tel.: +44 207 848 5606/5306 Fax: +44 207 848 [email protected]View further author information
Pages 47-58 | Published online: 17 Feb 2011

Bibliography

  • Cai J , WeissML, RaoMS: In search of ‘stemness‘.Exp. Hematol.32(7) , 585–598 (2004).
  • Spivakov M , FisherAG: Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity.Nat. Rev. Genet.8(4) , 263–271 (2007).
  • Bird A : Perceptions of epigenetics.Nature447(7143) , 396–408 (2007).
  • Bernstein BE , MeissnerA, LanderES: The mammalian epigenome.Cell128(4) , 669–681 (2007).
  • Mehler MF : Epigenetic principles and mechanisms underlying nervous system functions in health and disease.Prog. Neurobiol.86(4) , 305–341 (2008).
  • Kouzarides T : Chromatin modifications and their function.Cell128(4) , 693–705 (2007).
  • Wutz A : Xist function: bridging chromatin and stem cells.Trends Genet.23(9) , 457–464 (2007).
  • Talbert PB , HenikoffS: Histone variants – ancient wrap artists of the epigenome.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol.11(4) , 264–275 (2010).
  • Bernstein BE , KamalM, Lindblad-TohKet al.: Genomic maps and comparative analysis of histone modifications in human and mouse.Cell120(2) , 169–181 (2005).
  • Meissner A , MikkelsenTS, GuHet al.: Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells.Nature454(7205) , 766–770 (2008).
  • Mikkelsen TS , KuM, JaffeDBet al.: Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells.Nature448(7153) , 553–560 (2007).
  • Bernstein BE , MikkelsenTS, XieXet al.: A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells.Cell125(2) , 315–326 (2006).
  • Azuara V , PerryP, SauerSet al.: Chromatin signatures of pluripotent cell lines.Nat. Cell Biol.29 (2006).
  • Chong JA , Tapia-RamirezJ, KimSet al.: REST: a mammalian silencer protein that restricts sodium channel gene expression to neurons.Cell80 , 949–957 (1995).
  • Schoenherr CJ , AndersonDJ: The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF): a coordinate repressor of multiple neuron-specific genes.Science267(5202) , 1360–1363 (1995).
  • Schoenherr CJ , AndersonDJ: Silencing is golden: negative regulation in the control of neuronal gene transcription.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.5(5) , 566–571 (1995).
  • Schoenherr CJ , PaquetteAJ, AndersonDJ: Identification of potential target genes for the neuron-restrictive silencer factor.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93(18) , 9881–9886 (1996).
  • Sun YM , GreenwayDJ, JohnsonRet al.: Distinct rrofiles of REST interactions with its target genes at different stages of neuronal development.Mol. Biol. Cell16(12) , 5630–5638 (2005).
  • Ballas N , GrunseichC, LuDD, SpehJC, MandelG: REST and its corepressors mediate plasticity of neuronal gene chromatin throughout neurogenesis.Cell121(4) , 645–657 (2005).
  • Ballas N , MandelG: The many faces of REST oversee epigenetic programming of neuronal genes.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.15(5) , 500–506 (2005).
  • Ooi L , WoodIC: Chromatin crosstalk in development and disease: lessons from REST.Nat. Rev. Genet.8(7) , 544–554 (2007).
  • Chen ZF , PaquetteAJ, AndersonDJ: NRSF/REST is required in vivo for repression of multiple neuronal target genes during embryogenesis.Nat. Genet.20(2) , 136–142 (1998).
  • Buckley NJ , JohnsonR, ZuccatoC, BithellA, CattaneoE: The role of REST in transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation in Huntington‘s disease.Neurobiol. Dis.39(1) , 28–39 (2010).
  • Johnson R , BuckleyNJ: Gene dysregulation in Huntington‘s disease: REST, microRNAs and beyond.Neuromolecular Med.11(3) , 183–199 (2009).
  • Coulson JM : Transcriptional regulation: cancer, neurons and the REST.Curr. Biol.15(17) , R665–R668 (2005).
  • Kraner SD , ChongJA, TsayHJ, MandelG: Silencing the type II sodium channel gene: a model for neural-specific gene regulation.Neuron9(1) , 37–44 (1992).
  • Mori N , SchoenherrC, VandenberghDJ, AndersonDJ: A common silencer element in the SCG10 and type II Na+ channel genes binds a factor present in nonneuronal cells but not in neuronal cells.Neuron9(1) , 45–54 (1992).
  • Grimes JA , NielsenSJ, BattaglioliEet al.: The co-repressor mSin3A is a functional component of the REST–CoREST repressor complex.J. Biol. Chem.275(13) , 9461–9467 (2000).
  • Huang Y , MyersSJ, DingledineR: Transcriptional repression by REST: recruitment of Sin3A and histone deacetylase to neuronal genes.Nat. Neurosci.2(10) , 867–872 (1999).
  • Andres ME , BurgerC, Peral-RubioMJet al.: CoREST: a functional corepressor required for regulation of neural-specific gene expression.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96(17) , 9873–9878 (1999).
  • Shi Y , LanF, MatsonC, MulliganPet al.: Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1.Cell119(7) , 941–953 (2004).
  • Roopra A , QaziR, SchoenikeB, DaleyTJ, MorrisonJF: Localized domains of G9a-mediated histone methylation are required for silencing of neuronal genes.Mol. Cell14(6) , 727–738 (2004).
  • Battaglioli E , AndresME, RoseDWet al.: REST repression of neuronal genes requires components of the hSWI.SNF complex.J. Biol. Chem.277(43) , 41038–41045 (2002).
  • Ooi L , BelyaevND, MiyakeK, WoodIC, BuckleyNJ: BRG1 chromatin remodeling activity is required for efficient chromatin binding by repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and facilitates REST-mediated repression.J. Biol. Chem.281(51) , 38974–38980 (2006).
  • Hakimi MA , BocharDA, ChenowethJ, LaneWS, MandelG, ShiekhattarR: A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99(11) , 7420–7425 (2002).
  • Garriga-Canut M , SchoenikeB, QaziRet al.: 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduces epilepsy progression by NRSF-CtBP-dependent metabolic regulation of chromatin structure.Nat. Neurosci.9(11) , 1382–1387 (2006).
  • Lunyak VV , BurgessR, PrefontaineGGet al.: Corepressor-dependent silencing of chromosomal regions encoding neuronal genes.Science298(5599) , 1747–1752 (2002).
  • Amir RE , Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, Francke U, Zoghbi HY: Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat. Genet.23(2) , 185–188 (1999).
  • Tahiliani M , MeiP, FangRet al.: The histone H3K4 demethylase SMCX links REST target genes to X-linked mental retardation.Nature447(7144) , 601–605 (2007).
  • Greenway DJ , StreetM, JeffriesA, BuckleyNJ: RE1 silencing transcription factor maintains a repressive chromatin environment in embryonic hippocampal neural stem cells.Stem Cells25(2) , 354–363 (2007).
  • Palm K , BelluardoN, MetsisM, TimmuskT: Neuronal expression of zinc finger transcription factor REST/NRSF/XBR gene.J. Neurosci.18(4) , 1280–1296 (1998).
  • Bruce AW , DonaldsonIJ, WoodICet al.: Genome-wide analysis of repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) target genes.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(28) , 10458–10463 (2004).
  • Bruce AW , Lopez-ContrerasAJ, FlicekPet al.: Functional diversity for REST (NRSF) is defined by in vivo binding affinity hierarchies at the DNA sequence level.Genome Res.19(6) , 994–1005 (2009).
  • Johnson DS , MortazaviA, MyersRM, WoldB: Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions.Science316(5830) , 1497–1502 (2007).
  • Johnson R , TehCH, KunarsoGet al.: REST regulates distinct transcriptional networks in embryonic and neural stem cells.PLoS Biol.6(10) , e256 (2008).
  • Otto SJ , McCorkleSR, HoverJet al.: A new binding motif for the transcriptional repressor REST uncovers large gene networks devoted to neuronal functions.J. Neurosci.27(25) , 6729–6739 (2007).
  • Mortazavi A , Leeper Thompson EC, Garcia ST, Myers RM, Wold B: Comparative genomics modeling of the NRSF/REST repressor network: from single conserved sites to genome-wide repertoire. Genome Res.16(10) , 1208–1221 (2006).
  • Johnson R , GamblinRJ, OoiLet al.: Identification of the REST regulon reveals extensive transposable element-mediated binding site duplication.Nucleic Acids Res.34(14) , 3862–3877 (2006).
  • Wu J , XieX: Comparative sequence analysis reveals an intricate network among REST, CREB and miRNA in mediating neuronal gene expression.Genome Biol.7(9) , R85 (2006).
  • Abrajano JJ , QureshiIA, GokhanS, ZhengD, BergmanA, MehlerMF: REST and CoREST modulate neuronal subtype specification, maturation and maintenance.PLoS ONE4(12) , e7936 (2009).
  • Abrajano JJ , QureshiIA, GokhanS, ZhengD, BergmanA, MehlerMF: Differential deployment of REST and CoREST promotes glial subtype specification and oligodendrocyte lineage maturation.PLoS ONE4(11) , e7665 (2009).
  • Kohyama J , SanosakaT, TokunagaAet al.: BMP-induced REST regulates the establishment and maintenance of astrocytic identity.J. Cell Biol.189(1) , 159–170 (2010).
  • Chen X , XuH, YuanPet al.: Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells.Cell133(6) , 1106–1117 (2008).
  • Impey S , McCorkleSR, Cha-MolstadHet al.: Defining the CREB regulon: a genome-wide analysis of transcription factor regulatory regions.Cell119(7) , 1041–1054 (2004).
  • Fujiwara T , O‘GeenH, KelesSet al.: Discovering hematopoietic mechanisms through genome-wide analysis of GATA factor chromatin occupancy.Mol. Cell36(4) , 667–681 (2009).
  • Costantini M , Di Filippo M, Bernardi G: Extrapolating ENCODE data to the whole human genome. Gene419(1–2) , 66–69 (2008).
  • Johnson R , ZuccatoC, BelyaevND, GuestDJ, CattaneoE, BuckleyNJ: A microRNA-based gene dysregulation pathway in Huntington‘s disease.Neurobiol. Dis.29(3) , 438–445 (2008).
  • Conaco C , OttoS, HanJJ, MandelG: Reciprocal actions of REST and a microRNA promote neuronal identity.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(7) , 2422–2427 (2006).
  • Johnson R , TehCH, JiaHet al.: Regulation of neural macroRNAs by the transcriptional repressor REST.RNA15(1) , 85–96 (2009).
  • Lim LP , LauNC, Garrett-EngelePet al.: Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs.Nature433(7027) , 769–773 (2005).
  • Mehler MF , MattickJS: Non-coding RNAs in the nervous system.J. Physiol.575(Pt 2) , 333–341 (2006).
  • Cao X , YeoG, MuotriAR, KuwabaraT, GageFH: Noncoding RNAs in the mammalian central nervous system.Annu. Rev. Neurosci.29 , 77–103 (2006).
  • Yoo AS , StaahlBT, ChenL, CrabtreeGR: MicroRNA-mediated switching of chromatin-remodeling complexes in neural development.Nature460(7255) , 642–646 (2009).
  • Roopra A , SharlingL, WoodICet al.: Transcriptional repression by neuron-restrictive silencer factor is mediated via the Sin3-histone deacetylase complex.Mol. Cell Biol.20(6) , 2147–2157 (2000).
  • Kuratomi S , KuratomiA, KuwaharaKet al.: NRSF regulates the developmental and hypertrophic changes of HCN4 transcription in rat cardiac myocytes.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.353(1) , 67–73 (2007).
  • Kuwahara K , SaitoY, OgawaEet al.: The neuron-restrictive silencer element-neuron-restrictive silencer factor system regulates basal and endothelin 1-inducible atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression in nentricular myocytes.Mol. Cell Biol.21(6) , 2085–2097 (2001).
  • Kuwahara K , SaitoY, TakanoMet al.: NRSF regulates the fetal cardiac gene program and maintains normal cardiac structure and function.EMBO J.22(23) , 6310–6321 (2003).
  • Nakagawa Y , KuwaharaK, HaradaMet al.: Class II HDACs mediate CaMK-dependent signaling to NRSF in ventricular myocytes.J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.41(6) , 1010–1022 (2006).
  • Bingham AJ , OoiL, KozeraL, WhiteE, WoodIC: The repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor regulates heart-specific gene expression using multiple chromatin-modifying complexes.Mol. Cell. Biol.27(11) , 4082–4092 (2007).
  • Zheng D , ZhaoK, MehlerMF: Profiling RE1/REST-mediated histone modifications in the human genome.Genome Biol.10(1) , R9 (2009).
  • Buckley NJ , JohnsonR, SunYM, StantonLW: Is REST a regulator of pluripotency?.Nature457(7233) , E5–E6; discussion E7 (2009).
  • Jorgensen HF , ChenZF, MerkenschlagerM, FisherAG: Is REST required for ESC pluripotency?.Nature457(7233) , E4–E5; discussion E7 (2009).
  • Jorgensen HF , FisherAG: Can controversies be put to REST?.Nature467(7311) , E3–E4; discussion E5 (2010).
  • Singh SK , KagalwalaMN, Parker-ThornburgJ, AdamsH, MajumderS: REST maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells.Nature453(7192) , 223–227 (2008).
  • Yamada Y , AokiH, KunisadaT, HaraA: REST promotes the early differentiation of mouse ESCs but is not required for their maintenance.Cell Stem Cell6(1) , 10–15 (2010).
  • Sun YM , CooperM, FinchSet al.: Rest-mediated regulation of extracellular matrix is crucial for neural development.PLoS ONE3(11) , e3656 (2008).
  • A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington‘s disease chromosomes. The Huntington‘s Disease Collaborative Research Group. Cell72(6) , 971–983 (1993).
  • Zuccato C , BelyaevN, ConfortiPet al.: Widespread disruption of repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor occupancy at its target genes in Huntington‘s disease.J. Neurosci.27(26) , 6972–6983 (2007).
  • Zuccato C , TartariM, CrottiAet al.: Huntingtin interacts with REST/NRSF to modulate the transcription of NRSE-controlled neuronal genes.Nat. Genet.35(1) , 76–83 (2003).
  • Qiu Z , NorflusF, SinghBet al.: Sp1 is up-regulated in cellular and transgenic models of Huntington disease, and its reduction is neuroprotective.J. Biol. Chem.281(24) , 16672–16680 (2006).
  • Steffan JS , KazantsevA, Spasic-BoskovicOet al.: The Huntington‘s disease protein interacts with p53 and CREB-binding protein and represses transcription.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA97(12) , 6763–6768 (2000).
  • Dunah AW , JeongH, GriffinAet al.: Sp1 and TAFII130 transcriptional activity disrupted in early Huntington‘s disease.Science296(5576) , 2238–2243 (2002).
  • Hodges A , StrandAD, AragakiAKet al.: Regional and cellular gene expression changes in human Huntington‘s disease brain.Hum. Mol. Genet.15(6) , 965–977 (2006).
  • Packer AN , XingY, HarperSQ, JonesL, DavidsonBL: The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington‘s disease.J. Neurosci.28(53) , 14341–14346 (2008).
  • Ferrante RJ , KubilusJK, LeeJet al.: Histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium butyrate chemotherapy ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotype in Huntington‘s disease mice.J. Neurosci.23(28) , 9418–9427 (2003).
  • Ferrante RJ , RyuH, KubilusJKet al.: Chemotherapy for the brain: the antitumor antibiotic mithramycin prolongs survival in a mouse model of Huntington‘s disease.J. Neurosci.24(46) , 10335–10342 (2004).
  • Bithell A , JohnsonR, BuckleyNJ: Transcriptional dysregulation of coding and non-coding genes in cellular models of Huntington‘s disease.Biochem. Soc. Trans.37(Pt 6) , 1270–1275 (2009).
  • Soldati C , BithellA, ConfortiP, CattaneoE, BuckleyNJ: Rescue of gene expression by modified REST decoy oligonucleotides in a cellular model of Huntington‘s disease.J. Neurochem.116(3) , 415–425 (2011).
  • Zuccato C , CattaneoE: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative diseases.Nat. Rev. Neurol.5(6) , 311–322 (2009).
  • Sadri-Vakili G , BouzouB, BennCLet al.: Histones associated with downregulated genes are hypo-acetylated in Huntington‘s disease models.Hum. Mol. Genet.16(11) , 1293–1306 (2007).
  • Gardian G , BrowneSE, ChoiDKet al.: Neuroprotective effects of phenylbutyrate in the N171–82Q transgenic mouse model of Huntington‘s disease.J. Biol. Chem.280(1) , 556–563 (2005).
  • Hockly E , RichonVM, WoodmanBet al.: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ameliorates motor deficits in a mouse model of Huntington‘s disease.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(4) , 2041–2046 (2003).
  • Calderone A , JoverT, NohKMet al.: Ischemic insults derepress the gene silencer REST in neurons destined to die.J. Neurosci.23(6) , 2112–2121 (2003).
  • Mucha M , OoiL, LinleyJEet al.: Transcriptional control of KCNQ channel genes and the regulation of neuronal excitability.J. Neurosci.30(40) , 13235–13245 (2010).
  • Abuhatzira L , MakedonskiK, KaufmanY, RazinA, ShemerR: MeCP2 deficiency in the brain decreases BDNF levels by REST/CoREST-mediated repression and increases TRKB production.Epigenetics2(4) , 214–222 (2007).
  • Formisano L , NohKM, MiyawakiT, MashikoT, BennettMV, ZukinRS: Ischemic insults promote epigenetic reprogramming of m opioid receptor expression in hippocampal neurons.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(10) , 4170–4175 (2007).
  • Huang Y , DohertyJJ, DingledineR: Altered histone acetylation at glutamate receptor 2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes is an early event triggered by status epilepticus.J. Neurosci.22(19) , 8422–8428 (2002).
  • Anderson DJ : Stem cells and transcription factors in the development of the mammalian neural crest.FASEB J.8(10) , 707–713 (1994).
  • Adli M , ZhuJ, BernsteinBE: Genome-wide chromatin maps derived from limited numbers of hematopoietic progenitors.Nat. Methods7(8) , 615–618 (2010).
  • Cloonan N , ForrestAR, KolleGet al.: Stem cell transcriptome profiling via massive-scale mRNA sequencing.Nat. Methods5(7) , 613–619 (2008).
  • Cloonan N , GrimmondSM: Transcriptome content and dynamics at single-nucleotide resolution.Genome Biol.9(9) , 234 (2008).
  • Hsieh J , EischAJ: Epigenetics, hippocampal neurogenesis, and neuropsychiatric disorders: unraveling the genome to understand the mind.Neurobiol. Dis.39(1) , 73–84 (2010).
  • Portela A , EstellerM: Epigenetic modifications and human disease.Nat. Biotechnol.28(10) , 1057–1068 (2010).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.