Benefits of Hepatitis C Cure With Antivirals: Why Test and Treat?

References

• World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis report, 2017 ( 2018 ). www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/
   Google Scholar
• Hauri A , ArmstrongG , HutinY . The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings . Int. J. STD AIDS15 , 7 – 16 ( 2004 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wait S , KellE , HamidSet al. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in southeast and southern Asia: challenges for governments . Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol.1 , 248 – 255 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov V , LagayeS . Hepatitis C virus: morphogenesis, infection and therapy . World. J. Hepatol.10 , 186 – 212 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingiliz P , MartinT , RodgerAet al. HCV reinfection incidence and spontaneous clearance rates in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in western Europe . J. Hepatol.66 , 282 – 287 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin TCS , RauchA , Salazar-VizcayaL , MartinNK . Understanding and addressing hepatitis C virus reinfection among men who have sex with men . Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am.32 , 395 – 405 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez C , PlazaZ , VispoEet al. Scaling up epidemics of acute hepatitis C and syphilis in HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Spain . Liver Int.33 , 1357 – 1362 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sène D , LimalN , CacoubP . Hepatitis C virus-associated extrahepatic manifestations: a review . Metab. Brain Dis.19 , 357 – 381 ( 2004 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayiner M , GolabiP , FarhatF , YounossiZ . Dermatologic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection . Clin. Liver Dis.21 , 555 – 564 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segna D , DufourJF . Other extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection (pulmonary, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, non-diabetes endocrine disorders) . Clin. Liver Dis.21 , 607 – 629 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iriana S , CurryM , AfdhalN . Neurologic manifestations of HCV infection . Clin. Liver Dis.21 , 535 – 542 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonacci M , LensS , MariñoZ , FornsX . Challenges in special populations: HIV/HCV coinfection, liver transplantation and patients with end-stage renal disease . Dig. Dis.34 , 317 – 326 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol S , ParlatiL . Treatment of hepatitis C: the use of the new pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals in “special populations” . Liver Int.38 , 28 – 33 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo N , MannalitharaA , KimD , UdompapP , TanJ , KimW . Long-term patient and graft survival of kidney transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States . Transplantation102 , 454 – 460 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski M , CooperC , HunyadyBet al. Management of adverse effects of Peg-IFN and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C . Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.8 , 212 – 223 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukh J . The history of hepatitis C virus (HCV): basic research reveals unique features in phylogeny, evolution and the viral life cycle with new perspectives for epidemic control . J. Hepatol.65 ( Suppl. 1 ), 2 – 21 ( 2016 ).
   Google Scholar
• Barreiro P , VispoE , PovedaE , Fernández-MonteroJV , SorianoV . Hepatitis C therapy: highlights from the 2012 annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver . Clin. Infect. Dis.56 , 560 – 566 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawitz E , PoordadF , PangPet al. Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir fixed-dose combination with and without ribavirin in treatment-naive and previously treated patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection (LONESTAR): an open-label, randomised, Phase II trial . Lancet383 , 515 – 523 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , Fernandez-MonteroJV , de MendozaCet al. Treatment of hepatitis C with new fixed dose combinations . Expert Opin. Pharmacother.18 , 1235 – 1242 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , Benítez-GutiérrezL , AriasAet al. Evaluation of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir plus voxilaprevir as fixed-dose co-formulation for treating hepatitis C . Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol.13 , 1015 – 1022 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , Fernandez-MonteroJV , Benitez-GutierrezLet al. Dual antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection . Expert Opin. Drug Saf.16 , 923 – 932 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llibre JM , ClotetB . Once-daily single-tablet regimens: a long and winding road to excellence in antiretroviral treatment . AIDS Rev.14 , 168 – 178 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus . Hepatology62 , 932 – 954 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the screening care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection . World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland ( 2016 ).
   Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver . PawlotskyJM , NegroF , AghemoA . EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018 . J. Hepatol.69 , 461 – 511 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , LabargaP , de MendozaCet al. New hepatitis C therapies for special patient populations . Expert Opin. Pharmacother.17 , 217 – 229 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira VL , LeonartLP , ToninFS , BorbaHHL , PontaroloR Sustained virological response in special populations with chronic hepatitis C using interferon-free treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies . Clin. Drug Invest.38 , 389 – 400 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , LabargaP , Fernandez-MonteroJVet al. Drug interactions in HIV-infected patients treated for hepatitis C . Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol.13 , 807 – 816 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias A , AguileraA , SorianoVet al. Rate and predictors of treatment failure to all-oral HCV regimens outside clinical trials . Antiviral Ther.22 , 307 – 312 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer A , VeldtB , FeldJet al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis . JAMA308 , 2584 – 2593 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons B , SaleemJ , HeathK , CookeG , HillA . Long-term treatment outcomes of patients infected with hepatitis C virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the survival benefit of achieving a sustained virological response . Clin. Infect. Dis.61 , 730 – 740 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perricone G , DuvouxC , BerenguerMet al. Delisting HCV infected liver transplant candidates who improved after viral eradication: outcome 2 years after delisting . Liver Int.38 , 2170 – 2177 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez H , Duarte-RojoA . Virologic cure of hepatitis C: Impact on hepatic fibrosis and patient outcomes . Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep.18 , 32 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maylin S , Martinot-PeignouxM , MoucarRet al. Eradication of hepatitis C virus in patients successfully treated for chronic hepatitis C . Gastroenterology135 , 821 – 829 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S , FacciorussoA , LoombaR , Falck-YtterY . Magnitude and kinetics of decrease in liver stiffness after anti-viral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. pii:S1542 – 3565 , 30532 – 3 ( 2017 ) ( Epub ahead of print ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser S , GuticE , SchleicherM , GschwantlerM . Early decrease of liver stiffness after initiation of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C . Dig. Liver Dis.48 , 970 – 997 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tada T , KumadaT , ToyodaHet al. Improvement of liver stiffness in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who received direct-acting antiviral therapy and achieved sustained virological response . J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.32 , 1982 – 1988 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi H , LinS , LauD . Non-invasive assessment of fibrosis regression in HCV sustained virologic responders . Gastroenterol. Hepatol.17 , 587 – 595 ( 2017 ).
   Google Scholar
• Lledó G , CarrascoI , Benítez-GutiérrezLet al. Regression of liver fibrosis after curing chronic hepatitis C with oral antivirals in patients with and without HIV coinfection . AIDS32 , 2347 – 2352 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S , LaiH , ChiangIet al. Changes in liver stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography after antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C . PLoS ONE13 , e0190455 ( 2018 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgurevic I , BozinT , MadirA . Hepatitis C is now curable, but what happens with cirrhosis and portal hypertension afterwards?Clin. Exp. Hepatol.3 , 181 – 186 ( 2017 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soriano V , BenitezL , AriasA , BarreiroP , de MendozaC . Need to face liver cirrhosis after HCV cure with antivirals . EBioMedicine24 , 24 – 25 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vescovo T , RefoloG , VitaglianoG , FimiaG , PiacentiniM . Molecular mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.22 , 853 – 861 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axley P , AhmedZ , RaviS , SingalA . Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review . J. Clin. Translational Hepatol.6 , 79 – 84 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuda M , LiK , BeardMet al. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein . Gastroenterology122 , 366 – 375 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon S , McGivernD . Is hepatitis C virus carcinogenic?Gastroenterology142 , 1274 – 1278 ( 2012 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan R , BaackB , SmithB , YartelA , PitasiM , Falck-YtterY . Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies . Ann. Intern. Med.158 , 329 – 337 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag H , KanwalF , RichardsonP , KramerJ . Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained virological response in Veterans with hepatitis C virus infection . Hepatology64 , 130 – 137 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozbial K , MoserS , SchwarzerRet al. Unexpected high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with sustained virologic response following interferon-free direct-acting antiviral treatment . J. Hepatol.65 , 856 – 858 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanwal F , KramerJ , AschS , ChayanupatkulM , CaoY , El-SeragH . Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents . Gastroenterology153 , 996 – 1005 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche B , CoillyA , Duclos-ValleeJC , SamuelD . The impact of treatment of hepatitis C with DAAs on the occurrence of HCC . Liver Int.38 , 139 – 145 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti F , BuonfiglioliF , ScuteriAet al. Early occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-related cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antivirals . J. Hepatol.65 , 727 – 733 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi S , AxleyP , JonesDet al. Unusually high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C related cirrhosis . Gastroenterology152 , 911 – 912 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong A , KimW , FlemmingJ . De novo hepatocellular carcinoma among liver transplant registrants in the direct acting antiviral era . Hepatology68 , 1288 – 1297 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waziry R , HajarizadehB , GrebelyJet al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk following direct-acting antiviral HCV therapy: a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression . J. Hepatol.67 , 1204 – 1212 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchante N , Rodríguez-ArrondoF , RevolloBet al. Hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained virological response with interferon-free regimens in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients . AIDS33 , 269 – 278 ( 2019 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soriano V , TefferiA . Prevention of liver cancer with new curative hepatitis C antivirals: real-world challenges . Cancer124 , 1647 – 1649 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reig M , MarinoZ , PerelloCet al. Unexpected high rate of early tumor recurrence in patients with HCV-related HCC undergoing interferon-free therapy . J. Hepatol.65 , 719 – 726 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reig M , BoixL , MarinoZ , TorresF , FornsX , BruixJ . Liver cancer emergence associated with antiviral treatment: an immune surveillance failure?Semin. Liver Dis.37 , 109 – 118 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANRS collaborative study group on hepatocellular carcinoma (ANRS CO22 HEPATHER, CO12 CirVir and CO23 CULPIT cohorts). Lack of evidence of an effect of direct-acting antivirals on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: data from three ANRS cohorts . J. Hepatol.65 , 734 – 740 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , LabargaP , Fernandez-MonteroJVet al. Hepatitis C cure with antiviral therapy - benefits beyond the liver . Antiviral Ther.21 , 1 – 8 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahale P , EngelsE , LiRet al. The effect of sustained virological response on the risk of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection . Gut67 , 553 – 561 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P , ComarmondC , DomontF , SaveyL , SaadounD . Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis . Am. J. Med.128 , 950 – 955 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Casals M , StoneJH , CidMC , BoschX . The cryoglobulinaemias . Lancet379 , 348 – 360 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcovich S , GarcovichM , CapizziR , GasbarriniA , ZoccoMA . Cutaneous manifestations of hepatitis C in the era of new antiviral agents . World. J. Hepatol.7 , 2740 – 2748 ( 2015 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacoub P , DesboisAC , ComarmondC , SaadounD . Impact of sustained virological response on the extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis . Gut67 , 2025 – 2034 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcucci F , MeleA . Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: epidemiology, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and therapeutic opportunities . Blood117 , 1792 – 1798 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti G , PioltelliP , SaccardoFet al. Incidence and characteristics of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in a multicenter case file of patients with hepatitis C virus-related symptomatic mixed cryoglobulinemias . Arch. Intern. Med.165 , 101 – 105 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura Y , IkedaK , AraseYet al. Viral elimination reduces incidence of malignant lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C . Am. J. Med.120 , 1034 – 1041 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michot JM , CanioniD , DrissHet al. Antiviral therapy is associated with a better survival in patients with hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, ANRS HC-13 lympho-C study . Am. J. Hematol.90 , 197 – 203 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasleem S , SoodGK . Hepatitis C associated B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: clinical features and the role of antiviral therapy . J. Clin. Translational Hepatol.3 , 134 – 139 ( 2015 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romagnoli D , MarrazzoA , BallestriS , LonardoA , BertolottiM . Sofosbuvir-based therapy cures HCV infection after prior treatment failures in a patient with concurrent lymphoma . J. Clin. Virol.69 , 74 – 77 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim L , LaD , Cserti-GazdewichC , ShahH . Lymphoma remission by interferon-free HCV eradication without chemotherapy . ACG Case Rep. J.3 , 69 – 70 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcaini L , BessonC , FrigeniMet al. Interferon-free antiviral treatment in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with hepatitis C virus infection . Blood128 , 2527 – 2532 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peveling-Oberhag J , ArcainiL , BankovK , ZeuzemS , HerrmannE . The anti-lymphoma activity of antiviral therapy in HCV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a meta-analysis . J. Viral Hepat.23 , 536 – 544 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellicelli A , GiannelliV , ZoliV , PellicelliV , ZignegoAL . Antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients prevents relapse of diffuse large B cell lymphoma . Clin. Exp. Hepatol.4 , 197 – 200 ( 2018 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allison R , TongX , MoormanAet al. Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS) Investigators. Increased incidence of cancer and cancer-related mortality among persons with chronic hepatitis C infection, 2006–2010 . J. Hepatol.63 , 822 – 828 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorino S , Bacchi-ReggianiL , de BiaseDet al. Possible association between hepatitis C virus and malignancies different from hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review . World J. Gastroenterol.21 , 12896 – 12953 ( 2015 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allaire M , NahonP , LayeseRet al. Extra hepatic cancers are the leading cause of death in cirrhotic patients achieving HBV control or HCV eradication . Hepatology68 , 1245 – 1259 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahtiyar G , ShinJ , AytamanA , SowersJ , McFarlaneS . Association of diabetes and hepatitis C infection: epidemiologic evidence and pathophysiologic insights . Curr. Diabetes Rep.4 , 194 – 198 ( 2004 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira L , de JesusR , BoulhosaRet al. Factors associated with insulin resistance in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection without obesity or Type 2 diabetes . J. Am. Coll. Nutr.2 , 1 – 7 ( 2016 ).
   Google Scholar
• Younossi Z , StepanovaM , NaderF , YounossiZ , ElsheikhE . Association of chronic hepatitis C with metabolic and cardiac outcomes . Alimentary Pharmacol. Ther.37 , 647 – 652 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safi S , ShahH , Siok YanG , QvistR . Insulin resistance provides the connection between hepatitis C virus and diabetes . Hepat. Mon.15 ( 1 ), e23941 ( 2014 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacoub P , GragnaniL , ComarmondC , ZignegoA . Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection . Dig. Liver Dis.46 , S165 – S173 ( 2014 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arase Y , SuzukiF , SuzukiYet al. Sustained virological response reduces incidence of onset of Type 2 diabetes in chronic hepatitis C . Hepatology49 , 739 – 744 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , BarreiroP , de MendozaC . Hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient during hepatitis C therapy . Hepatology63 , 2065 – 2066 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M . Metabolic alterations and hepatitis C: from bench to bedside . World J. Gastroenterol.22 , 1461 – 1476 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed G , AmakoY , SiddiquiA . Hepatitis C virus hijacks host lipid metabolism . Trends Endocrinol. Metab.21 , 33 – 40 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benítez L , EspositoI , BañosIet al. Rapid changes in cholesterol in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with antivirals and potential impact on cardiovascular risk . J. Hepatol.64 ( Suppl. ), 790 – 791 ( 2016 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hashimoto S , YatsuhashiH , AbiruSet al. Rapid increase in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration during hepatitis C interferon-free treatment . PLoS ONE11 , e0163644 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chida T , KawataK , OhtaKet al. Rapid changes in serum lipid profiles during combination therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b . Gut Liver12 , 201 – 207 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiker A , JeudyJ , KligermanS , KhambatyM , ShahA , BagchiS . Risk of cardiovascular disease due to chronic hepatitis C infection: a review . J. Clin. Translational Hepatol.5 , 343 – 362 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Montero JV , BarreiroP , de MendozaC , LabargaP , SorianoV . Hepatitis C virus coinfection independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients . J. Viral Hepat.23 , 47 – 52 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu C , KaoJ , ChaoYet al. Interferon based-therapy reduces risk of stroke in chronic hepatitis C patients: a population based cohort study in Taiwan . Alimentary Pharmacol. Ther.38 , 415 – 423 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petta S , AdinolfiL , FracanzaniALet al. Hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral agents improves carotid atherosclerosis in patients with severe liver fibrosis . J. Hepatol.69 , 18 – 24 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar S , JiangZ , EvonD , WahedA , HoofnagleJ . Fatigue before, during and after antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C: results from the Virahep-C study . J. Hepatol.57 , 946 – 952 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degasperi E , AghemoA , ColomboM . Treatment of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus . Clin. Liver Dis.21 , 631 – 643 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi Z , ParkH , HenryL , AdeyemiA , StepanovaM . Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C: a meta-analysis of prevalence, quality of life, and economic burden . Gastroenterology150 , 1599 – 1608 ( 2016 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes V , MillerA , LowryDet al. Effects of anti-viral therapy and HCV clearance on cerebral metabolism and cognition . J. Hepatol.56 , 549 – 556 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V , GallegoL . Viral hepatitis: treating hepatitis C in injection drug users . Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.10 , 568 – 569 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebely J , LamouryF , HajarizadehBet al. Evaluation on the Xpert HCV viral load point-of-care assay from venopuncture-collected and finger-stick capillary whole-blood samples: a cohort study . Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2 , 514 – 520 ( 2017 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geretti A , AustinH , VillaGet al. Point-of-care screening for a current hepatitis C virus infection: influence on uptake of a concomitant offer of HIV screening . Sci. Rep.8 , 15297 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llibre A , ShimakawaY , MottezEet al. Development and clinical validation of the Genedrive point-of-care test for qualitative detection of hepatitis C virus . Gut67 , 2017 – 2024 ( 2018 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar