562
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current Status and Future Perspectives on Molecular and Serological Methods in Diagnostic Mycology

, , &
Pages 1185-1222 | Published online: 06 Nov 2009

Bibliography

  • Delhaes L , HarunA, ChenSC et al.: Molecular typing of Australian Scedosporium isolates showing genetic variability and numerous S. aurantiacum.Emerg. Infect. Dis.14 , 282–290 (2008).
  • Marr KA , CarterRA, CrippaF, WaldA, CoreyL: Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.Clin. Infect. Dis.34 , 909–917 (2002).
  • Nucci M , MarrKA: Emerging fungal diseases.Clin. Infect. Dis.41 , 521–526 (2005).
  • Pfaller MA , DiekemaDJ: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.20 , 133–163 (2007).
  • Richardson M , Lass-FlorlC: Changing epidemiology of systemic fungal infections.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.14(Suppl. 4) , 5–24 (2008).
  • Garey KW , RegeM, PaiMP et al.: Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study.Clin. Infect. Dis.43 , 25–31 (2006).
  • Morrell M , FraserVJ, KollefMH: Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality.Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother.49 , 3640–3645 (2005).
  • Balajee SA , SiglerL, BrandtME: DNA and the classical way: identification of medically important molds in the 21st century.Med. Mycol.45 , 475–490 (2007).
  • Borst A , Leverstein-Van Hall MA, Verhoef J, Fluit AC: Detection of Candida spp. in blood cultures using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.39 , 155–160 (2001).
  • Pincus DH , OrengaS, ChatellierS: Yeast identification – past, present, and future methods.Med. Mycol.45 , 97–121 (2007).
  • Lass-Florl C , BilleJ, PerlinDS et al.: Clinical performance of FXG™: RESP (Asp+) assay for Aspergillus on respiratory specimens. Presented at: 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona, Spain, 19–22 April 2008 (Abstract P734).
  • Chen SCA , HallidayCL, MeyerW: A review of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based assays.Med. Mycol.40 , 333–357 (2002).
  • McLintock LA , JonesBL: Advances in the molecular and serological diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in haemato-oncology patients.Br. J. Haematol.126 , 289–297 (2004).
  • Reiss E , ObayashiT, OrleK, YoshidaM, Zancope-OliveiraRM: Nonculture based diagnostic tests for mycotic infections.Med. Mycol.38 , 147–159 (2000).
  • Yeo SF , WongB: Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.15 , 465–484 (2002).
  • Alexander BD , PfallerMA: Contemporary tools for the diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses.Clin. Infect. Dis.43 , S15–S27 (2006).
  • Bretagne S , CostaJM: Towards a nucleic acid-based diagnosis in clinical parasitology and mycology.Clin. Chim. Acta363 , 221–228 (2006).
  • Csako G : Present and future of rapid and/or high-throughput methods for nucleic acid testing.Clin. Chim. Acta363 , 6–31 (2006).
  • Yeo SF , WongB: Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.15 , 465–484 (2002).
  • van Burik JA , SchreckhiseRW, WhiteTC, BowdenRA, MyersonD: Comparison of six extraction techniques for isolation of DNA from filamentous fungi.Med. Mycol.36 , 299–303 (1998).
  • Loeffler J , HebartH, BialekR et al.: Contaminations occurring in fungal PCR assays.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1200–1202 (1999).
  • Pryce TM , KayID, PalladinoS, HeathCH: Real-time automated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in whole blood from high-risk patients.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.47 , 487–496 (2003).
  • Fredricks DN , SmithC, MeierA: Comparison of six DNA extraction methods for recovery of fungal DNA as assessed by quantitative PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5122–5128 (2005).
  • Costa C , Costa J-M, Desterke C, Botterel F, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S: Real-time PCR coupled with automated DNA extraction and detection of galactomannan antigen in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2224–2227 (2002).
  • Maaroufi Y , AharizN, HussonM, CrokaertF: Comparison of different methods of isolation of DNA of commonly encountered Candida species and its quantitation by using a real-time PCR-based assay.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 3159–3163 (2004).
  • Loeffler J , SchmidtK, HebartH, SchumacherU, EinseleH: Automated extraction of genomic DNA from medically important yeast species and filamentous fungi by using the MagNA Pure LC system.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2240–2243 (2002).
  • Iwen PC , HinrichsSH, RuppME: Utilization of the internal transcribed spacer regions as molecular targets to detect and identify human fungal pathogens.Med. Mycol.40 , 87–109 (2002).
  • De Bernardis F , SullivanPA, CassoneA: Aspartyl proteinases of Candida albicans and their role in pathogenicity.Med. Mycol.39 , 303–313 (2001).
  • Flahaut M , SanglardD, MonodM, BilleJ, RossierM: Rapid detection of Candida albicans in clinical samples by DNA amplification of common regions from C. albicans-secreted aspartic proteinase genes.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 395–401 (1998).
  • Hayette MP , VairaD, SusinF et al.: Detection of Aspergillus species DNA by PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 2338–2340 (2001).
  • Jones ME , FoxAJ, BarnesAJ et al.: PCR-ELISA for the early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillus infection in neutropenic patients.J. Clin. Pathol.51 , 652–656 (1998).
  • Kan VL : Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of candidemia.J. Infect. Dis.168 , 779–783 (1993).
  • Daniel HM , MeyerW: Evaluation of ribosomal RNA and actin gene sequences for the identification of ascomycetous yeasts.Int. J. Food. Microbiol.86 , 61–78 (2003).
  • Burgener-Kairuz P , ZuberJP, JauninP, BuchmanTG, BilleJ, RossierM: Rapid detection and identification of Candida albicans and Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata in clinical specimens by species-specific nested PCR amplification of a cytochrome P-450 lanosterol-α-demethylase (L1A1) gene fragment.J. Clin. Microbiol.32 , 1902–1907 (1994).
  • Morace G , SanguinettiM, PosteraroB, Lo Cascio G, Fadda G: Identification of various medically important Candida species in clinical specimens by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 667–672 (1997).
  • Morace G , PaganoL, SanguinettiM et al.: PCR-restriction enzyme analysis for detection of Candida DNA in blood from febrile patients with hematological malignancies.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1871–1875 (1999).
  • Chryssanthou E , AnderssonB, PetriniB, LofdahlS, TollemarJ: Detection of Candida albicans DNA in serum by polymerase chain reaction.Scand. J. Infect. Dis.26 , 479–485 (1994).
  • Jordan JA : PCR identification of four medically important Candida species by using a single primer pair.J. Clin. Microbiol.32 , 2962–2967 (1994).
  • Crampin AC , MatthewsRC: Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of candidosis by amplification of an HSP 90 gene fragment.J. Med. Microbiol.39 , 233–238 (1993).
  • Lau A , SorrellTC, ChenS, StanleyK, IredellJ, HallidayC: Multiplex tandem PCR: a novel platform for rapid detection and identification of fungal pathogens from blood culture specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 3021–3027 (2008).
  • Lau A , SorrellTC, LeeO, StanleyK, HallidayC: Colony multiplex-tandem PCR for rapid, accurate identification of fungal cultures.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 4058–4060 (2008).
  • Costa C , VidaudD, OliviM, Bart-DelabesseE, VidaudM, BretagneS: Development of two real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR assays to detect circulating Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in serum.J. Microbiol. Methods44 , 263–269 (2001).
  • Hope WW , WalshTJ, DenningDW: Laboratory diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Lancet Infect. Dis.5 , 609–622 (2005).
  • Jaeger EE , CarrollNM, ChoudhuryS et al.: Rapid detection and identification of Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium species in ocular samples using nested PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 2902–2908 (2000).
  • Williamson ECM , LeemingJP, PalmerHM et al.: Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction.Br. J. Haem.108 , 132–139 (2000).
  • Rickerts V , MoussetS, LambrechtE et al.: Comparison of histopathological analysis, culture, and polymerase chain reaction assays to detect invasive mold infections from biopsy specimens.Clin. Infect. Dis.44 , 1078–1083 (2007).
  • Hidalgo JA , AlangadenGJ, EliottD et al.: Fungal endophthalmitis diagnosis by detection of Candida albicans DNA in intraocular fluid by use of a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay.J. Infect. Dis.181 , 1198–1201 (2000).
  • Ferrer C , ColomF, FrasesS, MuletE, AbadJL, AlioJL: Detection and identification of fungal pathogens by PCR and by ITS2 and 5.8S ribosomal DNA typing in ocular infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 2873–2879 (2001).
  • Imhof A , SchaerC, SchoedonG et al.: Rapid detection of pathogenic fungi from clinical specimens using LightCycler real-time fluorescence PCR.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.22 , 558–560 (2003).
  • Kumar M , ShuklaPK: Use of PCR targeting of internal transcribed spacer regions and single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of sequence variation in different regions of rRNA genes in fungi for rapid diagnosis of mycotic keratitis.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 662–668 (2005).
  • Lau A , ChenS, SorrellT et al.: Development and clinical application of a panfungal PCR assay to detect and identify fungal DNA in tissue specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 380–385 (2007).
  • Moreira-Oliveira MS , MikamiY, MiyajiM, ImaiT, SchreiberAZ, MorettiML: Diagnosis of candidemia by polymerase chain reaction and blood culture: prospective study in a high-risk population and identification of variables associated with development of candidemia.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.24 , 721–726 (2005).
  • Willinger B , ObradovicA, SelitschB et al.: Detection and identification of fungi from fungus balls of the maxillary sinus by molecular techniques.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 581–585 (2003).
  • Hendolin PH , LarsP, Koukila-KahkolaP et al.: Panfungal PCR and multiplex liquid hybridization for detection of fungi in tissue specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 4186–4192 (2000).
  • Vollmer T , StormerM, KleesiekK, DreierJ: Evaluation of novel broad-range real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of human pathogenic fungi in various clinical specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 1919–1926 (2008).
  • Iwen PC , FreifeldAG, BrueningTA, HinrichsSH: Use of a panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal pathogens in a commercial blood culture system.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2292–2293 (2004).
  • Lau A , HallidayC, PlayfordEG, ChenS, StanleyK, SorrellT: Multiplex-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) for rapid diagnosis of fungemia. Presented at: 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America 46th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 25–28 October 2008 (Abstract M-699).
  • Kong F , TongZ, ChenX et al.: Rapid identification and differentiation of Trichophyton species, based on sequence polymorphisms of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions, by rolling circle amplification.J. Clin. Microbiol.46(4) , 1192–1199 (2008).
  • Pryce TM , PalladinoS, PriceDM et al.: Rapid identification of fungal pathogens in BacT/BACTEC ALERT, and BBL MGIT media using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.54 , 289–297 (2006).
  • Leaw SN , ChangHC, SunHF, BartonR, BoucharaJP, ChangTC: Identification of medically important yeast species by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 693–699 (2006).
  • Pryce TM , PalladinoS, KayID, CoombsGW: Rapid identification of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS2 regions using an automated capillary electrophoresis system.Med. Mycol.41 , 369–381 (2003).
  • Summerbell RC , LevesqueCA, SeifertKA et al.: Microcoding: the second step in DNA barcoding.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.360 , 1897–1903 (2005).
  • Petti CA , BosshardPP, BrandtME et al.: Interpretive criteria for identification of bacteria and fungi by DNA target sequencing; approved guideline. Document MM18-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, USA (2008).
  • Margulies M , EgholmM, AltmanWE et al.: Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors.Nature437 , 376–380 (2005).
  • Rothberg JM , LeamonJH: The development and impact of 454 sequencing.Nat. Biotechnol.26 , 1117–1124 (2008).
  • Shendure J , JiH: Next-generation DNA sequencing.Nat. Biotechnol.26 , 1135–1145 (2008).
  • Chen YC , EisnerJD, KattarMM et al.: Polymorphic internal transcribed spacer region 1 DNA sequences identify medically important yeasts.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 4042–4051 (2001).
  • Ciardo DE , ScharG, BottgerEC, AltweggM, BosshardPP: Internal transcribed spacer sequencing versus biochemical profiling for identification of medically important yeasts.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 77–84 (2006).
  • Henry T , IwenPC, HinrichsSH: Identification of Aspergillus species using internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 1510–1515 (2000).
  • Schwarz P , BretagneS, GantierJC et al.: Molecular identification of Zygomycetes from culture and experimentally infected tissues.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 340–349 (2006).
  • Chen YC , EisnerJD, KattarMM et al.: Identification of medically important yeasts using PCR-based detection of DNA sequence polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the rRNA genes.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 2302–2310 (2000).
  • Katsu M , KiddS, AndoA et al.: The internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene show extensive diversity among isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.FEMS. Yeast Res.4 , 377–388 (2004).
  • Alcoba-Florez J , Mendez-AlvarezS, CanoJ, GuarroJ, Perez-RothE, del Pilar Arevalo M: Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Candida nivariensis sp. nov., a possible new opportunistic fungus. J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4107–4111 (2005).
  • Correia A , SampaioP, JamesS, PaisC: Candida bracarensis sp. nov., a novel anamorphic yeast species phenotypically similar to Candida glabrata.Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.56 , 313–317 (2006).
  • Linton CJ , BormanAM, CheungG et al.: Molecular identification of unusual pathogenic yeast isolates by large ribosomal subunit gene sequencing: 2 years of experience at the United Kingdom mycology reference laboratory.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 1152–1158 (2007).
  • Bell PJ : Yeast differentiation using histone promoter sequences.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.38 , 388–392 (2004).
  • Yokoyama K , WangL, MiyajiM, NishimuraK: Identification, classification and phylogeny of the Aspergillus section Nigri inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.FEMS. Microbiol. Lett.200 , 241–246 (2001).
  • Sullivan D , ColemanD: Candida dubliniensis: characteristics and identification.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 329–334 (1998).
  • Donnelly SM , SullivanDJ, ShanleyDB, ColemanDC: Phylogenetic analysis and rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis based on analysis of ACT1 intron and exon sequences.Microbiology145(Pt 8) , 1871–1882 (1999).
  • Abe A , OdaY, AsanoK, SoneT: The molecular phylogeny of the genus Rhizopus based on rDNA sequences.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.70 , 2387–2393 (2006).
  • Caligiorne RB , LicinioP, DupontJ, de Hoog GS: Internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene-based phylogenetic reconstruction using algorithms with local and global sequence alignment for black yeasts and their relatives. J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 2816–2823 (2005).
  • Hinrikson HP , HurstSF, De Aguirre L, Morrison CJ: Molecular methods for the identification of Aspergillus species. Med. Mycol.43(Suppl. 1) , S129–S137 (2005).
  • Balajee SA , GribskovJL, HanleyE, NickleD, MarrKA: Aspergillus lentulus sp. nov., a new sibling species of A. fumigatus.Eukaryot. Cell.4 , 625–632 (2005).
  • Balajee SA , MarrKA: Phenotypic and genotypic identification of human pathogenic aspergilli.Future Microbiol.1 , 435–445 (2006).
  • O‘Donnell K , KistlerHC, CigelnikE, PloetzRC: Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95 , 2044–2049 (1998).
  • Hall L , WohlfielS, RobertsGD: Experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing kit for identification of filamentous fungi encountered in the clinical laboratory.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 622–626 (2004).
  • Hennequin C , AbachinE, SymoensF et al.: Identification of Fusarium species involved in human infections by 28S rRNA gene sequencing.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 3586–3589 (1999).
  • Zhang N , O‘DonnellK, SuttonDA et al.: Members of the Fusarium solani species complex that cause infections in both humans and plants are common in the environment.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 2186–2190 (2006).
  • Zeng X , KongF, HallidayC et al.: Reverse line blot hybridization assay for the identification of medically important fungi from culture and clinical specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.45(9) , 2872–2880 (2007).
  • Samson RA , HongS, PetersonSW, FrisvadJC, VargaJ: Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Fumigati and its teleomorph Neosartorya.Stud. Mycol.59 , 147–203 (2007).
  • Balajee SA , BormanAM, BrandtME et al.: Sequence-based identification of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and mucorales species in the clinical mycology laboratory: where are we and where should we go from here?J. Clin. Microbiol.47 , 877–884 (2009).
  • Altschul SF , GishW, MillerW, MyersEW, LipmanDJ: Basic local alignment search tool.J. Mol. Biol.215 , 403–410 (1990).
  • Benson DA , Karsch-MizrachiI, LipmanDJ, OstellJ, WheelerDL: GenBank.Nucleic Acids Res.34 , D16–D20 (2006).
  • Nilsson RH , RybergM, KristianssonE, AbarenkovK, LarssonKH, KoljalgU: Taxonomic reliability of DNA sequences in public sequence databases: a fungal perspective.PLoS. ONE.1 , e59 (2006).
  • de Hoog GS , HorreR: Molecular taxonomy of the Alternaria and Ulocladium species from humans and their identification in the routine laboratory.Mycoses45 , 259–276 (2002).
  • Geiser DM , Jiminez-GascoMD, KangSC et al.: FUSARIUM-ID v 1.0: a DNA sequence database for identifying Fusarium.Eur. J. Plant Pathol.110 , 473–479 (2004).
  • Ebach MC , HoldregeC: DNA barcoding is no substitute for taxonomy.Nature434 , 697 (2005).
  • Hebert PD , GregoryTR: The promise of DNA barcoding for taxonomy.Syst. Biol.54 , 852–859 (2005).
  • Hajibabaei M , SingerGA, HebertPD, HickeyDA: barcoding DNA: how it complements taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and population genetics.Trends Genet.23 , 167–172 (2007).
  • Savolainen V , CowanRS, VoglerAP, RoderickGK, LaneR: Towards writing the encyclopedia of life: an introduction to DNA barcoding.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.360 , 1805–1811 (2005).
  • Hebert PD , StoeckleMY, ZemlakTS, FrancisCM: Identification of birds through DNA barcodes.PLoS. Biol.2 , e312 (2004).
  • Kress WJ , WurdackKJ, ZimmerEA, WeigtLA, JanzenDH: Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102 , 8369–8374 (2005).
  • Druzhinina IS , KopchinskiyAG, KomonM, BissettJ, SzakacsG, KubicekCP: An oligonucleotide barcode for species identification in Trichoderma and Hypocrea.Fungal Genet. Biol.42 , 813–828 (2005).
  • Summerbell RC , MooreMK, Starink-WillemseM, Van Iperen A: ITS barcodes for Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum. Med. Mycol.45 , 193–200 (2007).
  • Zeng JS , De Hoog GS: Exophiala spinifera and its allies: diagnostics from morphology to DNA barcoding. Med. Mycol.46 , 193–208 (2008).
  • Seifert KA , SamsonRA, DewaardJR et al.: Prospects for fungus identification using CO1 barcodes DNA, with Penicillium as a test case.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104 , 3901–3906 (2007).
  • Geiser DM , KlichMA, FrisvadJC, PetersonSW, VargaJ, SamsonRA: The current status of species recognition and identification in Aspergillus.Stud. Mycol.59 , 1–10 (2007).
  • Pruitt KD , TatusovaT, KlimkeW, MaglottDR: NCBI Reference Sequences: current status, policy and new initiatives.Nucleic Acids Res.37 , D32–D36 (2009).
  • Hajibabaei M , deWaardJR, IvanovaNV et al.: Critical factors for assembling a high volume of DNA barcodes.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.360 , 1959–1967 (2005).
  • Griener M , CarterP, KornB, ZinkD: New approach to complete automation in sizing and quantitation of DNA and proteins by the Automated Lab-on-a-Chip Platform from Aligent Technologies.Nat. Methods1 , 87–89 (2004).
  • Beggs KT , HolmesAR, CannonRD, RichAM: Detection of Candida albicans mRNA in archival histopathology samples by reverse transcription-PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2275–2278 (2004).
  • Chang HC , LeawSN, HuangAH, WuTL, ChangTC: Rapid identification of yeasts in positive blood cultures by a multiplex PCR method.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 3466–3471 (2001).
  • Li YL , LeawSN, ChenJH, ChangHC, ChangTC: Rapid identification of yeasts commonly found in positive blood cultures by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.22 , 693–696 (2003).
  • De Baere T , ClaeysG, SwinneD et al.: Identification of cultured isolates of clinically important yeast species using fluorescent fragment length analysis of the amplified internally transcribed rRNA spacer 2 region (ITS2).BMC Microbiol.2 , 21; (2002).
  • Rakeman JL , BuiU, LafeK, ChenYC, HoneycuttRJ, CooksonBT: Multilocus DNA sequence comparisons rapidly identify pathogenic molds.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 3324–3333 (2005).
  • Turenne CY , SancheSE, HobanDJ, KarlowskyJA, KabaniAM: Rapid identification of fungi by using the ITS2 genetic region and an automated fluorescent capillary electrophoresis system.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1846–1851 (1999).
  • Fujita SI , SendaY, NakaguchiS, HashimotoT: Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 3617–3622 (2001).
  • Ahmad S , KhanZ, MustafaAS, KhanZU: Seminested PCR for diagnosis of candidemia: comparison with culture, antigen detection, and biochemical methods for species identification.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2483–2489 (2002).
  • Bougnoux ME , DupontC, MateoJ et al.: Serum is more suitable than whole blood for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by nested PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 (1999).
  • Carvalho A , Costa-De-OliveiraS, MartinsML et al.: Multiplex PCR identification of eight clinically relevant Candida species.Med. Mycol.45 , 619–627 (2007).
  • Haynes KA , WesternengTJ, FellJW, MoensW: Rapid detection and identification of pathogenic fungi by polymerase chain reaction amplification of large subunit ribosomal DNA.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.33 , 319–325 (1995).
  • Hue FX , HuerreM, RouffaultMA, de Bievre C: Specific detection of Fusarium species in blood and tissues by a PCR technique. J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 2434–2438 (1999).
  • Luo G , MitchellTG: Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2860–2865 (2002).
  • Skladny H , BuchheidtD, BaustC et al.: Specific detection of Aspergillus species in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of immunocompromised patients by two-step PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 3865–3871 (1999).
  • Sugita C , MakimuraK, UchidaK, YamaguchiH, NagaiA: PCR identification system for the genus Aspergillus and three major pathogenic species: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.Med. Mycol.42 , 433–437 (2004).
  • Gaudio PA , GopinathanU, SangwanV, HughesTE: Polymerase chain reaction based detection of fungi in infected corneas.Br. J. Ophthalmol.86 , 755–760 (2002).
  • Buchheidt D , BaustC, SkladnyH, BaldusM, BrauningerS, HehlmannR: Clinical evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Aspergillus species in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of neutropenic patients.Br. J. Haematol.116 , 803–811 (2002).
  • Kawamura S , MaesakiS, NodaT et al.: Comparison between PCR and detection of antigen in sera for diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 218–220 (1999).
  • Roy B , MeyerSA: Confirmation of the distinct genotype groups within the form species Candida parapsilosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 216–218 (1998).
  • Trost A , GrafB, EuckerJ et al.: Identification of clinically relevant yeasts by PCR/RFLP.J. Microbiol. Methods.56 , 201–211 (2004).
  • Williams DW , WilsonMJ, LewisMA, PottsAJ: Identification of Candida species by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal DNA.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 2476–2479 (1995).
  • Kamiya A , KikuchiA, TomitaY, KanbeT: PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques targeting the DNA topoisomerase II gene for rapid clinical diagnosis of the etiologic agent of dermatophytosis.J. Dermatol. Sci.34 , 35–48 (2004).
  • Kanbe T , SuzukiY, KamiyaA et al.: Species-identification of dermatophytes Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton by PCR and PCR-RFLP targeting of the DNA topoisomerase II genes.J. Dermatol. Sci.33 , 41–54 (2003).
  • Mirhendi H , DibaK, KordbachehP, JalalizandN, MakimuraK: Identification of pathogenic Aspergillus species by a PCR-restriction enzyme method.J. Med. Microbiol.56 , 1568–1570 (2007).
  • Hopfer RL , WaldenP, SetterquistS, HighsmithWE: Detection and differentiation of fungi in clinical specimens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction enzyme analysis.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.31 , 65–75 (1993).
  • Maiwald M , KappeR, SonntagHG: Rapid presumptive identification of medically relevant yeasts to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.32 , 115–122 (1994).
  • Velegraki A , KambourisME, SkiniotisG, SavalaM, Mitroussia-ZiouvaA, LegakisNJ: Identification of medically significant fungal genera by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme analysis.FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.23 , 303–312 (1999).
  • Dendis M , HorvathR, MichalekJ et al.: PCR-RFLP detection and species identification of fungal pathogens in patients with febrile neutropenia.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.9 , 1191–1202 (2003).
  • Gil-Lamaignere C , RoilidesE, HackerJ, MullerFM: Molecular typing for fungi – a critical review of the possibilities and limitations of currently and future methods.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.9 , 172–185 (2003).
  • Soll DR : The ins and outs of DNA fingerprinting the infectious fungi.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.13 , 332–370 (2000).
  • Einsele H , HebartH, RollerG et al.: Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 1353–1360 (1997).
  • Hebart H , LofflerJ, ReitzeH et al.: Prospective screening by a panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay in patients at risk for fungal infections: implications for the management of febrile neutropenia.Br. J. Haematol.111 , 635–640 (2000).
  • Loeffler J , HebartH, MaggaS et al.: Identification of rare Candida species and other yeasts by polymerase chain reaction and slot blot hybridization.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.38 , 207–212 (2000).
  • Paterson PJ , SeatonS, McHughTD et al.: Validation and clinical application of molecular methods for the identification of molds in tissue.Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 51–56 (2006).
  • van Burik J -A, Myerson D, Schreckhise RW, Bowden RA: Panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal infection in human blood specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol.1169–1175 (1998).
  • Wedde M , MullerD, TintelnotK, De Hoog GS, Stahl U: PCR-based identification of clinically relevant Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium strains. Med. Mycol.36 , 61–67 (1998).
  • Fujita S , LaskerBA, LottTJ, ReissE, MorrisonCJ: Microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay to detect PCR-amplified DNA from Candida species in blood.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 962–967 (1995).
  • de Aguirre L , HurstSF, ChoiJS, ShinJH, HinriksonHP, MorrisonCJ: Rapid differentiation of Aspergillus species from other medically important opportunistic molds and yeasts by PCR-enzyme immunoassay.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 3495–3504 (2004).
  • Lindsley MD , HurstSF, IqbalNJ, MorrisonCJ: Rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific DNA probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 3505–3511 (2001).
  • Wahyuningsih R , FreislebenHJ, SonntagHG, SchnitzlerP: Simple and rapid detection of Candida albicans DNA in serum by PCR for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 3016–3021 (2000).
  • Polzehl D , WeschtaM, PodbielskiA, RiechelmannH, RimekD: Fungus culture and PCR in nasal lavage samples of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.J. Med. Microbiol.54 , 31–37 (2005).
  • Fletcher HA , BartonRC, VerweijPE, EvansEG: Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus PCR products by a microtitre plate based DNA hybridisation assay.J. Clin. Pathol.51 , 617–620 (1998).
  • Florent M , KatsahianS, VekhoffA et al.: Prospective evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA targeted to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies.J. Infect. Dis.193 , 741–747 (2006).
  • Golbang N , BurnieJP, MatthewsRC: A polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus.J. Clin. Pathol.52 , 419–423 (1999).
  • Lass-Florl C , AignerJ, GunsiliusE et al.: Screening for Aspergillus spp. using polymerase chain reaction of whole blood samples from patients with haematological malignancies.Br. J. Haematol.113 , 180–184 (2001).
  • Rickerts V , LoefflerJ, BohmeA, EinseleH, Just-NublingG: Diagnosis of disseminated zygomycosis using a polymerase chain reaction assay.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.20 , 744–745 (2001).
  • Scotter JM , CampbellP, AndersonTP, MurdochDR, ChambersST, PattonWN: Comparison of PCR-ELISA and galactomannan detection for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Pathology37 , 246–253 (2005).
  • Scotter JM , ChambersST: Comparison of galactomannan detection, PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and real-time PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in a neutropenic rat model and effect of caspofungin acetate.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.12 , 1322–1327 (2005).
  • Hebart H , LofflerJ, MeisnerC et al.: Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening.J. Infect. Dis.181 , 1713–1719 (2000).
  • Badiee P , KordbachehP, AlborziA et al.: Study on invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients to present a suitable early diagnostic procedure.Int. J. Infect. Dis.13 , 97–102 (2009).
  • Badiee P , KordbachehP, AlborziA et al.: Prospective screening in liver transplant recipients by panfungal PCR-ELISA for early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.Liver Transpl.13 , 1011–1016 (2007).
  • Badiee P , KordbachehP, AlborziA, RamziM, ShakibaE: Molecular detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancies.Infection36 , 580–584 (2008).
  • Badiee P , KordbachehP, AlborziA, ZakerniaM, HaddadiP: Early detection of systemic candidiasis in the whole blood of patients with hematologic malignancies.Jpn J. Infect. Dis.62 , 1–5 (2009).
  • Loeffler J , HebartH, BrauchleU, SchumacherU, EinseleH: Comparison between plasma and whole blood specimens for detection of Aspergillus DNA by PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 3830–3833 (2000).
  • Loffler J , HebartH, SepeS, SchumcherU, KlingebielT, EinseleH: Detection of PCR-amplified fungal DNA by using a PCR-ELISA system.Med. Mycol.36 , 275–279 (1998).
  • Shin JH , NolteFS, HollowayBP, MorrisonCJ: Rapid identification of up to three Candida species in a single reaction tube by a 5´ exonuclease assay using fluorescent DNA probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 165–170 (1999).
  • Kong F , GilbertGL: Multiplex PCR-based reverse line blot hybridization assay (mPCR/RLB) – a practical epidemiological and diagnostic tool.Nat. Protoc.1 , 2668–2680 (2006).
  • Playford EG , KongF, SunY, WangH, HallidayC, SorrellTC: Simultaneous detection and identification of Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species by reverse line blot hybridization.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 876–880 (2006).
  • Martin C , RobertsD, van Der Weide M et al.: Development of a PCR-based line probe assay for identification of fungal pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 3735–3742 (2000).
  • Meletiadis J , MelchersWJ, MeisJF, Van Den Hurk P, Jannes G, Verweij PE: Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction reverse hybridization line probe assay for the detection and identification of medically important fungi in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Med. Mycol.41 , 65–74 (2003).
  • Hsiao CR , HuangL, BoucharaJP, BartonR, LiHC, ChangTC: Identification of medically important molds by an oligonucleotide array.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 3760–3768 (2005).
  • Leinberger DM , SchumacherU, AutenriethIB, BachmannTT: Development of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of fungal pathogens involved in invasive mycoses.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4943–4953 (2005).
  • Huang A , LiJW, ShenZQ, WangXW, JinM: High-throughput identification of clinical pathogenic fungi by hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 3299–3305 (2006).
  • Campa D , TavantiA, GemignaniF et al.: DNA microarray based on arrayed-primer extension technique for identification of pathogenic fungi responsible for invasive and superficial mycoses.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 909–915 (2008).
  • Spiess B , SeifarthW, HummelM et al.: DNA microarray-based detection and identification of fungal pathogens in clinical samples from neutropenic patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.45(11) , 3743–3753 (2007).
  • Palacios G , QuanPL, JabadoOJ et al.: Panmicrobial oligonucleotide array for diagnosis of infectious diseases.Emerg. Infect. Dis.13 , 73–81 (2007).
  • Call DR : Challenges and opportunities for pathogen detection using DNA microarrays.Crit. Rev. Microbiol.31 , 91–99 (2005).
  • Fredricks DN : Molecular mycology and emerging fungal pathogens. In: Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. Maertens J, Marr K (Eds). Informa Healthcare, London, UK (2007).
  • Loy A , BodrossyL: Highly parallel microbial diagnostics using oligonucleotide microarrays.Clin. Chim. Acta363 , 106–119 (2006).
  • Espy MJ , UhlJR, SloanLM et al.: Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.19 , 165–256 (2006).
  • Mackay IM : Real-time PCR in the microbiology laboratory.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.10 , 190–212 (2004).
  • Bialek R , WeissM, Bekure-NemariamK et al.: Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans DNA in tissue samples by nested and real-time PCR assays.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.9 , 461–469 (2002).
  • Faber J , MoritzN, HenningerN, ZeppF, KnufM: Rapid detection of common pathogenic Aspergillus species by a novel real-time PCR approach.Mycoses52 , 228–233 (2009).
  • Kasai M , FrancesconiA, PetraitieneR et al.: Use of quantitative real-time PCR to study the kinetics of extracellular DNA released from Candida albicans, with implications for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 143–150 (2006).
  • Klingspor L , JalalS: Molecular detection and identification of Candida and Aspergillus spp. from clinical samples using real-time PCR.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.12 , 745–753 (2006).
  • Larsen HH , KovacsJA, StockF et al.: Development of a rapid real-time PCR assay for quantitation of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 2989–2993 (2002).
  • Loeffler J , HenkeN, HebartH et al.: Quantification of fungal DNA by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the light cycler system.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 586–590 (2000).
  • Spiess B , BuchheidtD, BaustC et al.: Development of a LightCycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of Aspergillus fumigatus DNA in clinical samples from neutropenic patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 1811–1818 (2003).
  • Selvarangan R , BuiU, LimayeAP, CooksonBT: Rapid identification of commonly encountered Candida species directly from blood culture bottles.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 5660–5664 (2003).
  • Selvarangan R , LimayeAP, CooksonBT: Rapid identification and differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by capillary-based amplification and fluorescent probe hybridization.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 4308–4312 (2002).
  • Loeffler J , HagmeyerL, HebartH, HenkeN, SchumacherU, EinseleH: Rapid detection of point mutations by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and probe melting curves in Candida species.Clin. Chem.46 , 631–635 (2000).
  • Rantakokko-Jalava K , LaaksonenS, IssakainenJ et al.: Semiquantitative detection by real-time PCR of Aspergillus fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and tissue biopsy specimens from patients with invasive aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 4304–4311 (2003).
  • Binnicker MJ , BuckwalterSP, EisbernerJJ et al.: Detection of Coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 173–178 (2007).
  • Martagon-Villamil J , ShresthaN, SholtisM et al.: Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum from culture extracts by real-time PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 1295–1298 (2003).
  • O‘Sullivan CE , KasaiM, FrancesconiA et al.: Development and validation of a quantitative real-time PCR assay using fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 5676–5682 (2003).
  • Baskova L , LandlingerC, PreunerS, LionT: The Pan-assay AC: a single-reaction real-time PCR test for quantitative detection of a broad range of Aspergillus and Candida species.J. Med. Microbiol.56 , 1167–1173 (2007).
  • Brandt ME , PadhyeAA, MayerLW, HollowayBP: Utility of random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR and TaqMan automated detection in molecular identification of Aspergillus fumigatus.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 2057–2062 (1998).
  • Guiver M , LeviK, OppenheimBA: Rapid identification of Candida species by TaqMan PCR.J. Clin. Pathol.54 , 362–366 (2001).
  • Halliday C , WuQX, JamesG, SorrellT: Development of a nested qualitative real-time PCR assay to detect Aspergillus species DNA in clinical specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5366–5368 (2005).
  • Kami M , FukuiT, OgawaS et al.: Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 1504–1512 (2001).
  • Maaroufi Y , HeymansC, De Bruyne JM et al.: Rapid detection of Candida albicans in clinical blood samples by using a TaqMan-based PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 3293–3298 (2003).
  • Maaroufi Y , De Bruyne JM, Duchateau V, Georgala A, Crokaert F: Early detection and identification of commonly encountered Candida species from simulated blood cultures by using a real-time PCR-based assay. J. Mol. Diagn.6 , 108–114 (2004).
  • McMullan R , MetwallyL, CoylePV et al.: A prospective clinical trial of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of candidemia in nonneutropenic, critically ill adults.Clin. Infect. Dis.46 , 890–896 (2008).
  • Metwally L , HoggG, CoylePV et al.: Rapid differentiation between fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant species of Candida directly from positive blood-culture bottles by real-time PCR.J. Med. Microbiol.56 , 964–970 (2007).
  • Metwally L , FairleyDJ, CoylePV et al.: Comparison of serum and whole-blood specimens for the detection of Candida DNA in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients.J. Med. Microbiol.57 , 1269–1272 (2008).
  • Pham AS , TarrandJJ, MayGS, LeeMS, KontoyiannisDP, HanXY: Diagnosis of invasive mold infection by real-time quantitative PCR.Am. J. Clin. Pathol.119 , 38–44 (2003).
  • Sanguinetti M , PosteraroB, PaganoL et al.: Comparison of real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and galactomannan antigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from hematology patients for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 3922–3925 (2003).
  • White PL , ShettyA, BarnesRA: Detection of seven Candida species using the Light-Cycler system.J. Med. Microbiol.52 , 229–238 (2003).
  • White PL , WilliamsDW, KuriyamaT, SamadSA, LewisMA, BarnesRA: Detection of Candida in concentrated oral rinse cultures by real-time PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2101–2107 (2004).
  • White PL , ArcherAE, BarnesRA: Comparison of non-culture-based methods for detection of systemic fungal infections, with an emphasis on invasive Candida infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 2181–2187 (2005).
  • Schabereiter-Gurtner C , SelitschB, RotterML, HirschlAM, WillingerB: Development of novel real-time PCR assays for detection and differentiation of eleven medically important Aspergillus and Candida species in clinical specimens.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 906–914 (2007).
  • Bu R , SathiapalanRK, IbrahimMM et al.: Monochrome LightCycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of five common species of Candida and Aspergillus.J. Med. Microbiol.54 , 243–248 (2005).
  • Hsu MC , ChenKW, LoHJ et al.: Species identification of medically important fungi by use of real-time LightCycler PCR.J. Med. Microbiol.52 , 1071–1076 (2003).
  • Erali M , PounderJI, WoodsGL, PettiCA, WittwerCT: Multiplex single-color PCR with amplicon melting analysis for identification of Aspergillus species.Clin. Chem.52 , 1443–1445 (2006).
  • Gutzmer R , MommertS, KuttlerU, WerfelT, KappA: Rapid identification and differentiation of fungal DNA in dermatological specimens by LightCycler PCR.J. Med. Microbiol.53 , 1207–1214 (2004).
  • Bergman A , FernandezV, HolmstromKO, ClaessonBE, EnrothH: Rapid identification of pathogenic yeast isolates by real-time PCR and two-dimensional melting-point analysis.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26 , 813–818 (2007).
  • Ko DL , KhotPD, FredricksDN: Development of a broad-range quantitative PCR for the detection of human pathogenic fungi. Presented at: 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America 46th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 25–28 October 2008 (Abstract M-696).
  • Mandiviwala T , ShindeR, KalraA, SobelJD, AkinsRA: Identification of clinically important fungal species by high resolution melt (HRM) analysis of panfungal. Presented at: 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America 46th Annual Meeting. Washington, DC, USA, 25–28 October 2008 (Abstract M-706).
  • Plachy R , HamalP, RaclavskyV: McRAPD as a new approach to rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic yeasts.J. Microbiol. Methods.60 , 107–113 (2005).
  • Park S , WongM, MarrasSA et al.: Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis using a species-specific molecular beacon.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 2829–2836 (2000).
  • Condon SE , ZhangF: Detection of Aspergillus sp. by nulceic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and molecular beacon technology. Presented at: 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Chicago, IL, USA, 13–17 September 2003.
  • Park S , WongM, MarrasSA et al.: Rapid detection of Candida and Aspergillus spp. using molecular beacons. Presented at: 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 17–20 September 2000.
  • Balashov SV , GardinerR, ParkS, PerlinDS: Rapid, high-throughput, multiplex, real-time PCR for identification of mutations in the cyp51A gene of Aspergillus fumigatus that confer resistance to itraconazole.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 214–222 (2005).
  • Garcia-Effron G , DilgerA, Alcazar-FuoliL, ParkS, MelladoE, PerlinDS: Rapid detection of triazole antifungal resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 1200–1206 (2008).
  • Park S , PerlinDS: Establishing surrogate markers for fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans.Microb. Drug. Resist.11 , 232–238 (2005).
  • Stanley KK , SzewczukE: Multiplexed tandem PCR: gene profiling from small amounts of RNA using SYBR Green detection.Nucleic. Acids. Res.33 , e180 (2005).
  • Dunbar SA : Applications of Luminex xMAP technology for rapid, high-throughput multiplexed nucleic acid detection.Clin. Chim. Acta363 , 71–82 (2006).
  • Diaz MR , FellJW: High-throughput detection of pathogenic yeasts of the genus Trichosporon.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 3696–3706 (2004).
  • Diaz MR , BoekhoutT, TheelenB, BoversM, CabanesFJ, FellJW: Microcoding and flow cytometry as a high-throughput fungal identification system for Malassezia species.J. Med. Microbiol.55 , 1197–1209 (2006).
  • Diaz MR , FellJW: Use of a suspension array for rapid identification of the varieties and genotypes of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 3662–3672 (2005).
  • Bovers M , DiazMR, HagenF et al.: Identification of genotypically diverse Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates by Luminex xMAP technology.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 1874–1883 (2007).
  • Page BT , KurtzmanCP: Rapid identification of Candida species and other clinically important yeast species by flow cytometry.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4507–4514 (2005).
  • Page BT , ShieldsCE, MerzWG, KurtzmanCP: Rapid identification of ascomycetous yeasts from clinical specimens by a molecular method based on flow cytometry and comparison with identifications from phenotypic assays.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 3167–3171 (2006).
  • Etienne KA , KanoR, BalajeeSA: Development and validation of a microsphere-based Luminex assay for rapid identification of clinically relevant aspergilli.J. Clin. Microbiol.47 , 1096–1100 (2009).
  • O‘Donnell K , SarverBA, BrandtM et al.: Phylogenetic diversity and microsphere array-based genotyping of human pathogenic Fusaria, including isolates from the multistate contact lens-associated U.S. keratitis outbreaks of 2005 and 2006.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 2235–2248 (2007).
  • Landlinger C , PreunerS, WillingerB et al.: Species-specific identification of a wide range of clinically relevant fungal pathogens by use of Luminex xMAP technology.J. Clin. Microbiol.47 , 1063–1073 (2009).
  • Das S , BrownTM, KellarKL, HollowayBP, MorrisonCJ: DNA probes for the rapid identification of medically important Candida species using a multianalyte profiling system.FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.46 , 244–250 (2006).
  • Emrich T , MoczkoM, LohmannS, MayrJ, StockingerH, HaberhausenG: LightCycler SeptiFast test: rapid detection of nosocomial pathogens by real-time PCR. Presented at: 16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Nice, France, 1–4 April 2006 (Abstract P962).
  • Westh H , LisbyG, BreysseF et al.: Multiplex real-time PCR and blood culture for identification of bloodstream pathogens in patients with suspected sepsis.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15(6) , 544–551 (2009).
  • Casalta JP , GourietF, RouxV, ThunyF, HabibG, RaoultD: Evaluation of the LightCycler® SeptiFast test in the rapid etiologic diagnostic of infectious endocarditis.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (2008).
  • Mancini N , ClericiD, DiottiR et al.: Molecular diagnosis of sepsis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies.J. Med. Microbiol.57 , 601–604 (2008).
  • Schaub N , SteinhuberA, BoldanovaT et al.: SeptiFast for molecular diagnosis of sepsis in patients presenting to the emergency room. Presented at: 48th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC, USA, 25–28 October 2008.
  • Steinmann J , BuerJ, RathPM, PaulA, SanerF: Invasive aspergillosis in two liver transplant recipients: diagnosis by SeptiFast.Transpl. Infect. Dis.11 , 175–178 (2009).
  • Varani S , StanzaniM, PaolucciM et al.: Diagnosis of bloodstream infections in immunocompromised patients by real-time PCR.J. Infect.58 , 346–351 (2009).
  • Vince A , LepejSZ, BarsicB et al.: LightCycler SeptiFast assay as a tool for the rapid diagnosis of sepsis in patients during antimicrobial therapy.J. Med. Microbiol.57 , 1306–1307 (2008).
  • Wald A , LeisenringW, van Burik J, Bowden RA: Natural history of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantion. J. Infect. Dis.175 , 1459–1466 (1997).
  • Hansen D , HealyM, ReeceK, SmithC, WoodsGL: Repetitive-sequence-based PCR using the DiversiLab system for identification of Aspergillus species.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 1835–1839 (2008).
  • Healy M , ReeceK, WaltonD et al.: Use of the Diversi Lab System for species and strain differentiation of Fusarium species isolates.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5278–5280 (2005).
  • Healy M , ReeceK, WaltonD, HuongJ, ShahK, KontoyiannisDP: Identification to the species level and differentiation between strains of Aspergillus clinical isolates by automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 4016–4024 (2004).
  • Pounder JI , HansenD, WoodsGL: Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides species by repetitive-sequence-based PCR.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 2977–2982 (2006).
  • Pounder JI , WilliamsS, HansenD, HealyM, ReeceK, WoodsGL: Repetitive-sequence-PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using the Diversilab system for identification of commonly encountered dermatophytes.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 2141–2147 (2005).
  • Redkar RJ , DubeMP, McCleskeyFK, RinaldiMG, Del Vecchio VG: DNA fingerprinting of Candida rugosa via repetitive sequence-based PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol.34 , 1677–1681 (1996).
  • Hauser P , LagrouK, CuiX et al.: Clinical performance of FXG:RESP (Asp+) assay for Pneumocystis jirovecii on respiratory specimens. Presented at: 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona, Spain, 19–22 April 2008 (Abstract P1003).
  • Wisplinghoff H , BischoffT, TallentSM, SeifertH, WenzelRP, EdmondMB: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in hospitals US: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study.Clin. Infect. Dis.39 , 309–317 (2004).
  • Zhao Y , ParkS, KreiswirthBN et al.: A rapid real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)-molecular beacons platform to detect fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.47(7) , 2067–2078 (2009).
  • Shin JH , NolteFS, MorrisonCJ: Rapid identification of Candida species in blood cultures by a clinically useful PCR method.J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 1454–1459 (1997).
  • Loeffler J , DornC, HebartH, CoxP, MaggaS, EinseleH: Development and evaluation of the nuclisens basic kit NASBA for the detection of RNA from Candida species frequently resistant to antifungal drugs.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.45 , 217–220 (2003).
  • Widjojoatmodjo MN , BorstA, SchukkinkRA et al.: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) detection of medically important Candida species.J. Microbiol. Methods38 , 81–90 (1999).
  • Grijalva M , HorvathR, DendisM, ErnyJ, BenedikJ: Molecular diagnosis of culture negative infective endocarditis: clinical validation in a group of surgically treated patients.Heart89 , 263–268 (2003).
  • Verweij PE , BrinkmanK, KremerHP, KullbergBJ, MeisJF: Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture-based microbiological methods and management.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1186–1189 (1999).
  • Hummel M , SpiessB, KentoucheK et al.: Detection of Aspergillus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with cerebral aspergillosis by a nested PCR assay.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 3989–3993 (2006).
  • Boudewijns M , VerweijPE, MelchersWJ: Molecular diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: the long and winding road.Future Microbiol.1 , 283–293 (2006).
  • Mengoli C , CrucianiM, BarnesRA, LoefflerJ, DonnellyJP: Use of PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet. Infect. Dis.9 , 89–96 (2009).
  • Ascioglu S , RexJH, de Pauw B et al.: Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin. Infect. Dis.34 , 7–14 (2002).
  • Rimek D , GargAP, KappeR, SonntagHG: Fungal nucleic acid detection for invasive aspergillosis.Mycoses41(Suppl. 2) , 65–68 (1998).
  • Suarez F , LortholaryO, BulandS et al.: Detection of circulating Aspergillus fumigatus DNA by real-time PCR assay of large serum volumes improves early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk adult patients under hematologic surveillance.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 3772–3777 (2008).
  • Raad I , HannaH, SumozaD, AlbitarM: Polymerase chain reaction on blood for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in cancer patients.Cancer94 , 1032–1036 (2002).
  • Buchheidt D , BaustC, SkladnyH et al.: Detection of Aspergillus species in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from immunocompromised patients by means of 2-step polymerase chain reaction: clinical results.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 428–435 (2001).
  • Kawazu M , KandaY, GoyamaS et al.: Rapid diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using bronchial lavage fluid.Am. J. Hematol.72 , 27–30 (2003).
  • Raad I , HannaH, HuaringaA, SumozaD, HachemR, AlbitarM: Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction-based detection of aspergillus in BAL.Chest121 , 1171–1176 (2002).
  • Halliday C , HoileR, SorrellT et al.: Role of prospective screening of blood for invasive aspergillosis by polymerase chain reaction in febrile neutropenic recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplants and patients with acute leukaemia.Br. J. Haematol.132 , 478–486 (2006).
  • Compton J : Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification.Nature350 , 91–92 (1991).
  • Loeffler J , HebartH, CoxP, FluesN, SchumacherU, EinseleH: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification of Aspergillus RNA in blood samples.J. Clin. Microbiol.39 , 1626–1629 (2001).
  • Yoo JH , ChoiJH, ChoiSM et al.: Application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for diagnosis of and monitoring the clinical course of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases.Clin. Infect. Dis.40 , 392–398 (2005).
  • Yoo JH , ChoiSM, LeeDG et al.: Comparison of the real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RTi-NASBA) with conventional NASBA, and galactomannan assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.J. Korean Med. Sci.22 , 672–676 (2007).
  • Yoo JH , ChoiSM, ChoiJH, KwonEY, ParkC, ShinWS: Construction of internal control for the quantitative assay of Aspergillus fumigatus using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.60 , 121–124 (2008).
  • Parida M , SannarangaiahS, DashPK, RaoPV, MoritaK: Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a new generation of innovative gene amplification technique; perspectives in clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases.Rev. Med. Virol.18 , 407–421 (2008).
  • Endo S , KomoriT, RicciG et al.: Detection of gp43 of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method.FEMS. Microbiol. Lett.234 , 93–97 (2004).
  • Nagamine K , HaseT, NotomiT: Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers.Mol. Cell. Probes16 , 223–229 (2002).
  • Inacio J , FloresO, Spencer-MartinsI: Efficient identification of clinically relevant Candida yeast species by use of an assay combining panfungal loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification with hybridization to species-specific oligonucleotide probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 713–720 (2008).
  • Uemura N , MakimuraK, OnozakiM et al.: Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosing Pneumocystis pneumonia.J. Med. Microbiol.57 , 50–57 (2008).
  • Tatibana BT , SanoA, UnoJ et al.: Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 gene in sputa by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.J. Clin. Lab. Anal.23 , 139–143 (2009).
  • Ohori A , EndoS, SanoA et al.: Rapid identification of Ochroconis gallopava by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method.Vet. Microbiol.114 , 359–365 (2006).
  • Demidov VV : Rolling-circle amplification (RCA). Encyclopedia of Diagnostic Genomics and Proteomics. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, USA (2004).
  • Zhou X , KongF, SorrellTC, WangH, DuanY, ChenSC: Practical method for detection and identification of Candida, Aspergillus, and Scedosporium spp. by use of rolling-circle amplification.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 2423–2427 (2008).
  • Kaocharoen S , WangB, TsuiKM, TrillesL, KongF, MeyerW: Hyperbranched rolling circle amplification as a rapid and sensitive method for species identification within the Cryptococcus species complex.Electrophoresis29 , 3183–3191 (2008).
  • Perry-O‘Keefe H , StenderH, BroomerA, OliveiraK, CoullJ, Hyldig-NielsenJJ: Filter-based PNA in situ hybridization for rapid detection, identification and enumeration of specific micro-organisms.J. Appl. Microbiol.90 , 180–189 (2001).
  • Perry-O‘Keefe H , Hyldig-NielsenJJ: Fluorescent PNA probes for in situ hybridisation bacterial identification. In: Environmental Molecular Microbiology: Protocols and Applications. Rochelle P (Ed.). Horizons Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK (2001).
  • Forrest GN : Early diagnosis of blood culture isolates in patients with candidemia using PNA FISH.Curr. Fungal Inf. Rep.2 , 221–226 (2008).
  • Nielsen PE , EgholmM, BuchardtO: Peptide nucleic acid (PNA). A DNA mimic with a peptide backbone.Bioconjug. Chem.5 , 3–7 (1994).
  • Egholm M , BuchardtO, ChristensenL et al.: PNA hybridizes to complementary oligonucleotides obeying the Watson–Crick hydrogen-bonding rules.Nature365 , 566–568 (1993).
  • Stender H , FiandacaM, Hyldig-NielsenJJ, CoullJ: PNA for rapid microbiology.J. Microbiol. Methods48 , 1–17 (2002).
  • Demidov VV , PotamanVN, Frank-KamenetskiiMD et al.: Stability of peptide nucleic acids in human serum and cellular extracts.Biochem. Pharmacol.48 , 1310–1313 (1994).
  • Stender H : FISH PNA: an intelligent stain for rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.3 , 649–655 (2003).
  • Wilson DA , JoyceMJ, HallLS et al.: Multicenter evaluation of a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for characterization of yeast isolates from blood cultures.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 2909–2912 (2005).
  • Jabra-Rizk MA , JohnsonJK, ForrestG, MankesK, MeillerTF, VeneziaRA: Prevalence of Candida dubliniensis fungemia at a large teaching hospital.Clin. Infect. Dis.41 , 1064–1067 (2005).
  • Tavanti A , HensgensLA, GhelardiE, CampaM, SenesiS: Genotyping of Candida orthopsilosis clinical isolates by amplification fragment length polymorphism reveals genetic diversity among independent isolates and strain maintenance within patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 1455–1462 (2007).
  • Alexander BD , AshleyED, RellerLB, ReedSD: Cost savings with implementation of PNA FISH testing for identification of Candida albicans in blood cultures.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.54 , 277–282 (2006).
  • Forrest GN , MankesK, Jabra-RizkMA et al.: Peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization-based identification of Candida albicans and its impact on mortality and antifungal therapy costs.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 3381–3383 (2006).
  • Chen S , SlavinM, NguyenQ et al.: Active surveillance for candidemia, Australia.Emerg. Infect. Dis.12 , 1508–1516 (2006).
  • Shepard JR , AddisonRM, AlexanderBD et al.: Multicenter evaluation of the Candida albicans/Candida glabrata peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization method for simultaneous dual-color identification of C. albicans and C. glabrata directly from blood culture bottles.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 50–55 (2008).
  • Della-Latta P , WhittakerS, WuF: Impact of rapid identification of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata directly from blood cultures using PNA FISH technology on selection of antifungal therapy. Presented at: 18th Annual European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Meeting. Barcelona, Spain, 19–22 April 2008 (Abstract P1382).
  • Shepard JR , MerzWG, GhernaM: Evaluation of yeast traffic light PNA FISH for detection of high prevalence Candida species. Presented at: 107th Annual American Society of Microbiology Meeting. Toronto, Canada, 21–25 May 2007.
  • Reller ME , MalloneeAB, KwiatkowskiNP, MerzWG: Use of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization for definitive, rapid identification of five common Candida species.J. Clin. Microbiol.45 , 3802–3803 (2007).
  • Trnovsky J , TilahunY, OliveiraK: Novel 1-hour PNA FISH flow assay for yeast identification. Presented at: 17th Focus on Fungal Infections. San Diego, CA, USA, 22–24 October 2007 (Abstract 20).
  • Alam FF , MustafaAS, KhanZU: Comparative evaluation of (1, 3)-β-L-glucan, mannan and anti-mannan antibodies, and Candida species-specific snPCR in patients with candidemia.BMC Infect. Dis.7 , 103 (2007).
  • Blair JE : Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplantation.Liver Transpl.12 , 31–39 (2006).
  • Fisher JF , TrincherRC, AgelJF et al.: Disseminated candidiasis: a comparison of two immunologic techniques in the diagnosis.Am. J. Med. Sci.290 , 135–142 (1985).
  • Sendid B , TabouretM, PoirotJL, MathieuD, FruitJ, PoulainD: New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1510–1517 (1999).
  • Yera H , SendidB, FrancoisN, CamusD, PoulainD: Contribution of serological tests and blood culture to the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.20 , 864–870 (2001).
  • Bauman DS , SmithCD: Comparison of immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.2 , 77–80 (1976).
  • Chai HC , TayST: Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans proteins in blood donors and HIV patients with active cryptococcosis.Mycoses52 , 166–170 (2009).
  • Garcia-Ruiz JC , del Carmen Arilla M, Regulez P, Quindos G, Alvarez A, Ponton J: Detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tubes for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 3284–3287 (1997).
  • Lain A , ElguezabalN, BrenaS et al.: Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the N-terminal fragment of Candida albicans hyphal wall protein 1.BMC Microbiol.7 , 35 (2007).
  • Manning-Zweerink M , MaloneyCS, MitchellTG, WestonH: Immunoblot analyses of Candida albicans-associated antigens and antibodies in human sera.J. Clin. Microbiol.23 , 46–52 (1986).
  • Mitsutake K , KohnoS, MiyazakiT, MiyazakiH, MaesakiS, KogaH: Detection of Candida enolase antibody in patients with candidiasis.J. Clin. Lab. Anal.8 , 207–210 (1994).
  • Philip A , OdabasiZ, MatiuzziG et al.: Syscan3, a kit for detection of anti-Candida antibodies for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4834–4835 (2005).
  • Price MF , LaRoccoMT, GentryLO: Fluconazole susceptibilities of Candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5-year period.Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother.38 , 1422–1424 (1994).
  • van Deventer AJ , van Vliet HJ, Hop WC, Goessens WH: Diagnostic value of anti-Candida enolase antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol.32 , 17–23 (1994).
  • de Repentigny L , ReissE: Current trends in immunodiagnosis of candidiasis and aspergillosis.Rev. Infect. Dis.6 , 301–312 (1984).
  • Wieden MA , GalgianiJN, PappagianisD: Comparison of immunodiffusion techniques with standard complement fixation assay for quantitation of coccidioidal antibodies.J. Clin. Microbiol.18 , 529–534 (1983).
  • Odds FC , EvansEG: Distribution of pathogenic yeasts and humoral antibodies to candida among hospital inpatients.J. Clin. Pathol.33 , 750–756 (1980).
  • Ponton J , JonesJM: Analysis of cell wall extracts of Candida albicans by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot techniques.Infect. Immun.53 , 565–572 (1986).
  • Piccolella E , LombardiG, MorelliR: Human lymphocyte-activating properties of a purified polysaccharide from Candida albicans: B and T cell cooperation in the mitogenic response.J. Immunol.125 , 2082–2088 (1980).
  • Wirz M , LombardiG, PuglieseO, MorelliR, PiccolellaE: A purified polysaccharide isolated from Candida albicans induces antibody response in vitro by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and discriminates between sera from normal and Candida albicans-infected individuals.Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.33 , 199–209 (1984).
  • Martinez JP , GilML, Lopez-RibotJL, ChaffinWL: Serologic response to cell wall mannoproteins and proteins of Candida albicans.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.11 , 121–141 (1998).
  • Mason AB , BrandtME, BuckleyHR: Enolase activity associated with a C. albicans cytoplasmic antigen.Yeast5(Spec No) , S231–S239 (1989).
  • Matthews RC , BurnieJP, TabaqchaliS: Immunoblot analysis of the serological response in systemic candidosis.Lancet2 , 1415–1418 (1984).
  • Zoller L , KramerI, KappeR, SonntagHG: Enzyme immunoassays for invasive Candida infections: reactivity of somatic antigens of Candida albicans.J. Clin. Microbiol.29 , 1860–1867 (1991).
  • Philip A , OdabasiZ, MatiuzziG et al.: Syscan3, a kit for detection of anti-Candida antibodies for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 4834–4835 (2005).
  • Villalba R , GonzalezAI, LinaresMJ, CasalM, TorresA: Detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tube as a possible aid in diagnosing systemic candidiasis in bone marrow transplant patients.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.12 , 347–349 (1993).
  • Young RC , BennettJE: Invasive aspergillosis. Absence of detectable antibody response.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.104 , 710–716 (1971).
  • Tomee JF , MannesGP, van der Bij W et al.: Serodiagnosis and monitoring of Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation. Ann. Intern. Med.125 , 197–201 (1996).
  • Elias C osta MR, Da Silva Lacaz C, Kawasaki M, De Camargo ZP: Conventional versus molecular diagnostic tests. Med. Mycol.38 , 139–145 (2000).
  • Wheat LJ : Antigen detection, serology, and molecular diagnosis of invasive mycoses in the immunocompromised host.Transpl. Infect. Dis.8 , 128–139 (2006).
  • Zancope-Oliveira RM , ReissE, LottTJ, MayerLW, DeepeGS Jr: Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of the M antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun.67 , 1947–1953 (1999).
  • Wheat J , FrenchML, KamelS, TewariRP: Evaluation of cross-reactions in Histoplasma capsulatum serologic tests.J. Clin. Microbiol.23 , 493–499 (1986).
  • Williams B , FojtasekM, Connolly-StringfieldP, WheatJ: Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection during an outbreak in Indianapolis, Ind.Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.118 , 1205–1208 (1994).
  • Tobon AM , AgudeloCA, RoseroDS et al.: Disseminated histoplasmosis: a comparative study between patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.73 , 576–582 (2005).
  • Torres M , DiazH, HerreraT, SadaE: Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent-assay and western blot for diagnosis of histoplasmosis.Rev. Invest. Clin.45 , 155–160 (1993).
  • Zancope-Oliveira RM , BraggSL, ReissE, WankeB, PeraltaJM: Effects of histoplasmin M antigen chemical and enzymatic deglycosylation on cross-reactivity in the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot method.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.1 , 390–393 (1994).
  • Zimmerman SE , FrenchML, KleimanMB, WheatLJ: Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses ferrous metal beads for determination of antihistoplasmal immunoglobulins G and M.J. Clin. Microbiol.28 , 59–64 (1990).
  • Pizzini CV , Zancope-OliveiraRM, ReissE, HajjehR, KaufmanL, PeraltaJM: Evaluation of a western blot test in an outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.6 , 20–23 (1999).
  • Sekhon AS , KaufmanL, KobayashiGS, MoledinaN, JalbertM, NotenboomRH: Comparative evaluation of the Premier enzyme immunoassay, micro-immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for the detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antibodies.Mycoses37 , 313–316 (1994).
  • Klein BS , KuritskyJN, ChappellWA et al.: Comparison of the enzyme immunoassay, immunodiffusion, and complement fixation tests in detecting antibody in human serum to the A antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.133 , 144–148 (1986).
  • Klein BS , VergerontJM, KaufmanL et al.: Serological tests for blastomycosis: assessments during a large point-source outbreak in Wisconsin.J. Infect. Dis.155 , 262–268 (1987).
  • Bradsher RW , PappasPG: Detection of specific antibodies in human blastomycosis by enzyme immunoassay.South. Med. J.88 , 1256–1259 (1995).
  • Sekhon AS , KaufmanL, KobayashiGS, MoledinaNH, JalbertM: The value of the Premier enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing Blastomyces dermatitidis infections.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.33 , 123–125 (1995).
  • Pappagianis D , ZimmerBL: Serology of coccidioidomycosis.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.3 , 247–268 (1990).
  • Bouza E , DreyerJS, HewittWL, MeyerRD: Coccidioidal meningitis. An analysis of thirty-one cases and review of the literature.Medicine (Baltimore)60 , 139–172 (1981).
  • Johnson RH , EinsteinHE: Coccidioidal meningitis.Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 103–107 (2006).
  • Kaufman L , SekhonAS, MoledinaN, JalbertM, PappagianisD: Comparative evaluation of commercial Premier EIA and microimmunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for Coccidioides immitis antibodies.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 618–619 (1995).
  • Zartarian M , PetersonEM, de la Maza LM: Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.107 , 148–153 (1997).
  • Martins TB , JaskowskiTD, MouritsenCL, HillHR: Comparison of commercially available enzyme immunoassay with traditional serological tests for detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 940–943 (1995).
  • Ampel NM : Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1.Clin. Infect. Dis.41 , 1174–1178 (2005).
  • Blair JE , LoganJL: Coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplantation.Clin. Infect. Dis.33 , 1536–1544 (2001).
  • Singh VR , SmithDK, LawerenceJ et al.: Coccidioidomycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: review of 91 cases at a single institution.Clin. Infect. Dis.23 , 563–568 (1996).
  • Woods CW , McRillC, PlikaytisBD et al.: Coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Arizona, 1994–1997: incidence, risk factors, and prevention.J. Infect. Dis.181 , 1428–1434 (2000).
  • Camargo ZP , TabordaCP, RodriguesEG, TravassosLR: The use of cell-free antigens of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in serological tests.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.29 , 31–38 (1991).
  • Albuquerque CF , da Silva SH, Camargo ZP: Improvement of the specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 1944–1946 (2005).
  • Puccia R , TravassosLR: 43-kilodalton glycoprotein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: immunochemical reactions with sera from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, or Jorge Lobo‘s disease.J. Clin. Microbiol.29 , 1610–1615 (1991).
  • Ortiz BL , DiezS, UranME et al.: Use of the 27-kilodalton recombinant protein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.5 , 826–830 (1998).
  • Restrepo A , MoncadaLH: Characterization of the precipitin bands detected in the immunodiffusion test for paracoccidioidomycosis.Appl. Microbiol.28 , 138–144 (1974).
  • Restrepo A : Report of activities of the committee on paracoccidioidomycosis serodiagnosis.ISHAM Mycoses Newsletter59 , 4 (1992).
  • Cao L , ChenDL, LeeC et al.: Detection of specific antibodies to an antigenic mannoprotein for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei penicilliosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 3028–3031 (1998).
  • Mitsutake K , MiyazakiT, TashiroT et al.: Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand-Tec antigen, and β-glucan in patients with candidemia.J. Clin. Microbiol.34 , 1918–1921 (1996).
  • Obayashi T , YoshidaM, MoriT et al.: Plasma (1-->3)-β-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes.Lancet345 , 17–20 (1995).
  • Odabasi Z , PaetznickVL, RodriguezJR, ChenE, McGinnisMR, Ostrosky-ZeichnerL: Differences in β-glucan levels in culture supernatants of a variety of fungi.Med. Mycol.44 , 267–272 (2006).
  • Hossain MA , MiyazakiT, MitsutakeK et al.: Comparison between Wako-WB003 and Fungitec G tests for detection of (1-->3)-β-D-glucan in systemic mycosis.J. Clin. Lab. Anal.11 , 73–77 (1997).
  • Odabasi Z , MattiuzziG, EsteyE et al.: β-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.Clin. Infect. Dis.39 , 199–205 (2004).
  • Hachem RY , KontoyiannisDP, ChemalyRF, JiangY, ReitzelR, RaadI: Utility of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and (1,3) β-D-glucan in diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: low sensitivity for Aspergillus fumigatus infection in hematologic malignancy patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.47 , 129–133 (2009).
  • Obayashi T , NegishiK, SuzukiT, FunataN: Reappraisal of the serum (1-->3)-β-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections – a study based on autopsy cases from 6 years.Clin. Infect. Dis.46 , 1864–1870 (2008).
  • Ostrosky-Zeichner L , AlexanderBD, KettDH et al.: Multicenter clinical evaluation of the1-->3) β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans.Clin. Infect. Dis.41 , 654–659 (2005).
  • Persat F , RanqueS, DerouinF, Michel-NguyenA, PicotS, SulahianA: Contribution of the 1-->3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.46 , 1009–1013 (2008).
  • Pickering JW , SantHW, BowlesCA, RobertsWL, WoodsGL: Evaluation of a (1->3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5957–5962 (2005).
  • Marty FM , KooS, BryarJ, BadenLR: (1->3) β-D-glucan assay positivity in patients with Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia.Ann. Intern. Med.147 , 70–72 (2007).
  • Ikemura K , IkegamiK, ShimazuT, YoshiokaT, SugimotoT: False-positive result in Limulus test caused by Limulus amebocyte lysate-reactive material in immunoglobulin products.J. Clin. Microbiol.27 , 1965–1968 (1989).
  • Kato A , TakitaT, FuruhashiM, TakahashiT, MaruyamaY, HishidaA: Elevation of blood 1-->3)-β-D-glucan concentrations in hemodialysis patients.Nephron89 , 15–19 (2001).
  • Nakao A , YasuiM, KawagoeT, TamuraH, TanakaS, TakagiH: False-positive endotoxemia derives from gauze glucan after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis.Hepatogastroenterology44 , 1413–1418 (1997).
  • Egan L , ConnollyP, WheatLJ et al.: Histoplasmosis as a cause for a positive Fungitell 1-->3)-β-D-glucan test.Med. Mycol.46 , 93–95 (2008).
  • Mennink-Kersten MA , WarrisA, VerweijPE: 1,3-β-D-glucan in patients receiving intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.N. Engl. J. Med.354 , 2834–2835 (2006).
  • Pickering JW , SantHW, BowlesCA, RobertsWL, WoodsGL: Evaluation of a (1->3)-β-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 5957–5962 (2005).
  • Kappe R , MullerJ: Rapid clearance of Candida albicans mannan antigens by liver and spleen in contrast to prolonged circulation of Cryptococcus neoformans antigens.J. Clin. Microbiol.29 , 1665–1669 (1991).
  • Rimek D , SinghJ, KappeR: Cross-reactivity of the PLATELIA CANDIDA antigen detection enzyme immunoassay with fungal antigen extracts.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 3395–3398 (2003).
  • Sendid B , JouaultT, CoudriauR et al.: Increased sensitivity of mannanemia detection tests by joint detection of α- and β-linked oligomannosides during experimental and human systemic candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 164–171 (2004).
  • Bailey JW , SadaE, BrassC, BennettJE: Diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by latex agglutination for serum antigen.J. Clin. Microbiol.21 , 749–752 (1985).
  • Fung JC , DontaST, TiltonRC: Candida detection system (CAND-TEC) to differentiate between Candida albicans colonization and disease.J. Clin. Microbiol.24 , 542–547 (1986).
  • Herent P , StynenD, HernandoF, FruitJ, PoulainD: Retrospective evaluation of two latex agglutination tests for detection of circulating antigens during invasive candidosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.30 , 2158–2164 (1992).
  • Gentry LO , WilkinsonID, LeaAS, PriceMF: Latex agglutination test for detection of Candida antigen in patients with disseminated disease.Eur J. Clin. Microbiol.2 , 122–128 (1983).
  • Phillips P , DowdA, JewessonP et al.: Nonvalue of antigen detection immunoassays for diagnosis of candidemia.J. Clin. Microbiol.28 , 2320–2326 (1990).
  • Walsh TJ , HathornJW, SobelJD et al.: Detection of circulating Candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis.N. Engl. J. Med.324 , 1026–1031 (1991).
  • Pfeiffer CD , FineJP, SafdarN: Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis.Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 1417–1427 (2006).
  • Boutboul F , AlbertiC, LeblancT et al.: Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: increasing antigenemia is associated with progressive disease.Clin. Infect. Dis.34 , 939–943 (2002).
  • Woods G , MiceliMH, GrazziuttiML, ZhaoW, BarlogieB, AnaissieE: Serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen values strongly correlate with outcome of invasive aspergillosis: a study of 56 patients with hematologic cancer.Cancer110 , 830–834 (2007).
  • Maertens J , BuveK, TheunissenK et al.: Galactomannan serves as a surrogate endpoint for outcome of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic hematology patients.Cancer115 , 355–362 (2009).
  • Francesconi A , KasaiM, PetraitieneR et al.: Characterization and comparison of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 2475–2480 (2006).
  • Ansorg R , Heintschel von Heinegg E, Rath PM: Aspergillus antigenuria compared with antigenemia in bone marrow transplant recipients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.13 , 582–589 (1994).
  • Viscoli C , MachettiM, GazzolaP et al.: Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of bone marrow transplant recipients with probable cerebral aspergillosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 1496–1499 (2002).
  • Andrews CP , WeinerMH: Aspergillus antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with invasive aspergillosis and aspergillomas.Am. J. Med.73 , 372–380 (1982).
  • Verweij PE , LatgeJP, RijsAJMM: Comparison of antigen detection and PCR assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in patients receiving treatment for haematological malignancies.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 3150–3153 (1995).
  • Salonen J , LehtonenOP, TerasjarviMR, NikoskelainenJ: Aspergillus antigen in serum, urine and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of neutropenic patients in relation to clinical outcome.Scand. J. Infect. Dis.32 , 485–490 (2000).
  • Seyfarth HJ , NenoffP, WinklerJ, KrahlR, HausteinUF, SchauerJ: Aspergillus detection in bronchoscopically acquired material. Significance and interpretation.Mycoses44 , 356–360 (2001).
  • Verweij PE , ErjavecZ, SluitersW et al.: Detection of antigen in sera of patients with invasive aspergillosis: intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. The Dutch Interuniversity Working Party for Invasive Mycoses.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 1612–1616 (1998).
  • Marr KA , BalajeeSA, McLaughlinL, TabouretM, BentsenC, WalshTJ: Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance.J. Infect. Dis.190 , 641–649 (2004).
  • Maertens J , TheunissenK, VerbekenE et al.: Prospective clinical evaluation of lower cut-offs for galactomannan detection in adult neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients.Br. J. Haematol.126 , 852–860 (2004).
  • Kawazu M , KandaY, NannyaY et al.: Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a 1-->3)-β-D-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological disorders.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2733–2741 (2004).
  • Maertens JA , KlontR, MassonC et al.: Optimization of the cutoff value for the Aspergillus double-sandwich enzyme immunoassay.Clin. Infect. Dis.44 , 1329–1336 (2007).
  • Aubry A , PorcherR, BotteroJ et al.: Occurrence and kinetics of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan test results following treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in patients with hematological disorders.J. Clin. Microbiol.44 , 389–394 (2006).
  • Adam O , AuperinA, WilquinF, BourhisJH, GachotB, ChachatyE: Treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam and false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigen test results for patients with hematological malignancies.Clin. Infect. Dis.38 , 917–920 (2004).
  • Stynen D , SarfatiJ, GorisA et al.: Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan.Infect. Immun.60 , 2237–2245 (1992).
  • Swanink CM , MeisJF, RijsAJ, DonnellyJP, VerweijPE: Specificity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Aspergillus galactomannan.J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 257–260 (1997).
  • Cummings JR , JamisonGR, BoudreauxJW, HowlesMJ, WalshTJ, HaydenRT: cross-reactivity of non-Aspergillus fungal species in the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.59 , 113–115 (2007).
  • Ansorg R , van den Boom R, Rath PM: Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in foods and antibiotics. Mycoses40 , 353–357 (1997).
  • Maertens J , Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, Boogaerts M: Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis.186 , 1297–1306 (2002).
  • Prevost E , NewellR: Commercial cryptococcal latex kit: clinical evaluation in a medical center hospital.J. Clin. Microbiol.8 , 529–533 (1978).
  • Stockman L , RobertsGD: Corrected version specificity of the latex test for cryptococcal antigen: a rapid, simple method for eliminating interference factors.J. Clin. Microbiol.17 , 945–947 (1983).
  • Currie BP , FreundlichLF, SotoMA, CasadevallA: False-negative cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal latex agglutination tests for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis.J. Clin. Microbiol.31 , 2519–2522 (1993).
  • McManus EJ , JonesJM: Detection of a Trichosporon beigelii antigen cross-reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide in serum from a patient with disseminated Trichosporon infection.J. Clin. Microbiol.21 , 681–685 (1985).
  • Saha DC , XessI, JainN: Evaluation of conventional and serological methods for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis.Indian J. Med. Res.127 , 483–488 (2008).
  • Gade W , HinnefeldSW, BabcockLS et al.: Comparison of the PREMIER cryptococcal antigen enzyme immunoassay and the latex agglutination assay for detection of cryptococcal antigens.J. Clin. Microbiol.29 , 1616–1619 (1991).
  • Frank UK , NishimuraSL, LiNC et al.: Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.J. Clin. Microbiol.31 , 97–101 (1993).
  • Babady NE , BestromJE, JespersenDJ et al.: Evaluation of three commercial latex agglutination kits and a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of cryptococcal antigen.Med. Mycol.47 , 336–338 (2009).
  • Tanner DC , WeinsteinMP, FedorciwB, JohoKL, ThorpeJJ, RellerL: Comparison of commercial kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen.J. Clin. Microbiol.32 , 1680–1684 (1994).
  • Connolly P , DurkinM, LemonteA et al.: Rapid diagnosis of systemic and invasive mycoses.Clin. Micobiol. Newsletter29 , 1–6 (2007).
  • Wheat LJ , MusialCE, Jenny-AvitalE: Diagnosis and management of central nervous system histoplasmosis.Clin. Infect. Dis.40 , 844–852 (2005).
  • Hage CA , DavisTE, EganL et al.: Diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis and blastomycosis by detection of antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an improved second-generation enzyme-linked immunoassay.Respir. Med.101 , 43–47 (2007).
  • Wheat LJ , Connolly-StringfieldP, WilliamsB et al.: Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.145 , 1421–1424 (1992).
  • Connolly PA , DurkinMM, LemonteAM, HackettEJ, WheatLJ: Detection of histoplasma antigen by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay.Clin. Vaccine Immunol.14 , 1587–1591 (2007).
  • Cloud JL , BaumanSK, NearyBP, LudwigKG, AshwoodER: Performance characteristics of a polyclonal enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of Histoplasma antigen in human urine samples.Am. J. Clin. Pathol.128 , 18–22 (2007).
  • LeMonte A , EganL, ConnollyP, DurkinM, WheatLJ: Evaluation of the IMMY ALPHA Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of histoplasmosis marked by antigenuria.Clin. Vaccine Immunol.14 , 802–803 (2007).
  • Wheat J , WheatH, ConnollyP et al.: Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses.Clin. Infect. Dis.24 , 1169–1171 (1997).
  • Garner JA , KernodleD: False-positive Histoplasma antigen test in a patient with pulmonary blastomycosis.Clin. Infect. Dis.21 , 1054– (1995).
  • Wheat LJ , Connolly-StringfieldP, BlairR, ConnollyK, GarringerT, KatzBP: Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS: detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels.Ann. Intern. Med.115 , 936–941 (1991).
  • Durkin M , WittJ, LemonteA, WheatB, ConnollyP: Antigen assay with the potential to aid in diagnosis of blastomycosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 4873–4875 (2004).
  • Galgiani JN , DuggerKO, ItoJI, WiedenMA: Antigenemia in primary coccidioidomycosis.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.33 , 645–649 (1984).
  • Galgiani JN , GraceGM, LunderganLL: New serologic tests for early detection of coccidioidomycosis.J. Infect. Dis.163 , 671–674 (1991).
  • Weiner MH : Antigenemia detected in human coccidioidomycosis.J. Clin. Microbiol.18 , 136–142 (1983).
  • Soufleris AJ , KleinBS, CourtneyBT, ProctorME, JonesJM: Utility of anti-WI-1 serological testing in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in Wisconsin residents.Clin. Infect. Dis.19 , 87–92 (1994).
  • Durkin M , ConnollyP, KuberskiT et al.: Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with use of the Coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay.Clin. Infect. Dis.47 , E69–E73 (2008).
  • Gomez BL , FigueroaJI, HamiltonAJ et al.: Use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis: new strategies for detection of circulating antigens.J. Clin. Microbiol.35 , 3278–3283 (1997).
  • da Silva SH , Grosso Dde M, Lopes JD et al.: Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp70 circulating antigen and follow-up of patients undergoing antimycotic therapy. J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 4480–4486 (2004).
  • Marques da Silva SH , ColomboAL, BlottaMH, LopesJD, Queiroz-TellesF, Pires de Camargo Z: Detection of circulating gp43 antigen in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 3675–3680 (2003).
  • Salina MA , Shikanai-YasudaMA, MendesRP, BarravieraB, Mendes Giannini MJ: Detection of circulating Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen in urine of paracoccidioidomycosis patients before and during treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 1723–1728 (1998).
  • Marques da Silva SH , Queiroz-TellesF, ColomboAL, BlottaMH, LopesJD, Pires De Camargo Z: Monitoring gp43 antigenemia in paracoccidioidomycosis patients during therapy. J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2419–2424 (2004).
  • Camargo ZP , UnterkircherC, TravassosLR: Identification of antigenic polypeptides of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by immunoblotting.J. Med. Vet. Mycol.27 , 407–412 (1989).
  • Kaufman L , StandardPG, JalbertM, KantipongP, LimpakarnjanaratK, MastroTD: Diagnostic antigenemia tests for penicilliosis marneffei.J. Clin. Microbiol.34 , 2503–2505 (1996).
  • Chaiyaroj SC , ChawengkirttikulR, SirisinhaS, WatkinsP, SrinoulprasertY: Antigen detection assay for identification of Penicillium marneffei infection.J. Clin. Microbiol.41 , 432–434 (2003).
  • Desakorn V , SimpsonAJ, WuthiekanunV et al.: Development and evaluation of rapid urinary antigen detection tests for diagnosis of penicilliosis marneffei.J. Clin. Microbiol.40 , 3179–3183 (2002).
  • Desakorn V , SmithMD, WalshAL et al.: Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection by quantitation of urinary antigen by using an enzyme immunoassay.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 117–121 (1999).
  • Panichakul T , ChawengkirttikulR, ChaiyarojSC, SirisinhaS: Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection.Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.67 , 443–447 (2002).
  • Cao L , ChanKM, ChenD et al.: Detection of cell wall mannoprotein Mp1p in culture supernatants of Penicillium marneffei and in sera of penicilliosis patients.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 981–986 (1999).
  • Burnie JP , GolbangN, MatthewsRC: Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of disseminated candidiasis.Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.16 , 346–350 (1997).
  • Sandhu GS , KlineBC, StockmanL, RobertsGD: Molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections.J. Clin. Microbiol.33 , 2913–2919 (1995).
  • Evertsson U , MonsteinHJ, JohanssonAG: Detection and identification of fungi in blood using broad-range 28S rDNA PCR amplification and species-specific hybridisation.APMIS108 , 385–392 (2000).
  • Coignard C , HurstSF, BenjaminLE, BrandtME, WarnockDW, MorrisonCJ: Resolution of discrepant results for Candida species identification by using DNA probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 858–861 (2004).
  • Elie CM , LottTJ, ReissE, MorrisonCJ: Rapid identification of Candida species with species-specific DNA probes.J. Clin. Microbiol.36 , 3260–3265 (1998).
  • Ellepola AN , HurstSF, ElieCM, MorrisonCJ: Rapid and unequivocal differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from other Candida species using species-specific probes DNA: comparison with phenotypic identification methods.Oral Microbiol. Immunol.18 , 379–388 (2003).
  • Borst A , VerhoefJ, BoelE, FluitAC: Clinical evaluation of a NASBA-based assay for detection of Candida spp. in blood and blood cultures.Clin. Lab.48 , 487–492 (2002).
  • Bialek R , IbricevicA, AepinusC et al.: Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in tissue samples by a nested PCR assay.J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 2940–2942 (2000).
  • Gomes GM , CisalpinoPS, TabordaCP, de Camargo ZP: PCR for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.38 , 3478–3480 (2000).
  • Tang CM , HoldenDW, Aufauvre-BrownA, CohenJ: The detection of Aspergillus spp. by the polymerase chain reaction and its evaluation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.148 , 1313–1317 (1993).
  • Hinrikson HP , HurstSF, LottTJ, WarnockDW, MorrisonCJ: Assessment of ribosomal large-subunit D1-D2, internal transcribed spacer 1, and internal transcribed spacer 2 regions as targets for molecular identification of medically important Aspergillus species.J. Clin. Microbiol.43 , 2092–2103 (2005).
  • Einsele H , QuabeckK, MullerKD et al.: Prediction of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis from colonisation of lower respiratory tract before marrow transplantation.Lancet352 , 1443– (1998).
  • Ferns RB , FletcherH, BradleyS, MackinnonS, HuntC, TedderRS: The prospective evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the early detection of Aspergillus infection in patients with leukaemia or undergoing allograft treatment.Br. J. Haematol.119 , 720–725 (2002).
  • Lass-Florl C , GunsiliusE, GastlG et al.: Diagnosing invasive aspergillosis during antifungal therapy by PCR analysis of blood samples.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 4154–4157 (2004).
  • Buchheidt D , HummelM, SchleiermacherD et al.: Prospective clinical evaluation of a LightCycler-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay, a nested-PCR assay and a galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients.Br. J. Haematol.125 , 196–202 (2004).
  • Kawazu M , KandaY, NannyaY et al.: Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a 1-->3)-β-D-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological disorders.J. Clin. Microbiol.42 , 2733–2741 (2004).
  • Jordanides NE , AllanEK, McLintockLA et al.: A prospective study of real-time panfungal PCR for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in haemato-oncology patients.Bone Marrow Transplant.35 , 389–395 (2005).
  • White PL , LintonCJ, PerryMD, JohnsonEM, BarnesRA: The evolution and evaluation of a whole blood polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients in a routine clinical setting.Clin. Infect. Dis.42 , 479–486 (2006).
  • Cesaro S , StengheleC, CaloreE et al.: Assessment of the lightcycler PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in paediatric patients with onco-haematological diseases.Mycoses51 , 497–504 (2008).
  • Ouchterlony O : Antigen–antibody reactions in gels.Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand.26 , 507–515 (1949).
  • Cano LE , RestrepoA: Predictive value of serologic tests in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo29 , 276–283 (1987).
  • Dee TH : Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.J. Clin. Microbiol.2 , 482–485 (1975).
  • Wieden MA , GalgianiJN, PappagianisD: Comparison of immunodiffusion techniques with standard complement fixation assay for quantitation of coccidioidal antibodies.J. Clin. Microbiol.18 , 529–534 (1983).
  • Manning-Zweerink M , MaloneyCS, MitchellTG, WestonH: Immunoblot analyses of Candida albicans-associated antigens and antibodies in human sera.J. Clin. Microbiol.23 , 46–52 (1986).
  • Sendid B , TabouretM, PoirotJL, MathieuD, FruitJ, PoulainD: New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.J. Clin. Microbiol.37 , 1510–1517 (1999).
  • Zoller L , KramerI, KappeR, SonntagHG: Enzyme immunoassays for invasive Candida infections: reactivity of somatic antigens of Candida albicans.J. Clin. Microbiol.29 , 1860–1867 (1991).
  • Cummings JR , JamisonGR, BoudreauxJW, HowlesMJ, WalshTJ, HaydenRT: Cross-reactivity of non-Aspergillus fungal species in the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.59 , 113–115 (2007).
  • Maertens J , Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, Boogaerts M: Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis.186 , 1297–1306 (2002).
  • Kuberski T , MyersR, WheatLJ et al.: Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis by antigen detection using cross-reaction with a Histoplasma antigen.Clin. Infect. Dis.44 , e50–e54 (2007).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.