297
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current Molecular Methods in Epidemiological Typing of Acinetobacter Baumannii

, , , , &
Pages 1179-1194 | Published online: 18 Nov 2014

References

  • Eveillard M , KempfM , BelmonteO , PailhorièsH , Joly-GuillouM-L . Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections . Int. J. Infect. Dis.17 , e802 – e805 ( 2013 ).
  • Roca I , EspinalP , Vila-FarrésX , VilaJ . The Acinetobacter baumannii oxymoron: commensal hospital dweller turned pan-drug-resistant menace . Front. Microbiol.3 , 148 ( 2012 ).
  • Peleg AY , SeifertH , PatersonDL . Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen . Clin. Microbiol. Rev.21 ( 3 ), 538 ( 2008 ).
  • Karah N , SundsfjordA , TownerK , SamuelsenØ . Insights into the global molecular epidemiology of carbapenem non-susceptible clones of Acinetobacter baumannii . Drug Resist Updat.15 ( 4 ), 237 – 247 ( 2012 ).
  • Zarrilli R , PournarasS , GiannouliM , TsakrisA . Global evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages . Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents41 ( 1 ), 11 – 19 ( 2013 ).
  • Dijkshoorn L . Typing Acinetobacter strains: applications and methods . In : Acinetobacter Biology and Pathogenesis.Bergogne-BérézinE , FriedmanH , BendinelliM ( Eds ). Springer , NY, USA , 85 – 104 ( 2008 ).
  • Bertini A , PoirelL , MugnierPD , VillaL , NordmannP , CarattoliA . Characterization and PCR-based replicon typing of resistance plasmids in Acinetobacter baumannii . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54 ( 10 ), 4168 – 4177 ( 2010 ).
  • Grundmann H , TownerK , DijkshoornLet al. Multicenter study using standardized protocols and reagents for evaluation of reproducibility of PCR-based fingerprinting of Acinetobacter spp . J. Clin. Microbiol.35 ( 12 ), 3071 – 3077 ( 1997 ).
  • Reboli AC , HoustonED , MonteforteJS , WoodC , HamillRJ . Discrimination of epidemic and sporadic isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii by repetitive element PCR-mediated DNA fingerprinting . J. Clin. Microbiol.32 ( 11 ), 2635 – 2640 ( 1994 ).
  • Higgins PG , DammhaynC , HackelM , SeifertH . Global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.65 ( 2 ), 233 – 238 ( 2010 ).
  • Nemec A , DijkshoornL , van der ReijdenTJK . Long-term predominance of two pan-European clones among multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in the Czech Republic . J. Med. Microbiol.53 ( 2 ), 147 ( 2004 ).
  • Dijkshoorn L , AuckenH , Gerner-SmidtPet al. Comparison of outbreak and nonoutbreak Acinetobacter baumannii strains by genotypic and phenotypic methods . J. Clin. Microbiol.34 ( 6 ), 1519 – 25 ( 1996 ).
  • Seifert H , DolzaniL , BressanRet al. Standardization and interlaboratory reproducibility assessment of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-generated fingerprints of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Clin. Microbiol.43 ( 9 ), 4328 – 4335 ( 2005 ).
  • Pourcel C , MinandriF , HauckYet al. Identification of variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) sequences in Acinetobacter baumannii and interlaboratory validation of an optimized multiple-locus VNTR analysis typing scheme . J. Clin. Microbiol.49 ( 2 ), 539 – 548 ( 2011 ).
  • Turton J , MatosJ , KaufmannM , PittT . Variable number tandem repeat loci providing discrimination within widespread genotypes of Acinetobacter baumannii . Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.28 ( 5 ), 499 – 507 ( 2009 ).
  • Hauck Y , SolerC , JaultPet al. Diversity of Acinetobacter baumannii in four French military hospitals, as assessed by Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis . PLoS ONE7 ( 9 ), e44597 ( 2012 ).
  • Hu Y , LiB , JinDet al. Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii in China: comparison with PFGE typing . J. Clin. Microbiol.51 ( 4 ), 1263 – 1268 ( 2013 ).
  • Villalón P , ValdezateS , Medina-PascualMJ , RubioV , VindelA , Saez-NietoJA . Clonal diversity of nosocomial epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated in Spain . J. Clin. Microbiol.49 ( 3 ), 875 – 882 ( 2011 ).
  • Huys G , CnockaertM , NemecA , SwingsJ . Sequence-based typing of adeB as a potential tool to identify intraspecific groups among clinical strains of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Clin. Microbiol.43 ( 10 ), 5327 – 5331 ( 2005 ).
  • La Scola B , GundiVAKB , KhamisA , RaoultD . Sequencing of the rpoB gene and flanking spacers for molecular identification of Acinetobacter species . J. Clin. Microbiol.44 ( 3 ), 827 ( 2006 ).
  • Evans BA , HamoudaA , TownerKJ , AmyesSGB . OXA-51-like beta-lactamases and their association with particular epidemic lineages of Acinetobacter baumannii . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.14 ( 3 ), 268 – 275 ( 2008 ).
  • La Scola B , RaoultD . Acinetobacter baumannii in human body louse . Emerg. Infect. Dis.10 ( 9 ), 1671 – 1673 ( 2004 ).
  • Turton J , GabrielS , ValderreyC , KaufmannM , PittT . Use of sequence-based typing and multiplex PCR to identify clonal lineages of outbreak strains of Acinetobacter baumannii . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.13 ( 8 ), 807 – 815 ( 2007 ).
  • Diancourt L , PassetV , NemecA , DijkshoornL , BrisseS . The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool . PLoS ONE5 ( 4 ), e10034 ( 2010 ).
  • Bartual SG , SeifertH , HipplerC , LuzonMAD , WisplinghoffH , Rodríguez-ValeraF . Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for characterization of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Clin. Microbiol.43 ( 9 ), 4382 – 4390 ( 2005 ).
  • Ecker JA , MassireC , HallTAet al. Identification of Acinetobacter species and genotyping of Acinetobacter baumannii by multilocus PCR and mass spectrometry . J. Clin. Microbiol.44 ( 8 ), 2921 – 2932 ( 2006 ).
  • Lewis T , LomanN , BingleLet al. High-throughput whole-genome sequencing to dissect the epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a hospital outbreak . J. Hosp. Infect.75 ( 1 ), 37 – 41 ( 2010 ).
  • Snitkin ES , ZelaznyAM , MonteroCIet al. Genome-wide recombination drives diversification of epidemic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.108 ( 33 ), 13758 – 13763 ( 2011 ).
  • Wright MS , HaftDH , HarkinsDMet al. New insights into dissemination and variation of the health care-associated pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii from genomic analysis . mBio5 ( 1 ), e00963 – e00913 ( 2014 ).
  • Di Nocera PP , RoccoF , GiannouliM , TriassiM , ZarrilliR . Genome organization of epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii strains . BMC Microbiol.11 , 224 ( 2011 ).
  • Turton JF , KaufmannME , GloverJet al. Detection and typing of integrons in epidemic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii found in the United Kingdom . J. Clin. Microbiol.43 ( 7 ), 3074 – 3082 ( 2005 ).
  • Jin H , XuX , MiZ , MouY , LiuP . Drug-resistant gene based genotyping for Acinetobacter baumannii in tracing epidemiological events and for clinical treatment within nosocomial settings . Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)122 ( 3 ), 301 – 306 ( 2009 ).
  • Hamidian M , WynnM , HoltKE , PickardD , DouganG , HallRM . Identification of a marker for two lineages within the GC1 clone of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.69 ( 2 ), 557 – 8 ( 2014 ).
  • Nigro SJ , HallRM . Antibiotic resistance islands in A320 (RUH134), the reference strain for Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 2 . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.67 ( 2 ), 335 – 338 ( 2012 ).
  • Hu D , LiuB , DijkshoornL , WangL , ReevesPR . Diversity in the major polysaccharide antigen of Acinetobacter baumannii assessed by DNA sequencing, and development of a molecular serotyping scheme . PLoS ONE8 ( 7 ), e70329 ( 2013 ).
  • Turton JF , BaddalB , PerryC . Use of the accessory genome for characterization and typing of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Clin. Microbiol.49 ( 4 ), 1260 – 1266 ( 2011 ).
  • Pukall R . DNA fingerprinting techniques applied to the identification, taxonomy and community analysis of Prokaryotes . In : Molecular Identification, Systematics, and Population Structure of Prokaryotes.StackebrandtE ( Ed. ). Springer-Verlag , Berlin; Heidelberg; NY, USA , 51 – 71 ( 2006 ).
  • Chang K-M , HuangW-C , ChiouC-S , ShenG-H , HuangC-C , WenF-S . Suitable restriction enzyme for standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol and interlaboratory comparison of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect.46 ( 3 ), 195 – 201 ( 2013 ).
  • Turton J , KaufmannM , WarnerMet al. A prevalent, multiresistant clone of Acinetobacter baumannii in southeast England . J. Hosp. Infect.58 ( 3 ), 170 – 179 ( 2004 ).
  • Durmaz R , OtluB , KoksalFet al. The optimization of a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp . Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.62 ( 5 ), 372 – 377 ( 2009 ).
  • Adams-Haduch JM , OnuohaEO , BogdanovichTet al. Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Acinetobacter baumannii in the United States . J. Clin. Microbiol.49 ( 11 ), 3849 – 3854 ( 2011 ).
  • Gogou V , PournarasS , GiannouliMet al. Evolution of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal lineages: a 10 year study in Greece (2000–09) . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.66 ( 12 ), 2767 – 2772 ( 2011 ).
  • Park YS , LeeH , LeeKSet al. Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: risk factors for acquisition and prevalent OXA-type carbapenemases--a multicentre study . Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents36 ( 5 ), 430 – 435 ( 2010 ).
  • Liu PYF , WuWL . Use of different PCR-based DNA fingerprinting techniques and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate the epidemiology of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex . Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.29 ( 1 ), 19 – 28 ( 1997 ).
  • Lambiase A , PiazzaO , RossanoF , Del PezzoM , TufanoR , CataniaMR . Persistence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in an Italian intensive care unit during a forty-six month study period . New Microbiol.35 ( 2 ), 199 – 206 ( 2012 ).
  • Tenover FC , ArbeitRD , GoeringRVet al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing . J. Clin. Microbiol.33 ( 9 ), 2233 – 2239 ( 1995 ).
  • van Belkum A , TassiosP , DijkshoornLet al. Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.13 , 1 – 46 ( 2007 ).
  • Cetin ES , DurmazR , TetikT , OtluB , KayaS , ÇalişkanA . Epidemiologic characterization of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a Turkish university hospital by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis . Am. J. Infect. Control.37 ( 1 ), 56 – 64 ( 2009 ).
  • Runnegar N , SidjabatH , GohHMS , NimmoGR , SchembriMA , PatersonDL . Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a single institution over a 10-year period . J. Clin. Microbiol.48 ( 11 ), 4051 – 4056 ( 2010 ).
  • Grosso F , CarvalhoKR , QuinteiraSet al. OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter Baumannii : a new hotspot of diversity in Rio De Janeiro? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 ( 1 ), 62 – 65 ( 2011 ).
  • Mendes RE , BellJM , TurnidgeJD , CastanheiraM , JonesRN . Emergence and widespread dissemination of OXA-23, -24/40 and -58 carbapenemases among Acinetobacter spp. in Asia-Pacific Nations: Report from the SENTRY Surveillance Program . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.63 ( 1 ), 55 – 59 ( 2009 ).
  • Hamouda A , EvansBA , TownerKJ , AmyesSGB . Characterization of epidemiologically unrelated Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from four continents by use of multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and sequence-based typing of blaOXA-51-like genes . J. Clin. Microbiol.48 ( 7 ), 2476 – 2483 ( 2010 ).
  • Towner KJ , LeviK , VlassiadiM . Genetic diversity of carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.14 ( 2 ), 161 – 167 ( 2008 ).
  • Chang H-L , TangC-H , HsuY-Met al. Nosocomial outbreak of infection with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a medical center in Taiwan . Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.30 ( 1 ), 34 – 38 ( 2009 ).
  • Versalovic J , KoeuthT , LupskiJR . Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes . Nucleic Acids Res.19 ( 24 ), 6823 – 6831 ( 1991 ).
  • Bou G , CerveroG , DominguezM , QueredaC , Martinez-BeltranJ . PCR-based DNA fingerprinting (REP-PCR, AP-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis characterization of a nosocomial outbreak caused by imipenem- and meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.6 ( 12 ), 635 – 643 ( 2000 ).
  • Saeed S , FakihMG , RiedererK , ShahAR , KhatibR . Interinstitutional and intrainstitutional transmission of a strain of Acinetobacter baumannii detected by molecular analysis: comparison of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Repetitive Sequence–Based Polymerase Chain Reaction . Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.27 ( 9 ), 981 – 983 ( 2006 ).
  • Weisenberg SA , SchuetzAN , AlexanderEAet al. Endemic Acinetobacter baumannii in a New York hospital . PloS ONE6 ( 12 ), e28566 ( 2011 ).
  • Higgins PG , JanßenK , FresenMM , WisplinghoffH , SeifertH . Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream isolates obtained in the United States from 1995 to 2004 using rep-PCR and Multilocus Sequence Typing . J. Clin. Microbiol.50 ( 11 ), 3493 – 3500 ( 2012 ).
  • Decker BK , PerezF , HujerAMet al. Longitudinal analysis of the temporal evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Ohio, USA, by using rapid automated typing methods . PloS ONE7 ( 4 ), e33443 ( 2012 ).
  • Lindstedt B-A . Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis for genetic fingerprinting of pathogenic bacteria . Electrophoresis26 ( 13 ), 2567 – 2582 ( 2005 ).
  • Adams MD , ChanER , MolyneauxND , BonomoRA . Genomewide analysis of divergence of antibiotic resistance determinants in closely related isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54 ( 9 ), 3569 – 3577 ( 2010 ).
  • Adams MD , GoglinK , MolyneauxNet al. Comparative genome sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Bacteriol.190 ( 24 ), 8053 – 8064 ( 2008 ).
  • Sahl J , JohnsonJ , HarrisAet al. Genomic comparison of multi-drug resistant invasive and colonizing Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from diverse human body sites reveals genomic plasticity . BMC Genomics12 ( 1 ), 291 ( 2011 ).
  • Imperi F , AntunesLCS , BlomJet al. The genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii: insights into genome plasticity, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity . IUBMB Life63 ( 12 ), 1068 – 1074 ( 2011 ).
  • Poirel L , MenuteauO , AgoliN , CattoenC , NordmannP . Outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase VEB-1-producing isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a French hospital . J. Clin. Microbiol.41 ( 8 ), 3542 – 3547 ( 2003 ).
  • Naas T , CoignardB , CarbonneAet al. VEB-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii, France . Emerg. Infect. Dis.12 ( 8 ), 1214 – 1222 ( 2006 ).
  • Seifert H , SchulzeA , BaginskiR , PulvererG . Comparison of four different methods for epidemiologic typing of Acinetobacter baumannii . J. Clin. Microbiol.32 ( 7 ), 1816 – 1819 ( 1994 ).
  • Poirel L , NordmannP . Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.12 ( 9 ), 826 – 836 ( 2006 ).
  • van Dessel H , DijkshoornL , van Der ReijdenTet al. Identification of a new geographically widespread multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii clone from European hospitals . Res. Microbiol.155 ( 2 ), 105 – 112 ( 2004 ).
  • Severino P , BrisseS . Ribotyping in clinical microbiology . In : Medical Biomethods Handbook.WalkerJM , RapleyR ( Eds ). Humana Press , NY, US , 573 – 581 ( 2005 ).
  • Wisplinghoff H , SeifertH . Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter species . In : Acinetobacter Biology and Pathogenesis.Bergogne-BérézinE , FriedmanH , BendinelliM ( Eds ). Springer , NY, USA , 61 – 83 ( 2008 ).
  • Dijkshoorn L , NemecA . The diversity of the genus Acinetobacter . In : Acinetobacter Molecular Microbiology.GerischerU ( Ed. ). Caister Academic Press , Norfolk, UK , 1 – 34 ( 2008 ).
  • Metan G , SariguzelF , SumerkanB , van der ReijdenT , DijkshoornL . Clonal diversity and high prevalence of OXA-58 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from blood cultures in a tertiary care centre in Turkey . Infect. Genet. Evol.14 , 92 – 97 ( 2013 ).
  • Coyne S , CourvalinP , PérichonB . Efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter spp . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.55 ( 3 ), 947 – 953 ( 2011 ).
  • Ansaldi F , CanepaP , BassettiMet al. Sequential outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care units of a tertiary referral hospital in Italy: combined molecular approach for epidemiological investigation . J. Hosp. Infect.79 ( 2 ), 134 – 140 ( 2011 ).
  • Schuetz AN , HuardRC , EshooMWet al. Identification of a novel Acinetobacter baumannii clone in a US hospital outbreak by multilocus polymerase chain reaction/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry . Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.72 ( 1 ), 14 – 19 ( 2012 ).
  • Evans BA , AmyesSGB . OXA β-Lactamases . Clin. Microbiol. Rev.27 ( 2 ), 241 – 263 ( 2014 ).
  • Turton JF , WoodfordN , GloverJ , YardeS , KaufmannME , PittTL . Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii by detection of the blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase gene intrinsic to this species . J. Clin. Microbiol.44 ( 8 ), 2974 – 2976 ( 2006 ).
  • Zander E , NemecA , SeifertH , HigginsPG . Association between β-lactamase-encoding bla(OXA-51) variants and DiversiLab rep-PCR-based typing of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates . J. Clin. Microbiol.50 ( 6 ), 1900 – 1904 ( 2012 ).
  • Pournaras S , GogouV , GiannouliMet al. Single locus sequence-based typing of blaOXA-51-like gene for rapid classification of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates to international clones . J. Clin. Microbiol.52 ( 5 ), 1653 – 1657 ( 2014 ).
  • Krawczyk B , LewandowskiK , KurJ . Comparative studies of the Acinetobacter genus and the species identification method based on the recA sequences . Mol. Cell. Probes16 ( 1 ), 1 – 11 ( 2002 ).
  • Kempf M , AbdissaA , DiattaGet al. Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in human head and body lice from Ethiopia and identification of new genotypes . Int. J. Infect. Dis.16 ( 9 ), e680 – e683 ( 2012 ).
  • Giannouli M , TomasoneF , AgodiAet al. Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in intensive care units of multiple mediterranean hospitals . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.63 ( 4 ), 828 – 830 ( 2009 ).
  • Giannouli M , CuccurulloS , CrivaroVet al. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care hospital in Naples, Italy, shows the emergence of a novel epidemic clone . J. Clin. Microbiol.48 ( 4 ), 1223 – 1230 ( 2010 ).
  • Acinetobacter baumannii sequence typing home page . www.hpa-bioinformatics.org.uk/AB/home.php .
  • Karah N , HaldorsenB , HermansenNOet al. Emergence of OXA-carbapenemase- and 16S rRNA methylase-producing international clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in Norway . J. Med. Microbiol.60 ( Pt 4 ), 515 – 521 ( 2011 ).
  • Karah N , GiskeCG , SundsfjordA , SamuelsenØ . A diversity of OXA-carbapenemases and class 1 integrons among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Sweden belonging to different international clonal lineages . Microb. Drug Resist. Larchmt. N.17 ( 4 ), 545 – 549 ( 2011 ).
  • Bonnin RA , PoirelL , LickerM , NordmannP . Genetic diversity of carbapenem-hydrolysing β-lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii from Romanian hospitals . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.17 ( 10 ), 1524 – 1528 ( 2011 ).
  • Spratt BG . Exploring the concept of clonality in bacteria . In : Genomics, Proteomics, and Clinical Bacteriology.WoodfordN , JohnsonAP ( Eds ). Humana Press , NY, USA , 323 – 352 ( 2004 ).
  • Acinetobacter baumannii MLST databases . http://pubmlst.org/abaumannii .
  • Institut Pasteur MLST databases . www.pasteur.fr/mlst .
  • Park YK , JungS-I , ParkK-Het al. Independent emergence of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates from Korea . Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.64 ( 1 ), 43 – 51 ( 2009 ).
  • Grosso F , QuinteiraS , PeixeL . Understanding the dynamics of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lineages within Portugal . Clin. Microbiol. Infect.17 ( 8 ), 1275 – 1279 ( 2011 ).
  • Wolk DM , KaletaEJ , WysockiVH . PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: the potential to change infectious disease diagnostics in clinical and public health laboratories . J. Mol. Diagn. JMD14 ( 4 ), 295 – 304 ( 2012 ).
  • Perez F , EndimianiA , RayAJet al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae across a hospital system: impact of post-acute care facilities on dissemination . J. Antimicrob. Chemother.65 ( 8 ), 1807 – 1818 ( 2010 ).
  • Mencacci A , MonariC , LeliCet al. Typing of nosocomial outbreaks of Acinetobacter baumannii by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry . J. Clin. Microbiol.51 ( 2 ), 603 – 606 ( 2013 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.