584
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Streptococcal bacteriocins and the case for Streptococcus salivarius as model oral probiotics

, , , &
Pages 819-835 | Published online: 01 Sep 2009

Bibliography

  • Facklam R : What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.15 , 613–630 (2002).
  • Pasteur L , JoubertJF: Charbon et septicémie.C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris85 , 101–115 (1877).
  • Tagg JR , BannisterLV: “Fingerprinting” β-haemolytic streptococci by their production of and sensitivity to bacteriocine-like inhibitors.J. Med. Microbiol.12 , 397–411 (1979).
  • Tagg JR : Streptococcal bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances: some personal insights into the bacteriocin-like activities produced by streptococci good and bad.Probiotics Antimicro. Prot.1 , 60–66 (2009).
  • Qi F , ChenP, CaufieldPW: The group I strain of Streptococcus mutans, UA140, produces both the lantibiotic mutacin I and a nonlantibiotic bacteriocin, mutacin IV.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.67 , 15–21 (2001).
  • Wirawan RE , SwansonKM, KleffmannT, JackRW, TaggJR: Uberolysin: a novel cyclic bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus uberis.Microbiology153 , 1619–1630 (2007).
  • Tagg JR , DajaniAS, WannamakerLW: Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria.Bacteriol. Rev.40 , 722–756 (1976).
  • Jack RW , TaggJR, RayB: Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria.Microbiol. Rev.59 , 171–200 (1995).
  • Heng NCK , WescombePA, BurtonJP, JackRW, TaggJR: The diversity of bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria. In: Bacteriocins – Ecology and Evolution. Riley MA, Chavan MA (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 45–92 (2007).
  • Wescombe PA , HengNCK, JackRW, TaggJR: Bacteriocins associated with cytotoxicity for eukaryotic cells. In: Microbial Toxins Molecular and Cellular Biology. 399–448 (2005).
  • Jung G : Lantibiotics: a survey. In: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics. Jung G, Sahl H-G (Eds). Escom Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1–34 (1991).
  • McAuliffe O , RossRP, HillC: Lantibiotics: structure, biosynthesis and mode of action.FEMS Microbiol. Rev.25 , 285–308 (2001).
  • Chatterjee C , PaulM, XieL, van der Donk WA: Biosynthesis and mode of action of lantibiotics. Chem. Rev.105 , 633–684 (2005).
  • Wescombe PA , UptonM, DierksenKPet al.: Production of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its variants by oral streptococci and use of a specific induction assay to detect their presence in human saliva.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72 , 1459–1466 (2006).
  • Simpson WJ , RaglandNL, RonsonCW, TaggJR: A lantibiotic gene family widely distributed in Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes.Dev. Biol. Stand.85 , 639–643 (1995).
  • Phelps HA , NeelyMN: SalY of the Streptococcus pyogenes lantibiotic locus is required for full virulence and intracellular survival in macrophages.Infect. Immun.75 , 4541–4551 (2007).
  • Kizy AE , NeelyMN: First Streptococcus pyogenes signature-tagged mutagenesis screen identifies novel virulence determinants.Infect. Immun.77 , 1854–1865 (2009).
  • Tagg JR , PybusV, PhillipsLV, FiddesTM: Application of inhibitor typing in a study of the transmission and retention in the human mouth of the bacterium Streptococcus salivarius.Arch. Oral Biol.28 , 911–915 (1983).
  • Upton M , TaggJR, WescombeP, JenkinsonHF: Intra- and interspecies signaling between Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes mediated by SalA and SalA1 lantibiotic peptides.J. Bacteriol.183 , 3931–3938 (2001).
  • Dierksen KP , MooreCJ, InglisM, WescombePA, TaggJR: The effect of ingestion of milk supplemented with salivaricin A-producing Streptococcus salivarius on the bacteriocin-like inhibitory activity of streptococcal populations on the tongue.FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.59 , 584–591 (2007).
  • Hyink O , WescombePA, UptonM, RaglandN, BurtonJP, TaggJR: Salivaricin A2 and the novel lantibiotic salivaricin B are encoded at adjacent loci on a 190-kilobase transmissible megaplasmid in the oral probiotic strain Streptococcus salivarius K12.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.73 , 1107–1113 (2007).
  • Wescombe PA , BurtonJP, CadieuxPAet al.: Megaplasmids encode differing combinations of lantibiotics in Streptococcus salivarius.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek90 , 269–280 (2006).
  • Wescombe PA : Characterisation of lantibiotics produced by Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes. PhD thesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (2002).
  • Georgalaki MD , Van Den Berghe E, Kritikos D et al.: Macedocin, a food-grade lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.68 , 5891–5903 (2002).
  • Hynes WL , FriendVL, FerrettiJJ: Duplication of the lantibiotic structural gene in M-type 49 group A streptococcus strains producing streptococcin A-M49.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.60 , 4207–4209 (1994).
  • Papadelli M , KarsiotiA, AnastasiouR, GeorgalakiM, TsakalidouE: Characterization of the gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of macedocin, the lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus macedonicus.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.272 , 75–82 (2007).
  • Karaya K , ShimizuT, TaketoA: New gene cluster for lantibiotic streptin possibly involved in streptolysin S formation.J. Biochem. (Tokyo)129 , 769–775 (2001).
  • Wescombe PA , TaggJR: Purification and characterization of streptin, a type A1 lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.69 , 2737–2747 (2003).
  • Hynes WL , TaggJR: Bacteriocin-like activity of an M-type 25 group A streptococus.Proc. Univ. Otago Med. Sch.62 , 109–110 (1984).
  • Hynes WL , TaggJR: Production of broad-spectrum bacteriocin-like activity by group A streptococci of particular M-types.Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A259 , 155–164 (1985).
  • Heng NC , BurtenshawGA, JackRW, TaggJR: Ubericin A, a class IIa bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus uberis.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.73 , 7763–7766 (2007).
  • Hale JD , HengNC, JackRW, TaggJR: Identification of nlmTE, the locus encoding the ABC transport system required for export of nonlantibiotic mutacins in Streptococcus mutans.J. Bacteriol.187 , 5036–5039 (2005).
  • Heng NC , TaggJR, TompkinsGR: Competence-dependent bacteriocin production by Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis).J. Bacteriol.189 , 1468–1472 (2007).
  • Kreth J , MerrittJ, ShiW, QiF: Co-ordinated bacteriocin production and competence development: a possible mechanism for taking up DNA from neighbouring species.Mol. Microbiol.57 , 392–404 (2005).
  • Kreth J , MerrittJ, ShiW, QiF: Competition and coexistence between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis in the dental biofilm.J. Bacteriol.187 , 7193–7203 (2005).
  • Heng NC , TaggJR, TompkinsGR: Identification and characterization of the loci encoding the competence-associated alternative σ factor of Streptococcus gordonii.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.259 , 27–34 (2006).
  • Hale JD , TingYT, JackRW, TaggJR, HengNC: Bacteriocin (mutacin) production by Streptococcus mutans genome sequence reference strain UA159: elucidation of the antimicrobial repertoire by genetic dissection.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.71 , 7613–7617 (2005).
  • Perry JA , JonesMB, PetersonSN, CvitkovitchDG, LevesqueCM: Peptide alarmone signalling triggers an auto-active bacteriocin necessary for genetic competence.Mol. Microbiol.72(4) , 905–917 (2009).
  • Akesson M , DufourM, SloanGL, SimmondsRS: Targeting of streptococci by zoocin A.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.270 , 155–161 (2007).
  • Heng NC , RaglandNL, SwePMet al.: Dysgalacticin: a novel, plasmid-encoded antimicrobial protein (bacteriocin) produced by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.Microbiology152 , 1991–2001 (2006).
  • Heng NC , BurtenshawGA, JackRW, TaggJR: Sequence analysis of pDN571, a plasmid encoding novel bacteriocin production in M-type 57 Streptococcus pyogenes.Plasmid52 , 225–229 (2004).
  • Beukes M , HastingsJW: Self-protection against cell wall hydrolysis in Streptococcus milleri NMSCC 061 and analysis of the millericin B operon.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.67 , 3888–3896 (2001).
  • Simmonds RS , NaidooJ, JonesCL, TaggJR: The streptococcal bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance, zoocin A, reduces the proportion of Streptococcus mutans in an artificial plaque.Microb. Ecol. Health Dis.8 , 281–292 (1995).
  • Heng NCK , SwePM, TingYTet al.: The large antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins) of streptococci.Int. Congr. Ser.1289 , 351–354 (2006).
  • Swe PM , CookGM, TaggJR, JackRW: Mode of action of dysgalacticin: a large heat-labile bacteriocin.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.63 , 679–686 (2009).
  • Maqueda M , GalvezA, BuenoMMet al.: Peptide AS-48: prototype of a new class of cyclic bacteriocins.Curr. Protein Pept. Sci.5 , 399–416 (2004).
  • Oe Y , SoejimaH, NakayamaHet al.: Significant association between score of periodontal disease and coronary artery disease.Heart Vessels24 , 103–107 (2009).
  • Hillman JD , MoJ, McDonellE, CvitkovitchD, HillmanCH: Modification of an effector strain for replacement therapy of dental caries to enable clinical safety trials.J. Appl. Microbiol.102 , 1209–1219 (2007).
  • Smith L , HillmanJ: Therapeutic potential of type A (I) lantibiotics, a group of cationic peptide antibiotics.Curr. Opin. Microbiol.11 , 401–408 (2008).
  • Smith L , HasperH, BreukinkEet al.: Elucidation of the antimicrobial mechanism of mutacin 1140.Biochemistry47 , 3308–3314 (2008).
  • Ghobrial OG , DerendorfH, HillmanJD: Development and validation of a LC-MS quantification method for the lantibiotic MU1140 in rat plasma.J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.49 , 970–975 (2009).
  • Ghobrial OG , DerendorfH, HillmanJD: Pharmacodynamic activity of the lantibiotic MU1140.Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents33 , 70–74 (2009).
  • Sanders E : Bacterial Interference. I. Its occurrence among the respiratory tract flora and characterisation of inhibition of group A streptococci by viridans streptococci.J. Infect. Dis.120 , 698–707 (1969).
  • Crowe CC , SandersWE, LongleyS: Bacterial interference. II. Role of the normal throat flora in prevention of colonization by group A Streptococcus.J. Infect. Dis.128 , 527–532 (1973).
  • Bochkov IA : Nasopharyngeal microorganisms – antagonists of meningococci.Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.81–86 (1975).
  • Sanders CC , SandersWE, HarroweDJ: Bacterial interference: effects of oral antibiotics on the normal throat flora and its ability to interfere with group A streptococci.Infect. Immun.13 , 808–812 (1976).
  • Bill NJ , WashingtonJA: Bacterial interference by Streptococcus salivarius.Am. J. Clin. Pathol.64 , 116–120 (1975).
  • Grahn E , HolmSE: Bacterial interference in the throat flora during a streptococcal tonsillitis outbreak in an apartment house area.Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A256 , 72–79 (1983).
  • Fujimori I , NozawaI, KikushimaK, GotoR, HisamatatsuK, MurakamiY: Interaction between oral α-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients with tonsillitis.Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.106 , 571–574 (1997).
  • Fujimori I , YamadaT: Incidence of α-streptococcus having inhibitory activity against β-streptococcus in patients with tonsillitis.Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho95 , 400–408 (1992).
  • Yamada T , YokotaY, IkedaF, MineY, KitadaT: Antibacterial activity of cefixime against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae in the presence of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis.Chemotherapy38 , 28–35 (1992).
  • Brook I , GoberAE: Bacterial interference in the nasopharynx and nasal cavity of sinusitis prone and non-sinusitis prone children.Acta Otolaryngol.119 , 832–836 (1999).
  • Roos K , GrahnE, HolmSE, JohanssonH, LindL: Interfering α-streptococci as a protection against recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis in children.Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.25 , 141–148 (1993).
  • Roos K , HakanssonEG, HolmS: Effect of recolonisation with “interfering” α streptococci on recurrences of acute and secretory otitis media in children: randomised placebo controlled trial.BMJ322 , 210–212 (2001).
  • Roos K , HolmSE, GrahnE, LindL: α-streptococci as supplementary treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study.Scand. J. Infect. Dis.25 , 31–35 (1993).
  • Falck G , Grahn-HakanssonE, HolmSE, RoosK, LagergrenL: Tolerance and efficacy of interfering α-streptococci in recurrence of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a placebo-controlled study.Acta Otolaryngol.119 , 944–948 (1999).
  • Dierksen KP , InglisM, TaggJR: High pharyngeal carriage rates of Streptococcus pyogenes in Dunedin school children with a low incidence of rheumatic fever.NZ Med. J.113 , 496–499 (2000).
  • Fantinato V , JorgeAOC, ShimizuMT: Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) by Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from the tongue and throat of children with and without sore throat.Revista de Microbiologia30 , 332–334 (1999).
  • Tano K , Grahn-HakanssonE, HolmSE, HellstromS: Inhibition of OM pathogens by α-hemolytic streptococci from healthy children, children with SOM and children with rAOM.Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.56 , 185–190 (2000).
  • Walls T , PowerD, TaggJ: Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) production by the normal flora of the nasopharynx: potential to protect against otitis media?J. Med. Microbiol.52 , 829–833 (2003).
  • Tanzer JM , KuraszAB, CliveJ: Inhibition of ecological emergence of mutans streptococci naturally transmitted between rats and consequent caries inhibition by Streptococcus salivarius TOVE-R infection.Infect. Immun.49 , 76–83 (1985).
  • Tanzer JM , KuraszAB, CliveJ: Competitive displacement of mutans streptococci and inhibition of tooth decay by Streptococcus salivarius TOVE-R.Infect. Immun.48 , 44–50 (1985).
  • Tanzer JM , KuraszAB, CliveJ: Inhibiton of ecological emergence of mutans streptococci naturally transmitted between rats and consequent caries inhibition by Streptococcus salivarius TOVE-R infection.Infect. Immun.49 , 76–83 (1985).
  • Kurasz AB , TanzerJM, BazerL, SavoldiE: In vitro studies of growth and competition between S. salivarius TOVE-R and mutans streptococci.J. Dent. Res.65 , 1149–1153 (1986).
  • Sliepen I , HofkensJ, Van Essche M, Quirynen M, Teughels W: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adhesion inhibited in a flow cell. Oral Microbiol. Immunol.23 , 520–524 (2008).
  • Van Hoogmoed CG , Geertsema-DoornbuschGI, TeughelsW, QuirynenM, BusscherHJ, Van der Mei HC: Reduction of periodontal pathogens adhesion by antagonistic strains. Oral Microbiol. Immunol.23 , 43–48 (2008).
  • Teughels W , NewmanMG, CouckeWet al.: Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: a proof of concept.J. Dent. Res.86 , 1078–1082 (2007).
  • Kazor CE , MitchellPM, LeeAMet al.: Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 558–563 (2003).
  • Burton J , ChilcottC, TaggJ: The rationale and potential for the reduction of oral malodour using Streptococcus salivarius probiotics.Oral Dis.11 , 29–31 (2005).
  • Burton JP , ChilcottCN, MooreCJ, SpeiserG, TaggJR: A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters.J. Appl. Microbiol.100 , 754–764 (2006).
  • Tong H , ChenW, MerrittJ, QiF, ShiW, DongX: Streptococcus oligofermentans inhibits Streptococcus mutans through conversion of lactic acid into inhibitory H2O2: a possible counteroffensive strategy for interspecies competition.Mol. Microbiol.63 , 872–880 (2007).
  • Balakrishnan M , SimmondsRS, TaggJR: Diverse activity spectra of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances having activity against mutans streptococci.Caries Res.35 , 75–80 (2001).
  • van der Hoeven JS , SchaekenMJ: Streptococci and actinomyces inhibit regrowth of Streptococcus mutans on gnotobiotic rat molar teeth after chlorhexidine varnish treatment.Caries Res.29 , 159–162 (1995).
  • van der Hoeven JS , van den Kieboom CW, Schaeken MJ: Sulfate-reducing bacteria in the periodontal pocket. Oral Microbiol. Immunol.10 , 288–290 (1995).
  • Kang MS , ChungJ, KimSM, YangKH, OhJS: Effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm.Caries Res.40 , 418–425 (2006).
  • Kumar PS , LeysEJ, BrykJM, MartinezFJ, MoeschbergerML, GriffenAL: Changes in periodontal health status are associated with bacterial community shifts as assessed by quantitative 16S cloning and sequencing.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 3665–3673 (2006).
  • Favier CF , VaughanEE, De Vos WM, Akkermans AD: Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.68 , 219–226 (2002).
  • Park HK , ShimSS, KimSYet al.: Molecular analysis of colonized bacteria in a human newborn infant gut.J. Microbiol.43 , 345–353 (2005).
  • Carlsson J , GrahnenH, JonssonG, WiknerS: Early establishment of Streptococcus salivarius in the mouths of infants.J. Dent. Res.49 , 415–418 (1970).
  • Frandsen EV , PedrazzoliV, KilianM: Ecology of viridans streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx.Oral Microbiol. Immunol.6 , 129–133 (1991).
  • Liljemark WF , GibbonsRJ: Suppression of Candida albicans by human oral streptococci in gnotobiotic mice.Infect. Immun.8 , 846–849 (1973).
  • MacFarlane TW : The oral ecology of patients with severe Sjogren‘s syndrome.Microbios41 , 99–106 (1984).
  • Dierksen KP , RaglandNL, TaggJR: A new alkaline pH-adjusted medium enhances detection of β-hemolytic streptococci by minimizing bacterial interference due to Streptococcus salivarius.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 643–650 (2000).
  • Dierksen KP , TaggJR: The influence of indigenous bacteriocin producing Streptococcus salivarius on the acquisition of Streptococcus pyogenes by primary school children in Dunedin, New Zealand. In: Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases: Entering the New Millenium. Martin DR, Tagg JR (Eds). Securacopy, Wellington, New Zealand, 81–85 (2000).
  • Heikkila MP , SarisPE: Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk.J. Appl. Microbiol.95 , 471–478 (2003).
  • Martin R , LangaS, ReviriegoCet al.: The commensal microflora of human milk: new perspectives for food bacteriotherapy and probiotics.Trends Food Sci. Technol.15 , 121–127 (2004).
  • Dalidowitz C : Fortified breast milk safety.J. Am. Diet. Assoc.105 , 1572–1573 (2005).
  • Martin R , HeiligHG, ZoetendalEGet al.: Cultivation-independent assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk among healthy women.Res. Microbiol.158 , 31–37 (2007).
  • Abdelgadir WS , HamadSH, M⊘llerPL, JakobsenM: Characterisation of the dominant microbiota of Sudanese fermented milk Rob.Int. Dairy J.11 , 63–70 (2001).
  • Mogensen G , SalminenS, O‘BrienJet al.: Health benefits and safety evaluation of certain food components. Food microorganisms – health benefits, safety evaluation and strains with documented history of use in foods.Int. Dairy Fed. (IDF)4–20 (2002).
  • Abdelgadir WS , HamadSH, M⊘llerPL, JakobsenM: Diversity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from AOC Salers cheese.J. Dairy Res.71 , 231–244 (2004).
  • Kurwijila L : Technologies for enhancing value addition, quality and safety of milk produced by smallholder farmers in Africa. Proceedings of the 4th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture (AACAA) and 31st Annual Meeting of Tanzania Society for Animal Production (TSAP). Arusha, Tanzania, 20–24 September 2005.
  • Pesic-Mikulec D : Microbiological study of fresh white cheese.Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res.4 , 129–134 (2005).
  • Obodai M , DoddCE: Characterization of dominant microbiota of a Ghanaian fermented milk product, nyarmie, by culture- and nonculture-based methods.J. Appl. Microbiol.100 , 1355–1363 (2006).
  • Van Hoorde K , VerstraeteT, VandammeP, HuysG: Diversity of lactic acid bacteria in two Flemish artisan raw milk Gouda-type cheeses.Food Microbiol.25 , 929–935 (2008).
  • Jaine R , BakerM, VenugopalK: Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand 1996–2005.J. Paediatr. Child Health44 , 564–571 (2008).
  • North DA , HeynesRA, LennonDR, NeutzeJ: Analysis of costs of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Auckland.NZ Med. J.106 , 400–403 (1993).
  • Burton JP , WescombePA, TaggJR, ChilcottCN: Safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72 , 3050–3053 (2006).
  • Maragkoudakis PA , PapadelliM, GeorgalakiMet al.: In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of the bacteriocin producer Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198.Int. J. Food Microbiol.133 , 141–147 (2009).
  • Qi F , ChenP, CaufieldPW: Purification of mutacin III from group III Streptococcus mutans UA787 and genetic analyses of mutacin III biosynthesis genes.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.65 , 3880–3887 (1999).
  • Wirawan RE , KlesseNA, JackRW, TaggJR: Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel nisin variant produced by Streptococcus uberis.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72 , 1148–1156 (2006).
  • Mantovani HC , RussellJB: Bovicin HC5, a lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus bovis HC5, catalyzes the efflux of intracellular potassium but not ATP.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.52 , 2247–2249 (2008).
  • Mota-Meira M , MorencyH, LavoieMC: In vivo activity of mutacin B-Ny266.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.56 , 869–871 (2005).
  • Hillman JD , NovakJ, SaguraEet al.: Genetic and biochemical analysis of mutacin 1140, a lantibiotic from Streptococcus mutans.Infect. Immun.66 , 2743–2749 (1998).
  • Qi F , ChenP, CaufieldPW: Purification and biochemical characterization of mutacin I from the group I strain of Streptococcus mutans, CH43, and genetic analysis of mutacin I biosynthesis genes.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.66 , 3221–3229 (2000).
  • Ross KF , RonsonCW, TaggJR: Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.59 , 2014–2021 (1993).
  • Jack RW , TaggJR: Isolation and partial structure of streptococcin A-FF22. In: Nisin and Novel Lantibiotics. Jung G, Sahl H-G (Eds). Escom Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 171–179 (1991).
  • Robson CL , WescombePA, KlesseNA, TaggJR: Isolation and partial characterization of the Streptococcus mutans type AII lantibiotic mutacin K8.Microbiology153 , 1631–1641 (2007).
  • Chikindas ML , NovakJ, DriessenAJ, KoningsWN, SchillingKM, CaufieldPW: Mutacin II, a bactericidal lantibiotic from Streptococcus mutans.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.39 , 2656–2660 (1995).
  • Xiao H , ChenX, ChenM, TangS, ZhaoX, HuanL: Bovicin HJ50, a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus bovis HJ50.Microbiology150 , 103–108 (2004).
  • Yonezawa H , KuramitsuHK: Genetic analysis of a unique bacteriocin, Smb, produced by Streptococcus mutans GS5.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.49 , 541–548 (2005).
  • Hyink O , BalakrishnanM, TaggJR: Streptococcus rattus strain BHT produces both a class I two-component lantibiotic and a class II bacteriocin.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.252(2) , 235–241 (2005).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.