Advanced search
Publication Cover
Future Cardiology Volume 9, 2013 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
87
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cardiac Mri of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Shamruz Akerem Khan1 Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic200 First StreetSouthwest RochesterMN55905USA
,
Eric E Williamson1 Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic200 First StreetSouthwest RochesterMN55905USA
,
Thomas A Foley1 Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic200 First StreetSouthwest RochesterMN55905USA
,
Ethany L Cullen1 Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic200 First StreetSouthwest RochesterMN55905USA
,
Phillip M Young1 Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic200 First StreetSouthwest RochesterMN55905USA
&
Philip A AraozCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 351-370 | Published online: 14 May 2013

References

  • Trost JC , LangeRA. Treatment of acute coronary syndrome: Part 1: non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome. Crit. Care Med., 39(10), 2346–2353 (2011).
  • Lloyd-Jones D , AdamsRJ, BrownTMet al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation , 121(7), 948–954 (2010).
  • Thygesen K , AlpertJS, JaffeAS, SimoonsML, ChaitmanBR, WhiteHD. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J., 33(20), 2551–2567 (2012).
  • Kim HW , Farzaneh-FarA, KimRJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction: current and emerging applications. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 55(1), 1–16 (2009).
  • Lockie T , NagelE, RedwoodS, PleinS. Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation, 119(12), 1671–1681 (2009).
  • Kramer CM , BarkhausenJ, FlammSD, KimRJ, NagelE. Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson., 10, 35 (2008).
  • Artang R , MigrinoRQ, HarmannL, BowersM, WoodsTD. Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound, 7, 16 (2009).
  • Li F , WangQ, YaoGHet al. Impact of the number of image planes of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography on the accuracy of left atrial and ventricular volume measurements. Ultrasound Med. Biol. , 34(1), 40–46 (2008).
  • Buechel RR , StephanFP, SommerG, BremerichJ, ZellwegerMJ, KaufmannBA. Head-to-head comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic methods for left atrial chamber quantification with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 26(4), 428–435 (2013).
  • Karamitsos TD , Dall‘ArmellinaE, ChoudhuryRP, NeubauerS. Ischemic heart disease: comprehensive evaluation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am. Heart J., 162(1), 16–30 (2011).
  • Hamm CW , BassandJP, AgewallSet al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. , 32(23), 2999–3054 (2011).
  • Reeder SB , DuYP, LimaJA, BluemkeDA. Advanced cardiac MR imaging of ischemic heart disease. Radiographics, 21(4), 1047–1074 (2001).
  • Afridi I , KleimanNS, RaiznerAE, ZoghbiWA. Dobutamine echocardiography in myocardial hibernation. Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting recovery of ventricular function after coronary angioplasty. Circulation, 91(3), 663–670 (1995).
  • Nandalur KR , DwamenaBA, ChoudhriAF, NandalurMR, CarlosRC. Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 50(14), 1343–1353 (2007).
  • Wahl A , PaetschI, GolleschAet al. Safety and feasibility of high-dose dobutamine-atropine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance for diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia: experience in 1000 consecutive cases. Eur. Heart J. , 25(14), 1230–1236 (2004).
  • Kelle S , ChiribiriA, ViereckeJet al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress CMR. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging , 4(2), 161–172 (2011).
  • Wellnhofer E , OlariuA, KleinCet al. Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation , 109(18), 2172–2174 (2004).
  • Schwitter J , AraiAE. Assessment of cardiac ischaemia and viability: role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur. Heart J., 32(7), 799–809 (2011).
  • Wilson RF , WycheK, ChristensenBV, ZimmerS, LaxsonDD. Effects of adenosine on human coronary arterial circulation. Circulation, 82(5), 1595–1606 (1990).
  • Karamitsos TD , ArnoldJR, PeggTJet al. Tolerance and safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging , 25(3), 277–283 (2009).
  • Ordovas KG , HigginsCB. Delayed contrast enhancement on MR images of myocardium: past, present, future. Radiology, 261(2), 358–374 (2011).
  • Simonetti OP , KimRJ, FienoDSet al. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology , 218(1), 215–223 (2001).
  • Ibrahim T , BulowHP, HacklTet al. Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography for detection of myocardial necrosis early after acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 49(2), 208–216 (2007).
  • Selvanayagam JB , PortoI, ChannonKet al. Troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention directly represents the extent of irreversible myocardial injury: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation , 111(8), 1027–1032 (2005).
  • Kloner RA , GanoteCE, JenningsRB. The “no-reflow” phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest., 54(6), 1496–1508 (1974).
  • Ibrahim T , HacklT, NekollaSGet al. Acute myocardial infarction: serial cardiac MR imaging shows a decrease in delayed enhancement of the myocardium during the 1st week after reperfusion. Radiology , 254(1), 88–97 (2010).
  • Beek AM , NijveldtR, van Rossum AC. Intramyocardial hemorrhage and microvascular obstruction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 26(1), 49–55 (2010).
  • Eitel I , FriedrichMG. T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute cardiac disease. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson., 13, 13 (2011).
  • Ganame J , MessalliG, DymarkowskiSet al. Impact of myocardial haemorrhage on left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. , 30(12), 1440–1449 (2009).
  • Mather AN , FairbairnTA, BallSG, GreenwoodJP, PleinS. Reperfusion haemorrhage as determined by cardiovascular MRI is a predictor of adverse left ventricular remodelling and markers of late arrhythmic risk. Heart, 97(6), 453–459 (2011).
  • O‘Regan DP , AhmedR, KarunanithyNet al. Reperfusion hemorrhage following acute myocardial infarction: assessment with T2* mapping and effect on measuring the area at risk. Radiology , 250(3), 916–922 (2009).
  • Higgins CB , HerfkensR, LiptonMJet al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am. J. Cardiol. , 52(1), 184–188 (1983).
  • Ferreira VM , PiechnikSK, Dall‘ArmellinaEet al. Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. , 14, 42 (2012).
  • Dall‘Armellina E , PiechnikSK, FerreiraVMet al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance by non contrast T1-mapping allows assessment of severity of injury in acute myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. , 14, 15 (2012).
  • Ishida M , KatoS, SakumaH. Cardiac MRI in ischemic heart disease. Circ. J., 73(9), 1577–1588 (2009).
  • Kato S , KitagawaK, IshidaNet al. Assessment of coronary artery disease using magnetic resonance coronary angiography: a national multicenter trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 56(12), 983–991 (2010).
  • Plein S , GreenwoodJP, RidgwayJP, CrannyG, BallSG, SivananthanMU. Assessment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 44(11), 2173–2181 (2004).
  • Kwong RY , SchussheimAE, RekhrajSet al. Detecting acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation , 107(4), 531–537 (2003).
  • Cury RC , ShashK, NagurneyJTet al. Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation , 118(8), 837–844 (2008).
  • Ingkanisorn WP , KwongRY, BohmeNSet al. Prognosis of negative adenosine stress magnetic resonance in patients presenting to an emergency department with chest pain. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 47(7), 1427–1432 (2006).
  • Kwong RY , ChanAK, BrownKAet al. Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation , 113(23), 2733–2743 (2006).
  • Kim HW , KlemI, ShahDJet al. Unrecognized non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: prevalence and prognostic significance in patients with suspected coronary disease. PLoS Med. , 6(4), e1000057 (2009).
  • Abdel-Aty H , ZagrosekA, Schulz-MengerJet al. Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation , 109(20), 2411–2416 (2004).
  • Nilsson JC , NielsenG, GroenningBAet al. Sustained postinfarction myocardial oedema in humans visualised by magnetic resonance imaging. Heart , 85(6), 639–642 (2001).
  • Miller CD , HwangW, HoekstraJWet al. Stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with observation unit care reduces cost for patients with emergent chest pain: a randomized trial. Ann. Emerg. Med. , 56(3), 209.e2–219.e2 (2010).
  • Budge LP , SalernoM. The role of cardiac magnetic resonance in the evaluation of patients presenting with suspected or confirmed acute coronary syndrome. Cardiol. Res. Pract., 2011, 605785 (2011).
  • Reimer KA , JenningsRB. The “wavefront phenomenon” of myocardial ischemic cell death. II. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral flow. Lab. Invest., 40(6), 633–644 (1979).
  • Reimer KA , LoweJE, RasmussenMM, JenningsRB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation, 56(5), 786–794 (1977).
  • Friedrich MG , SechtemU, Schulz-MengerJet al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 53(17), 1475–1487 (2009).
  • Abdel-Aty H , CockerM, FriedrichMG. Myocardial edema is a feature of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and is related to the severity of systolic dysfunction: insights from T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int. J. Cardiol., 132(2), 291–293 (2009).
  • Dall Armellina E , ChoudhuryRP. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 54(3), 230–239 (2011).
  • Karamitsos TD , BullS, SpyrouN, NeubauerS, SelvanayagamJB. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy presenting with features of left ventricular non-compaction. Int. J. Cardiol., 128(1), e34–e36 (2008).
  • Laissy JP , HyafilF, FeldmanLJet al. Differentiating acute myocardial infarction from myocarditis: diagnostic value of early- and delayed-perfusion cardiac MR imaging. Radiology , 237(1), 75–82 (2005).
  • Mahrholdt H , WagnerA, DeluigiCCet al. Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation , 114(15), 1581–1590 (2006).
  • Assomull RG , LyneJC, KeenanNet al. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Eur. Heart J. , 28(10), 1242–1249 (2007).
  • Larson DM , MenssenKM, SharkeySWet al. “False-positive” cardiac catheterization laboratory activation among patients with suspected ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA , 298(23), 2754–2760 (2007).
  • Baccouche H , MahrholdtH, MeinhardtGet al. Diagnostic synergy of non-invasive cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive endomyocardial biopsy in troponin-positive patients without coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J. , 30(23), 2869–2879 (2009).
  • Perazzolo Marra M , LimaJA, IlicetoS. MRI in acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J., 32(3), 284–293 (2011).
  • Kersting-Sommerhoff BA , HigginsCB, WhiteRD, SommerhoffCP, LiptonMJ. Aortic dissection: sensitivity and specificity of MR imaging. Radiology, 166(3), 651–655 (1988).
  • Azevedo CF , AmadoLC, KraitchmanDLet al. Persistent diastolic dysfunction despite complete systolic functional recovery after reperfused acute myocardial infarction demonstrated by tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Heart J. , 25(16), 1419–1427 (2004).
  • Kramer CM , RogersWJ, GeskinGet al. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. , 80(6), 690–695 (1997).
  • Dhaliwal S , DucasR, ShuangboLet al. Multimodality cardiac imaging of a ventricular septal rupture post myocardial infarction: a case report. BMC Res. Notes , 5, 583 (2012).
  • Karamitsos TD , FerreiraV, BanerjeeR, MooreNR, ForfarC, NeubauerS. Contained left ventricular rupture after acute myocardial infarction revealed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation, 125(18), 2278–2280 (2012).
  • Roa-Castro VH , Molina-BelloE, Valenzuela-SuarezH, Rotberg-JagodeT, Espinola-ZavaletaN. Survival after left ventricular free wall rupture in an elderly woman with acute myocardial infarction treated only medically. Case Rep. Vasc. Med., 2012, 728602 (2012).
  • Hombach V , GrebeO, MerkleNet al. Sequelae of acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiac structure and function and their prognostic significance as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Heart J. , 26(6), 549–557 (2005).
  • Okayama S , UemuraS, SoedaTet al. Clinical significance of papillary muscle late enhancement detected via cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with single old myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. , 146(1), 73–79 (2011).
  • Tanimoto T , ImanishiT, KitabataHet al. Prevalence and clinical significance of papillary muscle infarction detected by late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation , 122(22), 2281–2287 (2010).
  • Taylor AM , DymarkowskiS, VerbekenEK, BogaertJ. Detection of pericardial inflammation with late-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: initial results. Eur. Radiol., 16(3), 569–574 (2006).
  • Jensen CJ , JochimsM, HunoldP, SabinGV, SchlosserT, BruderO. Right ventricular involvement in acute left ventricular myocardial infarction: prognostic implications of MRI findings. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 194(3), 592–598 (2010).
  • Kumar A , Abdel-AtyH, KriedemannIet al. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 48(10), 1969–1976 (2006).
  • Srichai MB , JunorC, RodriguezLLet al. Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: a comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical or pathological validation. Am. Heart J. , 152(1), 75–84 (2006).
  • Weinsaft JW , KimHW, ShahDJet al. Detection of left ventricular thrombus by delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance prevalence and markers in patients with systolic dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 52(2), 148–157 (2008).
  • Weinsaft JW , KimRJ, RossMet al. Contrast-enhanced anatomic imaging as compared with contrast-enhanced tissue characterization for detection of left ventricular thrombus. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging , 2(8), 969–979 (2009).
  • West AM , KramerCM. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial infarction, viability, and cardiomyopathies. Curr. Probl. Cardiol., 35(4), 176–220 (2010).
  • Wu E , OrtizJT, TejedorPet al. Infarct size by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection fraction or end-systolic volume index: prospective cohort study. Heart , 94(6), 730–736 (2008).
  • Tarantini G , RazzoliniR, CacciavillaniLet al. Influence of transmurality, infarct size, and severe microvascular obstruction on left ventricular remodeling and function after primary coronary angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol. , 98(8), 1033–1040 (2006).
  • Knuesel PR , NanzD, WyssCet al. Characterization of dysfunctional myocardium by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance: relation to functional outcome after revascularization. Circulation , 108(9), 1095–1100 (2003).
  • Bodi V , SanchisJ, NunezJet al. Prognostic value of a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance assessment soon after a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging , 2(7), 835–842 (2009).
  • Kwong RY , SattarH, WuHet al. Incidence and prognostic implication of unrecognized myocardial scar characterized by cardiac magnetic resonance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Circulation , 118(10), 1011–1020 (2008).
  • Rahimi K , BanningAP, ChengASet al. Prognostic value of coronary revascularisation-related myocardial injury: a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Heart , 95(23), 1937–1943 (2009).
  • Oshinski JN , YangZ, JonesJR, MataJF, FrenchBA. Imaging time after Gd-DTPA injection is critical in using delayed enhancement to determine infarct size accurately with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation, 104(23), 2838–2842 (2001).
  • Ingkanisorn WP , RhoadsKL, AletrasAH, KellmanP, AraiAE. Gadolinium delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance correlates with clinical measures of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 43(12), 2253–2259 (2004).
  • Larose E , Rodes-CabauJ, PibarotPet al. Predicting late myocardial recovery and outcomes in the early hours of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction traditional measures compared with microvascular obstruction, salvaged myocardium, and necrosis characteristics by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 55(22), 2459–2469 (2010).
  • Kim RJ , AlbertTS, WibleJHet al. Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation , 117(5), 629–637 (2008).
  • Yan AT , ShayneAJ, BrownKAet al. Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality. Circulation , 114(1), 32–39 (2006).
  • Schelbert EB , HsuLY, AndersonSAet al. Late gadolinium-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance identifies postinfarction myocardial fibrosis and the border zone at the near cellular level in ex vivo rat heart. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging , 3(6), 743–752 (2010).
  • Schmidt A , AzevedoCF, ChengAet al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation , 115(15), 2006–2014 (2007).
  • Roes SD , BorleffsCJet al., van der Geest RJ Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2(3), 183–190 (2009).
  • White JA , YeeR, YuanXet al. Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 48(10), 1953–1960 (2006).
  • Niccoli G , BurzottaF, GaliutoL, CreaF. Myocardial no-reflow in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 54(4), 281–292 (2009).
  • Reffelmann T , KlonerRA. The “no-reflow” phenomenon: basic science and clinical correlates. Heart, 87(2), 162–168 (2002).
  • Mather AN , LockieT, NagelEet al. Appearance of microvascular obstruction on high resolution first-pass perfusion, early and late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. , 11, 33 (2009).
  • de Waha S , DeschS, EitelIet al. Impact of early vs. late microvascular obstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging on long-term outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with traditional prognostic markers. Eur. Heart J. , 31(21), 2660–2668 (2010).
  • Baks T et al. , van Geuns RJ, Biagini E Effects of primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction on early and late infarct size and left ventricular wall characteristics. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 47(1), 40–44 (2006).
  • Nijveldt R , BeekAM, HirschAet al. Functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular injury. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 52(3), 181–189 (2008).
  • Wu KC , ZerhouniEA, JuddRMet al. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation , 97(8), 765–772 (1998).
  • Aletras AH , TilakGS, NatanzonAet al. Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation , 113(15), 1865–1870 (2006).
  • Garcia-Dorado D , OliverasJ, GiliJet al. Analysis of myocardial oedema by magnetic resonance imaging early after coronary artery occlusion with or without reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. , 27(8), 1462–1469 (1993).
  • Eitel I , DeschS, FuernauGet al. Prognostic significance and determinants of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 55(22), 2470–2479 (2010).
  • Zehender M , KasperW, KauderEet al. Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. , 328(14), 981–988 (1993).
  • Kaandorp TA , LambHJ, PoldermansDet al. Assessment of right ventricular infarction with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Coron. Artery Dis. , 18(1), 39–43 (2007).
  • Larose E , GanzP, ReynoldsHGet al. Right ventricular dysfunction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis late after myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 49(8), 855–862 (2007).
  • Anderson JL , AdamsCD, AntmanEMet al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 50(7), e1–e157 (2007).
  • Antman EM , AnbeDT, ArmstrongPWet al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction – executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation , 110(5), 588–636 (2004).
  • Bingham SE , HachamovitchR. Incremental prognostic significance of combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, adenosine stress perfusion, delayed enhancement, and left ventricular function over preimaging information for the prediction of adverse events. Circulation, 123(14), 1509–1518 (2011).
  • Jahnke C , NagelE, GebkerRet al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation , 115(13), 1769–1776 (2007).
  • Beinart R , BoykoV, SchwammenthalEet al. Long-term prognostic significance of left atrial volume in acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 44(2), 327–334 (2004).
  • Lonborg JT , EngstromT, MollerJEet al. Left atrial volume and function in patients following ST elevation myocardial infarction and the association with clinical outcome: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging , 14(2), 118–127 (2013).
  • Bruder O , SchneiderS, NothnagelDet al. EuroCMR (European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance) registry: results of the German pilot phase. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 54(15), 1457–1466 (2009).
  • Bruder O , WagnerA, LombardiMet al. European cardiovascular magnetic resonance (EuroCMR) registry – multi national results from 57 centers in 15 countries. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. , 15, 9 (2013).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.