97
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Extension of lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer: seven questions and answers

ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 327-339 | Received 02 May 2021, Accepted 09 Feb 2023, Published online: 21 Mar 2023

References

  • Altorki N , KentM, FerraraCet al. Three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann. Surg.236(2), 177–183 (2002).
  • Akiyama H , TsurumaruM, UdagawaHet al. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of thoracic esophagus. Ann. Surg.220(3), 364–373 (1994).
  • Fujita H . History of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer and the future prospects for esophageal cancer surgery. Surg. Today45, 140–149 (2015).
  • Sannohe Y , HiratsukaR, DokiK. Lymph node metastases in cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Am. J. Surg.141, 216–218 (1981).
  • Skinner DB . En bloc resection for neoplasms of the esophagus and cardia. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.85(1), 59–71 (1983).
  • Migliore M , RasslD, CriscioneA. Longitudinal and circumferential resection margin in adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus and cardia. Future Oncol.10(5), 891–901 (2014).
  • Fumagalli U . Resective surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Results of a consensus conference held at the VIth World Congress of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus. Dis. Esophagus9, 30–38 (1996).
  • Siewert JR , FeithM, SteinHJ. Biologic and clinical variations of adenocarcinoma at esophago-gastric junction: relevance of a topographic–anatomic subclassification. J. Surg. Oncol.90, 139–146 (2005).
  • Feith M , SteinHJ, SiewertJR. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: surgical therapy based on 1602 consecutive resected patients. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am.15, 751–764 (2006).
  • Lagarde SM , CenseHA, HulscherJBet al. Prospective analysis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and lymph node metastasis in the proximal field of the chest. Br. J. Surg.92, 1404–1408 (2005).
  • D’Journo XB , DoddoliC, MicheletPet al. Transthoracic esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus: standard versus extended two-field mediastinal lymphadenectomy? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 27, 697–704 (2005).
  • Nishiwaki N , MatsudaT, MaedaNet al. Risk factor of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of Siewert type I and II esophagogastric junction carcinomas. Langenbecks Arch. Surg.405, 1101–1109 (2020).
  • Kurokawa Y , TakeuchiH, DokiYet al. Mapping of lymph node metastasis from esophagogastric junction tumors: a prospective nationwide multicenter study. Ann. Surg.274(1), 120–127 (2021).
  • Lerut T , NafteuxP, MoonsJet al. Three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophagealjunction in 174 R0 resections: impact on staging, disease-free survival, and outcome. A plea for adaptation of TNM classification in upper-half esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Surg.240, 962–974 (2004).
  • Orringer MB , MarshallB, ChangACet al. Two thousand transhiatal esophagectomies: changing trends, lessons learned. Ann. Surg.246, 363–372 (2007).
  • Ilson DH , KelsenDP. Combined modality therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Semin. Oncol.21, 493–507 (1994).
  • Kelsen DP , IlsonDH. Chemotherapy and combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer. Chest107, 224–232 (1995).
  • Lerut T , MoonsJ, FieuwsS. Extracapsular lymph node involvement in esophageal cancer and number of involved nodes. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.127, 1855–1856 (2004).
  • Chen J , WuS, ZhengXet al. Cervical lymph node metastasis classified as regional nodal staging in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical esophagectomy and three-field lymph node dissection. BMC Surg.14, 110 (2014).
  • Ye T , SunJ, ZhangYet al. Three-field or two-field resection for thoracic esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann. Thorac. Surg.96, 1933–1941 (2013).
  • Sasako M , McCullochP, KinoshitaTet al. New method to evaluate the therapeutic value of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Br. J. Surg.82, 346–351 (1995).
  • Udagawa H , UenoM, ShinoharaHet al. The importance of grouping of lymph node stations and rationale of three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol.106, 742–747 (2012).
  • Stiles BM , MirzaF, PortJlet al. Predictors of cervical and recurrent laryngeal lymph node metastases from esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg.90, 1805–1811 (2010).
  • Tachibana M , KinugasaS, YoshimuraHet al. Extended esophagectomy with 3-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer. Arch. Surg.138, 1383–1389 (2003).
  • Yasuda T , YanoM, MiyataHet al. Evaluation of dysphagia and diminished airway protection after three-field esophagectomy and a remedy. World J. Surg.37, 416–423 (2013).
  • Lerut T , MoonsJ, CoosemansWet al. Postoperative complications after transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction are correlated with early cancer recurrence: role of systematic grading of complications using the modified Clavien classification. Ann. Surg.250, 798–807 (2009).
  • Nafteux P , DurnezJ, MoonsJet al. Assessing the relationships between health-related quality of life and postoperative length of hospital stay after oesophagectomy for cancer of the oesophagus and the gastro-oesophageal junction. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.44, 525–533 (2013).
  • Ma GW , SituDR, MaQLet al. Three-field vs two-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. World. J. Gastroenterol.20(47), 18022–18030 (2014).
  • Migliore M , ChoongCK, LimEet al. A surgeon’s case volume of oesophagectomy for cancer strongly influences the operative mortality rate. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.32, 375–380 (2007).
  • Omloo JM , LagardeSM, HulscherJBet al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. Ann. Surg.246, 992–1000 (2007).
  • Hulscher JB , van LanschotJJ. Individualised surgical treatment of patients with an adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Dig. Surg.22, 130–134 (2005).
  • Yoshioka S , FujiwaraY, SugitaYet al. Real-time rapid reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis: clinical application for cervical lymph node dissection in esophageal cancers. Surgery132, 34–40 (2002).
  • Shiozaki H , YanoM, TsujinakaTet al. Lymph node metastasis along the recurrent nerve chain is an indication for cervical lymph node dissection in thoracic esophageal cancer. Dis. Esophagus14, 191–196 (2001).
  • Shan HB , ZhangR, LiYet al. Application of endobronchial ultrasonography for the preoperative detecting recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer. PLOS ONE10(9), 1–12 (2015).
  • Dresner S , WaymanJ, ShenfineJet al. Pattern of recurrence following subtotal oesophagectomy with two field lymphadenectomy. Br. J. Surg.87, 362–373 (2000).
  • Hulscher J , van SandickJW, TijssenJGet al. The recurrence pattern of esophageal carcinoma after transhiatal resection. J. Am. Coll. Surg.191, 143–148 (2000).
  • Kelsen DP , GinsbergR, PajakTFet al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.339, 1979–1984 (1998).
  • Hagen JA , PetersJH, DeMeesterTR. Superiority of extended en bloc esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the lower esophagus and cardia. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.106, 850–858 (1993).
  • Nishihira T , HirayamaK, MoriS. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am. J. Surg.175, 47–51 (1998).
  • Kato H , WatanabeH, TachimoriYet al. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg.51, 931–935 (1991).
  • Li B , ZhangY, MiaoLet al. Esophagectomy with three-field versus two-field lymphadenectomy for middle and lower thoracic esophageal cancer: long-term outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. J. Thorac. Oncol.16(2), 310–317 (2021).
  • Ando N , KatoH, IgakiHet al. A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907). Ann. Surg. Oncol.19, 68–74 (2012).
  • van Hagen P , HulshofMC, van LanschotJJet al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.366, 2074–2084 (2012).
  • Stiles BM , NasarA, MirzaFAet al. Worldwide Oesophageal Cancer Collaboration guidelines for lymphadenectomy predict survival following neoadjuvant therapy. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.42, 659–664 (2012).
  • Altorki NK , MiglioreM, SkinnerDB. Esophageal carcinoma with airway invasion: evolution and choices of therapy. Chest106(3), 742–745 (1994).
  • Migliore M , ChoongCK. Management of concomitant congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula and cancer of the oesophago-gastric junction in an adult. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.32(1), 169–170 (2007).
  • Koen Talsma A , ShapiroJ, LoomanCWet al. Lymph node retrieval during esophagectomy with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: prognostic and therapeutic impact on survival. Ann. Surg.260, 786–792 (2014).
  • Fabian T , FedericoJA. The impact of minimally invasive esophageal surgery. Surg. Clin. N. Am.97, 763–770 (2017).
  • Briez N , PiessenG, BonnetainFet al. Open versus laparoscopically-assisted oesophagectomy for cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled phase III trial – the MIRO trial. BMC Cancer11, 310 (2011).
  • Nuytens F , Dabakuyo-YonliTS, MeunierBet al. Five-year survival outcomes of hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy in esophageal cancer. Results of the MIRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg.156(4), 323–332 (2021).
  • Van der Sluis PC , RuurdaJP, vander Horst Set al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy versus open transthoracic esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer, a randomized controlled trial (ROBOT trial). Trials13, 230 (2012).
  • Migliore M . Which is the best approach for minimally invasive esophagectomy?Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.59(6), 1285–1286 (2021).
  • Fang W , IgakiH, TachimoriYet al. Three-field lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer in elderly patients over 70 years of age. Ann. Thorac. Surg.72, 867–871 (2001).
  • Koterazawa Y , OshikiriT, KitamuraYet al. Prophylactic cervical lymph node dissection in thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer increases postoperative complications and does not improve survival. Ann. Surg. Oncol.26, 2899–2904 (2019).
  • Giacopuzzi S , BencivengaM, WeindelmayerJet al. Western strategy for EGJ carcinoma. Gastric Cancer20(Suppl. 1), 60–68 (2017).
  • Fujita H Sueyoshi S , TanakaTet al. Three-field dissection for squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus. Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.8(6), 328–335 (2002).
  • Kikuchi H , TakeuchiH. Future perspectives of surgery for esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.24, 219–222 (2018).
  • Takeuchi H , KawakuboH, TakedaFet al. Sentinel node navigation surgery in early-stage esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.18, 306–313 (2012).
  • Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group on behalf of the West Midlands Research Collaborative . International variation in surgical practices in units performing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer: a unit survey from the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA). World J. Surg.43(11), 2874–2884 (2019).
  • Kamarajah SK , NepogodievD, BekeleAet al. Mortality from esophagectomy for esophageal cancer across low, middle, and high-income countries: an international cohort study. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.47(6), 1481–1488 (2021).
  • Kamarajah SK , EvansRPT, NepogodievDet al. The influence of anastomotic techniques on postoperative anastomotic complications: results of the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.164(3), 674–684.e5 (2022).
  • Oesophago-Gastric Anastomotic Audit (OGAA) Collaborative . Textbook outcome following oesophagectomy for cancer: international cohort study. Br. J. Surg.109(5), 439–449 (2022).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.