Biological Imaging for Individualized Therapy in Radiation Oncology: Part II Medical and Clinical Aspects

References

• Weber WA , GrosuAL, CzerninJ. Technology insight: advances in molecular imaging and an appraisal of PET/CT scanning. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.5(3), 160–170 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J , ZhuangD-X, YaoC-Jet al. Metabolic approach for tumor delineation in glioma surgery: 3D MR spectroscopy image-guided resection. J. Neurosurgery124(6), 1585–1593 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ken S , VieillevigneL, FranceriesXet al. Integration method of 3D MR spectroscopy into treatment planning system for glioblastoma IMRT dose painting with integrated simultaneous boost. Radiat. Oncol.8(1), 1 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosu AL , MollsM, ZimmermannFBet al. High-precision radiation therapy with integrated biological imaging and tumor monitoring. Strahlentherapie Onkologie182(7), 361–368 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , PiertM, WeberWAet al. Positron emission tomography for radiation treatment planning. Strahlentherapie Onkologie181(8), 483–499 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , WeberWA. PET for radiation treatment planning of brain tumors. Radiother. Oncol.96(3), 325–327 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• la Fougere C , SuchorskaB, BartensteinP, KrethFW, TonnJC. Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: opportunities and limitations. Neuro-Oncol.13(8), 806–819 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber WA , WesterHJr, HerzMet al. O -(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)- l -tyrosine and l -[methyl- 11 C]methionine uptake in brain tumors: initial results of a comparative study. Eur. J. Nuclear Med. Mol. Imaging27(5), 542–549 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , AstnerST, RiedelEet al. An interindividual comparison of O-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET)– and L-[methyl-11C]methionine (MET)–PET in patients with brain gliomas and metastases. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.81(4), 1049–1058 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunet V , RossierC, BuckA, StuppR, PriorJO. Performance of 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET for the differential diagnosis of primary brain tumor: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J. Nuclear Med.53(2), 207–214 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu AL , WeberWA, RiedelEet al. L-(methyl-11C) methionine positron emission tomography for target delineation in resected high-grade gliomas before radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.63(1), 64–74 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu AL , WeberWA, FranzMet al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.63(2), 511–519 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehlke O , MixM, GrafEet al. Amino-acid PET versus MRI guided re-irradiation in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GLIAA) – protocol of a randomized Phase II trial (NOA 10/ARO 2013–1). BMC Cancer16(1), 769 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosu A-L , LachnerR, WiedenmannNet al. Validation of a method for automatic image fusion (BrainLAB System) of CT data and 11C-methionine-PET data for stereotactic radiotherapy using a LINAC: first clinical experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.56(5), 1450–1463 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , WeberWA, AstnerSTet al. 11C-methionine PET improves the target volume delineation of meningiomas treated with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.66(2), 339–344 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astner ST , Dobrei-CiuchendeaM, EsslerMet al. Effect of 11C-methionine-positron emission tomography on gross tumor volume delineation in stereotactic radiotherapy of skull base meningiomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.72(4), 1161–1167 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milker-Zabel S , HenzeM, ZabelAet al. Improved target volume definition in patients with intracranial meningiomas by correlation of CT, MRI and [68Ga]-DOTATOC PET for fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiation Oncol.63, S108–S109 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirix P , VandecaveyeV, De KeyzerF, StroobantsS, HermansR, NuytsS. Dose painting in radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: value of repeated functional imaging with 18F-FDG PET, 18F-fluoromisonidazole pet, diffusion-weighted MRI, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J. Nuclear Med.50(7), 1020–1027 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming IN , ManavakiR, BlowerPJet al. Imaging tumor hypoxia with positron emission tomography. Br. J. Cancer112(2), 238–250 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordsmark M , BentzenSM, RudatVet al. Prognostic value of tumor oxygenation in 397 head and neck tumors after primary radiation therapy. An international multi-center study. Radiother. Oncol.77(1), 18–24 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagel B , ReinartzP, DiMartinoEet al. pO2 polarography versus positron emission tomography ([18F] fluoromisonidazole, [18F]-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyglucose). Strahlentherapie Onkologie180(10), 616–622 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang KK , HarrisJ, WheelerRet al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.363(1), 24–35 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogowicz M , RiestererO, IkenbergKet al. Computed tomography radiomics predicts HPV status and local tumor control after definitive radiochemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.99(4), 921–928 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N , SchoderH, BeattieBet al. Strategy of using intratreatment hypoxia imaging to selectively and safely guide radiation dose de-escalation concurrent with chemotherapy for locoregionally advanced human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.96(1), 9–17 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne KFB , HaqJ, BrownJ, ConnorS. The role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis, lymph node staging and assessment of treatment response of head and neck cancer. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg.44(1), 1–7 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandecaveye V , DirixP, De KeyzerFet al. Predictive value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging during chemoradiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. Radiol.20(7), 1703–1714 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoeny HC , De KeyzerF, KingAD. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the head and neck. Radiology263(1), 19–32 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehanna H , WongW-L, McConkeyCCet al. PET-CT surveillance versus neck dissection in advanced head and neck cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.374(15), 1444–1454 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedenmann NE , BucherS, HentschelMet al. Serial [18F]-fluoromisonidazole PET during radiochemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer and its correlation with outcome. Radiother. Oncol.117(1), 113–117 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zips D , ZöphelK, AbolmaaliNet al. Exploratory prospective trial of hypoxia-specific PET imaging during radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Radiother. Oncol.105(1), 21–28 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner M-I , WiedenmannN, BucherSet al. Exploratory geographical analysis of hypoxic subvolumes using 18F-MISO-PET imaging in patients with head and neck cancer in the course of primary chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol.108(3), 511–516 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , SouvatzoglouM, RöperBet al. Hypoxia imaging with FAZA-PET and theoretical considerations with regard to dose painting for individualization of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.69(2), 541–551 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorwarth D , SoukupM, AlberM. Dose painting with IMPT, helical tomotherapy and IMXT: a dosimetric comparison. Radiother. Oncol.86(1), 30–34 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn RT , BowenSR, BentzenSM, Rockwell MackieT, JerajR. Intensity-modulated x-ray (IMXT) versus proton (IMPT) therapy for theragnostic hypoxia-based dose painting. Phys. Med. Biol.53(15), 4153–4167 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinen E , SovikA, HristovD, BrulandOS, OlsenDR. Adapting radiotherapy to hypoxic tumors. Phys. Med. Biol.51(19), 4903–4921 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovik A , MalinenE, SkogmoHK, BentzenSM, BrulandOS, OlsenDR. Radiotherapy adapted to spatial and temporal variability in tumor hypoxia. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.68(5), 1496–1504 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorwarth D , EschmannSM, PaulsenF, AlberM. A kinetic model for dynamic [18F]-FMISO PET data to analyse tumor hypoxia. Phys. Med. Biol.50(10), 2209–2224 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacManus MP , HicksRJ, MatthewsJPet al. High rate of detection of unsuspected distant metastases by pet in apparent stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for radical radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.50(2), 287–293 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould MK , KuschnerWG, RydzakCEet al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Intern. Med.139(11), 879 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerfolio RJ , OjhaB, BryantAS, RaghuveerV, MountzJM, BartolucciAA. The accuracy of integrated PET-CT compared with dedicated pet alone for the staging of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(3), 1017–1023 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardinois D , WederW, HanyTFet al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N. Engl. J. Med.348(25), 2500–2507 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim SS , LeeKS, KimBTet al. Non-small cell lung cancer: prospective comparison of integrated FDG PET/CT and CT alone for preoperative staging. Radiology236(3), 1011–1019 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuaron J , DunphyM, RimnerA. Role of FDG-PET scans in staging, response assessment, and follow-up care for non-small cell lung cancer. Front. Oncol.2, 208 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belderbos JSA , HeemsbergenWD, De JaegerK, BaasP, LebesqueJV. Final results of a Phase I/II dose escalation trial in non-small-cell lung cancer using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.66(1), 126–134 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE clinical guideline: lung cancer: the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. April 2011. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG121/chapter/introduction.
   Google Scholar
• Nestle U , WalterK, SchmidtSet al. 18F-Deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for the planning of radiotherapy in lung cancer: high impact in patients with atelectasis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.44(3), 593–597 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruysscher D , WandersS, van HarenEet al. Selective mediastinal node irradiation based on FDG-PET scan data in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a prospective clinical study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.62(4), 988–994 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell CB , MahK, UngYCet al. Observer variation in contouring gross tumor volume in patients with poorly defined non-small-cell lung tumors on CT: the impact of 18 FDG-hybrid PET fusion. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.51(4), 923–931 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox JL , RenganR, O’MearaWet al. Does registration of PET and planning CT images decrease interobserver and intraobserver variation in delineating tumor volumes for non-small-cell lung cancer? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. 62(1), 70–75 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco C , RosenzweigK, CasciniGL, TamburriniO. Current status of PET/CT for tumor volume definition in radiotherapy treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer57(2), 125–134 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna GG , McAleeseJ, CarsonKJet al. 18F-FDG PET-CT simulation for non-small-cell lung cancer: effect in patients already staged by PET-CT. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.77(1), 24–30 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayne M , HicksRJ, EverittSet al. Reproducibility of ‘intelligent’ contouring of gross tumor volume in non-small-cell lung cancer on PET/CT images using a standardized visual method. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.77(4), 1151–1157 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestle U , KrempS, Schaefer-SchulerAet al. Comparison of different methods for delineation of 18F-FDG PET-positive tissue for target volume definition in radiotherapy of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J. Nucl. Med.46(8), 1342–1348 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner-Wasik M , NelsonAD, ChoiWet al. What is the best way to contour lung tumors on PET scans? Multiobserver validation of a gradient-based method using a NSCLC digital PET phantom. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.82(3), 1164–1171 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi H , El NaqaI. PET-guided delineation of radiation therapy treatment volumes: a survey of image segmentation techniques. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging37(11), 2165–2187 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacManus MP , HicksRJ. Where do we draw the line? Contouring tumors on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.71(1), 2–4 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacManus M , NestleU, RosenzweigKEet al. Use of PET and PET/CT for radiation therapy planning: IAEA expert report 2006–2007. Radiother. Oncol.91(1), 85–94 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll C , Duncker-RohrV, RückerGet al. Influence of experience and qualification on PET-based target volume delineation. Strahlentherapie Onkologie190(6), 555–562 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konert T , VogelW, MacManusMPet al. PET/CT imaging for target volume delineation in curative intent radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer: IAEA consensus report 2014. Radiother. Oncol.116(1), 27–34 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guckenberger M , AndratschkeN, DieckmannKet al. ESTRO ACROP consensus guideline on implementation and practice of stereotactic body radiotherapy for peripherally located early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother. Oncol.124(1), 11–17 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstegen NE , LagerwaardFJ, HaasbeekCJA, SlotmanBJ, SenanS. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy following a clinical diagnosis of stage I NSCLC: comparison with a contemporaneous cohort with pathologically proven disease. Radiother. Oncol.101(2), 250–254 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruysscher D , Faivre-FinnC, NestleUet al. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer recommendations for planning and delivery of high-dose, high-precision radiotherapy for lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.28(36), 5301–5310 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan J , KronT, SivaSet al. Geographic miss of lung tumors due to respiratory motion: a comparison of 3D vs 4D PET/CT defined target volumes. Radiat. Oncol. doi:10.1186/s13014-014-0291-6 (2014) ( Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirindel A , AdebahrS, SchusterDet al. Impact of 4D-18FDG-PET/CT imaging on target volume delineation in SBRT patients with central versus peripheral lung tumors. Multi-reader comparative study. Radiother. Oncol.115(3), 335–341 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindoni A , MinutoliF, PontorieroA, IatìG, BaldariS, PergolizziS. Usefulness of four dimensional (4D) PET/CT imaging in the evaluation of thoracic lesions and in radiotherapy planning: review of the literature. Lung Cancer96, 78–86 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner MK , ParkerJA, KolodnyGM, EnglishJR, PalmerMR. Respiratory gating enhances imaging of pulmonary nodules and measurement of tracer uptake in FDG PET/CT. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.193(6), 1640–1645 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolthaus JW , van HerkM, MullerSHet al. Fusion of respiration-correlated PET and CT scans: correlated lung tumor motion in anatomical and functional scans. Phys. Med. Biol.50(7), 1569–1583 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra L , MeregalliS, ZorzAet al. Comparative evaluation of CT-based and respiratory-gated PET/CT-based planning target volume (PTV) in the definition of radiation treatment planning in lung cancer: preliminary results. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging41(4), 702–710 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirindel A , AdebahrS, SchusterDet al. Impact of 4D-(18)FDG-PET/CT imaging on target volume delineation in SBRT patients with central versus peripheral lung tumors. Multi-reader comparative study. Radiother. Oncol.115(3), 335–341 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stereotactic Fractionated Radiotherapy (SR) in Patients with Medically Inoperable Small Lung Tumors: a Phase II Study (STRIPE I). DRKS00003658.). www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00003658.
   Google Scholar
• De Ruysscher D , WandersS, MinkenAet al. Effects of radiotherapy planning with a dedicated combined PET-CT-simulator of patients with non-small cell lung cancer on dose limiting normal tissues and radiation dose-escalation: a planning study. Radiother. Oncol.77(1), 5–10 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleckenstein J , HellwigD, KrempSet al. F-18-FDG-PET confined radiotherapy of locally advanced NSCLC with concomitant chemotherapy: results of the PET-PLAN pilot trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.81(4), e283–e289 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimek-Jasch T , KüstersA, HoffmannsH, NestleU. Optimierung der Strahlentherapieplanung bei lokal fortgeschrittenen NSCLC durch 18F-FDG PET-CT: stand der PET-plan-studie. Der Nuklearmediziner37(3), 175–180 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Nestle U , RischkeHC, EschmannSMet al. Improved inter-observer agreement of an expert review panel in an oncology treatment trial – insights from a structured interventional process. Eur. J. Cancer51(17), 2525–2533 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Elmpt W , De RuysscherD, van der SalmAet al. The PET-boost randomised Phase II dose-escalation trial in non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother. Oncol.104(1), 67–71 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebahr S , ColletteS, ShashEet al. LungTech, an EORTC Phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy for centrally located lung tumors: a clinical perspective. Br. J. Radiol.88(1051), 20150036 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambin P , Rios-VelazquezE, LeijenaarRet al. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur. J. Cancer48(4), 441–446 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerts HJ , VelazquezER, LeijenaarRTet al. Decoding tumor phenotype by noninvasive imaging using a quantitative radiomics approach. Nat. Commun.5, 4006 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich A , BellmuntJ, BollaMet al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised disease. Eur. Urol.59(1), 61–71 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barentsz JO , RichenbergJ, ClementsRet al. ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012. Eur. Radiol.22(4), 746–757 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffner MC , MosbrugerT, EsopiDMet al. Tracking the clonal origin of lethal prostate cancer. J. Clin. Invest.123(11), 4918–4922 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucar D , HricakH, Shukla-DaveAet al. Clinically significant prostate cancer local recurrence after radiation therapy occurs at the site of primary tumor: magnetic resonance imaging and step-section pathology evidence. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.69(1), 62–69 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lips IM , van der HeideUA, HaustermansKet al. Single blind randomized Phase III trial to investigate the benefit of a focal lesion ablative microboost in prostate cancer (FLAME-trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials12, 255 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman G , HaiderM, Van der HeideUA, MénardC. Boosting imaging defined dominant prostatic tumors: a systematic review. Radiother. Oncol.107(3), 274–281 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H . Prostate cancer: PET with 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-acetate, and 18F- or 11C-choline. J. Nucl. Med.52(1), 81–89 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JH , JoonDL, LeeSTet al. Histopathological correlation of 11C-choline PET scans for target volume definition in radical prostate radiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol.99(2), 187–192 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsad M , SchiavinaR, CastellucciPet al. Detection and localization of prostate cancer: correlation of (11)C-choline PET/CT with histopathologic step-section analysis. J. Nucl. Med.46(10), 1642–1649 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwee SA , CoelMN. Detection of synchronous primary breast and prostate cancer by F-18 fluorocholine PET/CT. Clin. Nucl. Med.35(2), 128–129 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JH , Lim JoonD, LeeSTet al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy dose painting for localized prostate cancer using 11C-choline positron emission tomography scans. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.83(5), e691–e696 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundschuh RA , WendlCM, WeirichGet al. Tumor volume delineation in prostate cancer assessed by [11C]choline PET/CT: validation with surgical specimens. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging40(6), 824–831 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu A-L , WeirichG, WendlCet al. 11C-choline PET/pathology image coregistration in primary localized prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging41(12), 2242–2248 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder M , NeelsO, MüllerMet al. Novel preclinical and radiopharmaceutical aspects of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC: a new PET tracer for imaging of prostate cancer. Pharmaceuticals7(7), 779–796 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Mhawech-Fauceglia P , ZhangS, TerraccianoLet al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein expression in normal and neoplastic tissues and its sensitivity and specificity in prostate adenocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical study using mutiple tumor tissue microarray technique. Histopathology50(4), 472–483 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver DA , PellicerI, FairWR, HestonWD, Cordon-CardoC. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Clin. Cancer Res.3(1), 81–85 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyka T , OkamotoS, DahlbenderMet al. Comparison of bone scintigraphy and 68Ga-PSMA PET for skeletal staging in prostate cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging43(12), 2114–2121 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer T , GschwendJE, RauscherIet al. Diagnostic efficacy of 68gallium-PSMA positron emission tomography compared to conventional imaging for lymph node staging of 130 consecutive patients with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer. J. Urol.195(5), 1436–1443 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen PJ , EmmettL, HoBet al. Prospective evaluation of 68Gallium-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography for preoperative lymph node staging in prostate cancer. BJU Int.119(2), 209–215 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiber M , WeirichG, HolzapfelKet al. Simultaneous 68Ga-PSMA HBED-CC PET/MRI improves the localization of primary prostate cancer. Eur. Urol.70(5), 829–836 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee H , ThomasP, ShepherdBet al. Prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography may improve the diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in localized prostate cancer. J. Urol.196(4), 1261–1267 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboglou C , DrendelV, JilgCAet al. Comparison of 68Ga-HBED-CC PSMA-PET/CT and multiparametric MRI for gross tumor volume detection in patients with primary prostate cancer based on slice by slice comparison with histopathology. Theranostics7(1), 228–237 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboglou C , SchillerF, FechterTet al. 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT versus histopathology in primary localized prostate cancer: a voxel-wise comparison. Theranostics6(10), 1619–1628 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboglou C , SachpazidisI, KoubarKet al. Evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy dose painting for localized prostate cancer using 68Ga-HBED-CC PSMA-PET/CT: a planning study based on histopathology reference. Radiother. Oncol.123(3), 472–477 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Iturriaga A , CasqueroF, UrresolaAet al. Dose escalation to dominant intraprostatic lesions with MRI-transrectal ultrasound fusion high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. Prospective Phase II trial. Radiother. Oncol.119(1), 91–96 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkawa M , AttiehC, PirothMDet al. Dose-escalation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer – evaluation of the dose distribution with and without 18F-choline PET-CT detected simultaneous integrated boost. Radiother. Oncol.93(2), 213–219 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar-Oromieh A , Holland-LetzT, GieselFLet al. Diagnostic performance of (68)Ga-PSMA-11 (HBED-CC) PET/CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer: evaluation in 1007 patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging44(8), 1258–1268 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburg FA , PfisterD, HeidenreichAet al. Extent of disease in recurrent prostate cancer determined by [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT in relation to PSA levels, PSA doubling time and Gleason score. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging43(3), 397–403 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habl G , SauterK, SchillerKet al. (68) Ga-PSMA-PET for radiation treatment planning in prostate cancer recurrences after surgery: individualized medicine or new standard in salvage treatment. Prostate77(8), 920–927 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakespeare TP . Effect of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography on the decision-making of radiation oncologists. Radiat. Oncol.10, 233 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo N , CarinelliS, ColomboA, MariniC, RolloD, SessaC. Cervical cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol.23(Suppl. 7), vii27–vii32 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colombo N , PretiE, LandoniFet al. Endometrial cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol.22(Suppl. 6), vi35–vi39 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WJ K . National comprehensive cancer network clinical practice guidelines® in oncology (NCCN guidelines®) uterine neoplasms version 2.2016 (2016). www.NCCN.org.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz JK , BeriwalS, EsthappanJet al. Consensus statement for brachytherapy for the treatment of medically inoperable endometrial cancer. Brachytherapy14(5), 587–599 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecorelli S . Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet.105(2), 103–104 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Target Volume Definition in Radiation Oncology . GrosuA-L, NiederC ( Eds). Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany (2015).
   Google Scholar
• Antonsen SL , JensenLN, LoftAet al. MRI, PET/CT and ultrasound in the preoperative staging of endometrial cancer – a multicenter prospective comparative study. Gynecol. Oncol.128(2), 300–308 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husby JA , ReitanBC, BiermannMet al. Metabolic tumor volume on 18F-FDG PET/CT improves preoperative identification of high-risk endometrial carcinoma patients. J. Nucl. Med.56(8), 1191–1198 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crivellaro C , SignorelliM, GuerraLet al. Tailoring systematic lymphadenectomy in high-risk clinical early stage endometrial cancer: the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Gynecol. Oncol.130(2), 306–311 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorelli M , CrivellaroC, BudaAet al. Staging of high-risk endometrial cancer with PET/CT and sentinel lymph node mapping. Clin. Nucl. Med.40(10), 780–785 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin WC , HungYC, YehLS, KaoCH, YenRF, ShenYY. Usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to detect para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis in advanced cervical cancer with negative computed tomography findings. Gynecol. Oncol.89(1), 73–76 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loft A , BerthelsenAK, RoedHet al. The diagnostic value of PET/CT scanning in patients with cervical cancer: a prospective study. Gynecol. Oncol.106(1), 29–34 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt MJ , Ehritt-BraunC, VogelgesangDet al. Metastatic lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer: detection with MR imaging and FDG PET. Radiology218(3), 776–782 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose PG , AdlerLP, RodriguezM, FaulhaberPF, Abdul-KarimFW, MiraldiF. Positron emission tomography for evaluating para-aortic nodal metastasis in locally advanced cervical cancer before surgical staging: a surgicopathologic study. J. Clin. Oncol.17(1), 41 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman TJ , MannC, ZamoraJ, AppleyardTL, KhanK. Diagnostic accuracy of tests for lymph node status in primary cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can. Med. Assoc. J.178(7), 855–862 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sironi S , BudaA, PicchioMet al. Lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical early-stage cervical cancer: detection with integrated FDG PET/CT. Radiology238(1), 272–279 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh L-S , HungY-C, ShenY-Y, KaoC-H, LinC-C, LeeC-C. Detecting para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis by positron emission tomography of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in advanced cervical cancer with negative magnetic resonance imaging findings. Oncol. Rep.9(6), 1289–1292 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawara Y , EisbruchA, KosudaS, ReckerBE, KisonPV, WahlRL. Evaluation of FDG PET in patients with cervical cancer. J. Nucl. Med.40(7), 1125–1131 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havrilesky LJ , KulasingamSL, MatcharDB, MyersER. FDG-PET for management of cervical and ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol.97(1), 183–191 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vliet EPM , Heijenbrok-KalMH, HuninkMGM, KuipersEJ, SiersemaPD. Staging investigations for oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer98(3), 547–557 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Westreenen HL , WesterterpM, BossuytPMMet al. Systematic review of the staging performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in esophageal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.22(18), 3805–3812 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M , MarietteC, HaustermansK, CervantesA, ArnoldD. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol.24(Suppl. 6), vi51–vi56 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamede M , FakhriGE, Abreu-e-LimaP, GandlerW, NoséV, GerbaudoVH. Pre-operative estimation of esophageal tumor metabolic length in FDG-PET images with surgical pathology confirmation. Ann. Nucl. Med.21(10), 553–562 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W , FuX-L, ZhangY-Jet al. GTV spatial conformity between different delineation methods by 18FDG PET/CT and pathology in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.93(3), 441–446 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong X , YuJ, ZhangBet al. Using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to estimate the length of gross tumor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.73(1), 136–141 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondi V , BradleyK, MehtaMet al. Impact of hybrid fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography on radiotherapy planning in esophageal and non-small-cell lung cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.67(1), 187–195 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konski A , DossM, MilestoneBet al. The integration of 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography and endoscopic ultrasound in the treatment-planning process for esophageal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.61(4), 1123–1128 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs CT , BeukemaJC, PruimJet al. A systematic review on the role of FDG-PET/CT in tumor delineation and radiotherapy planning in patients with esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.97(2), 165–171 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs CT , BeukemaJC, WidderJet al. 18F-FLT-PET for detection of rectal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.98(3), 357–359 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs LMA , BuszDM, PaardekooperGMRMet al. Original article: impact of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on computed tomography defined target volumes in radiation treatment planning of esophageal cancer: reduction in geographic misses with equal inter-observer variability. Dis. Esophagus23(6), 493–501 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JM , PartridgeM, HawkinsM. The application of functional imaging techniques to personalise chemoradiotherapy in upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Clin. Oncol.26(9), 581–596 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moureau-Zabotto L , TouboulE, LerougeDet al. Impact of CT and 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography image fusion for conformal radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.63(2), 340–345 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs CT , SchreursLM, BuszDMet al. Consequences of additional use of PET information for target volume delineation and radiotherapy dose distribution for esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.93(3), 447–453 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs CT , BeukemaJC, PruimJet al. A systematic review on the role of FDG-PET/CT in tumor delineation and radiotherapy planning in patients with esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.97(2), 165–171 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muijs CT , BeukemaJC, WoutersenDet al. Clinical validation of FDG-PET/CT in the radiation treatment planning for patients with oesophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.113(2), 188–192 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han D , YuJ, YuYet al. Comparison of (18)F-fluorothymidine and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in delineating gross tumor volume by optimal threshold in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of thoracic esophagus. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.76(4), 1235–1241 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang DT , SchellenbergD, ShenJet al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Cancer115(3), 665–672 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellenberg D , GoodmanKA, LeeFet al. Gemcitabine chemotherapy and single-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.72(3), 678–686 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellenberg D , QuonA, MinnAYet al. 18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET Is prognostic of progression-free and overall survival in locally advanced pancreas cancer treated with stereotactic radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.77(5), 1420–1425 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JM , MukherjeeS, ChuK-Y, BrunnerTB, PartridgeM, HawkinsM. Challenges in using 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET-CT to define a biological radiotherapy boost volume in locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Radiat. Oncol.9(1), 146 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford EC , HermanJ, YorkeE, WahlRL. 18F-FDG PET/CT for image-guided and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. J. Nucl. Med.50(10), 1655–1665 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwynne S , MukherjeeS, WebsterRet al. Imaging for target volume delineation in rectal cancer radiotherapy – a systematic review. Clin. Oncol.24(1), 52–63 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill BD , SalernoG, ThomasK, TaitDM, BrownG. MR vs CT imaging: low rectal cancer tumor delineation for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Br. J. Radiol.82(978), 509–513 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu F , TangW, SunYet al. The value of diffusion kurtosis imaging in assessing pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in rectal cancer: a comparison with conventional diffusion-weighted imaging. Oncotarget8(43), 75597–75606 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson C , KoshyM, StaleyCet al. PET-CT fusion in radiation management of patients with anorectal tumors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.69(1), 155–162 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi MC , TurriL, SacchettiGet al. FDG-PET/CT imaging for staging and target volume delineation in preoperative conformal radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.70(5), 1423–1426 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwynne S , MukherjeeS, WebsterRet al. Imaging for target volume delineation in rectal cancer radiotherapy – a systematic review. Clin. Oncol.24(1), 52–63 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciernik IF , HuserM, BurgerC, DavisJB, SzekelyG. Automated functional image-guided radiation treatment planning for rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.62(3), 893–900 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijsen J , van den BogaardJ, JanssenMHMet al. FDG-PET provides the best correlation with the tumor specimen compared with MRI and CT in rectal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.98(2), 270–276 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels S , SlagmolenP, NuytsJet al. Biological image-guided radiotherapy in rectal cancer: challenges and pitfalls. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.75(3), 782–790 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel DA , ChangST, GoodmanKAet al. Impact of integrated PET/CT on variability of target volume delineation in rectal cancer. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat.6(1), 31–36 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels S , SlagmolenP, NuytsJet al. Biological image-guided radiotherapy in rectal cancer: is there a role for FMISO or FLT, next to FDG? Acta Oncol. 47(7), 1237–1248 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter SE , GrigsbyPW, SiegelBAet al. FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of anal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.65(3), 720–725 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen BT , JoonDL, KhooVet al. Assessing the impact of FDG-PET in the management of anal cancer. Radiother. Oncol.87(3), 376–382 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai SK , WelzelG, HermannB, WenzF, HaberkornU, DinterDJ. Can the radiation dose to CT-enlarged but FDG-PET-negative inguinal lymph nodes in anal cancer be reduced?Strahlentherapie Onkologie185(4), 254–259 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht M , HaustermansK. Clinical evidence on PET-CT for radiation therapy planning in gastro-intestinal tumors. Radiother. Oncol.96(3), 339–346 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corvera CU , BlumgartLH, AkhurstTet al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography influences management decisions in patients with biliary cancer. J. Am. Coll. Surg.206(1), 57–65 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y-J , YunM, LeeWJ, KimKS, LeeJD. Usefulness of 18 F-FDG PET in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging30(11), 1467–1472 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoyanova R , TakharM, TschudiYet al. Prostate cancer radiomics and the promise of radiogenomics. Transl. Cancer Res.5(4), 432–447 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang S , LehrerM, YangD, LeeJ, RaoA. Radiomics in glioblastoma: current status, challenges and potential opportunities. Transl. Cancer Res.5(4), 383–397 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies RJ , KinahanPE, HricakH. Radiomics: images are more than pictures, they are data. Radiology278(2), 563–577 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar