128
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The role of miRNAin prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosisand treatment response: a narrative review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 77-93 | Received 08 Sep 2022, Accepted 04 Jan 2023, Published online: 27 Jan 2023

References

  • Wang L , LuB, HeM, WangY, WangZ, DuL. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019. Front. Public Health10, 811044 (2022).
  • American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2022 (2022). www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2022.html
  • American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection (15/06). www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html#references
  • Carter HB , AlbertsenPC, BarryMJet al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA guideline. J. Urol.190(2), 419–426 (2013).
  • Bhavsar T , MccueP, BirbeR. Molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer: are we up to age?Semin. Oncol.40(3), 259–275 (2013).
  • Adhyam M ,GuptaAK. A review on the clinical utility of PSA in cancer prostate. Indian J. Surg. Oncol.3(2), 120–129 (2012).
  • Jones D , FriendC, DreherA, AllgarV, MacleodU. The diagnostic test accuracy of rectal examination for prostate cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients: a systematic review. BMC Fam. Pract.19(1), 79 (2018).
  • Bruinsma SM , BangmaCH, CarrollPRet al. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a narrative review of clinical guidelines. Nat. Rev. Urol. 13(3), 151–167 (2016).
  • Eastham JA , AuffenbergGB, BarocasDAet al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO guideline, part i: introduction, risk assessment, staging, and risk-based management. J. Urol.208(1), 10–18 (2022).
  • Lowrance WT , BreauRH, ChouRet al. Advanced prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part I. J. Urol.205(1), 14–21 (2021).
  • Briganti A , FossatiN, CattoJWFet al. Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: the European Association of Urology position in 2018. Eur. Urol.74(3), 357–368 (2018).
  • D’amico AV , WhittingtonR, MalkowiczSBet al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA280(11), 969–974 (1998).
  • Cooperberg MR , HiltonJF, CarrollPR. The CAPRA-S score: a straightforward tool for improved prediction of outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Cancer117(22), 5039–5046 (2011).
  • Mohler J , BahnsonRR, BostonBet al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.8(2), 162–200 (2010).
  • Bokhorst LP , LepistöI, KakehiYet al. Complications after prostate biopsies in men on active surveillance and its effects on receiving further biopsies in the Prostate cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) study. BJU Int.118(3), 366–371 (2016).
  • Yadav SS , StockertJA, HackertV, YadavKK, TewariAK. Intratumor heterogeneity in prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol.36(8), 349–360 (2018).
  • Dexheimer PJ , CochellaL. MicroRNAs: from mechanism to organism. Front. Cell Dev. Biol.8, 409 (2020).
  • O’brien J , HayderH, ZayedY, PengC. Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)9, 402 (2018).
  • Ben-Hamo R , EfroniS. MicroRNA regulation of molecular pathways as a generic mechanism and as a core disease phenotype. Oncotarget6(3), 1594–1604 (2015).
  • Macfarlane LA , MurphyPR. MicroRNA: biogenesis, function and role in cancer. Curr. Genomics11(7), 537–561 (2010).
  • Bartel DP . MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell116(2), 281–297 (2004).
  • Vasudevan S , TongY, SteitzJA. Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation. Science318(5858), 1931–1934 (2007).
  • Condrat CE , ThompsonDC, BarbuMGet al. miRNAs as biomarkers in disease: latest findings regarding their role in diagnosis and prognosis. Cells9(2), 276 (2020).
  • Alles J , FehlmannT, FischerUet al. An estimate of the total number of true human miRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res.47(7), 3353–3364 (2019).
  • Ludwig N , LeidingerP, BeckerKet al. Distribution of miRNA expression across human tissues. Nucleic Acids Res.44(8), 3865–3877 (2016).
  • Landgraf P , RusuM, SheridanRet al. A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing. Cell129(7), 1401–1414 (2007).
  • Callis TE , ChenJF, WangDZ. MicroRNAs in skeletal and cardiac muscle development. DNA Cell Biol.26(4), 219–225 (2007).
  • Bradner JE , HniszD, YoungRA. Transcriptional addiction in cancer. Cell168(4), 629–643 (2017).
  • Peng Y , CroceCM. The role of microRNAs in human cancer. Signal Transduct. Target Ther.1, 15004 (2016).
  • Svoronos AA , EngelmanDM, SlackFJ. OncomiR or tumor suppressor? The duplicity of microRNAs in cancer. Cancer Res.76(13), 3666–3670 (2016).
  • Zenner ML , BaumannB, NonnL. Oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs in prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res.10, 50–59 (2020).
  • Wang H , PengR, WangJ, QinZ, XueL. Circulating microRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers: the advantage and disadvantage. Clin. Epigenetics10, 59 (2018).
  • Lan H , LuH, WangX, JinH. MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in cancer: opportunities and challenges. Biomed. Res. Int.2015, 125094 (2015).
  • Saliminejad K , KhorramKhorshid HR, GhaffariSH. Why have microRNA biomarkers not been translated from bench to clinic?Future Oncol.15(8), 801–803 (2019).
  • Nik Mohamed Kamal N , ShahidanWNS. Non-exosomal and exosomal circulatory microRNAs: which are more valid as biomarkers?Front. Pharmacol.10, 1500 (2019).
  • Zhou X , WenW, ZhuJet al. A six-microRNA signature in plasma was identified as a potential biomarker in diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget8(21), 34468–34480 (2017).
  • Schitcu VH , RadulyL, NutuAet al. MicroRNA dysregulation in prostate cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers. Med.15, 177–193 (2022).
  • Shiina M , HashimotoY, KulkarniPet al. Role of miR-182/PDCD4 axis in aggressive behavior of prostate cancer in the African Americans. BMC Cancer21(1), 1028 (2021).
  • Byun YJ , PiaoXM, JeongPet al. Urinary microRNA-1913 to microRNA-3659 expression ratio as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Investig. Clin. Urol.62(3), 340–348 (2021).
  • Liu HP , LaiHM, GuoZ. Prostate cancer early diagnosis: circulating microRNA pairs potentially beyond single microRNAs upon 1231 serum samples. Brief Bioinform.22(3), bbaa111 (2021).
  • Fredsøe J , RasmussenAKI, LaursenEBet al. Independent validation of a diagnostic noninvasive 3-microRNA ratio model (uCaP) for prostate cancer in cell-free urine. Clin. Chem.65(4), 540–548 (2019).
  • Barceló M , CastellsM, BassasL, ViguésF, LarribaS. Semen miRNAs contained in exosomes as non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis. Sci. Rep.9(1), 13772 (2019).
  • Paunescu IA , BardanR, MarcuAet al. Biomarker potential of plasma microRNA-150-5p in prostate cancer. Medicina (Kaunas)55(9), 564 (2019).
  • Mello-Grand M , GregnaninI, SacchettoLet al. Circulating microRNAs combined with PSA for accurate and non-invasive prostate cancer detection. Carcinogenesis40(2), 246–253 (2019).
  • Urabe F , MatsuzakiJ, YamamotoYet al. Large-scale circulating microRNA profiling for the liquid biopsy of prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.25(10), 3016–3025 (2019).
  • Bidarra D , ConstâncioV, Barros-SilvaDet al. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and metastasis development prediction. Front. Oncol.9, 900 (2019).
  • Bhagirath D , YangTL, BucayNet al. microRNA-1246 is an exosomal biomarker for aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res.78(7), 1833–1844 (2018).
  • Paziewska A , MikulaM, DabrowskaMet al. Candidate diagnostic miRNAs that can detect cancer in prostate biopsy. Prostate78(3), 178–185 (2018).
  • Matin F , JeetV, MoyaLet al. A plasma biomarker panel of four microRNAs for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Sci. Rep.8(1), 6653 (2018).
  • Fredsøe J , RasmussenAKI, ThomsenARet al. Diagnostic and prognostic microRNA biomarkers for prostate cancer in cell-free urine. Eur. Urol. Focus4(6), 825–833 (2018).
  • Rodríguez M , Bajo-SantosC, HessvikNPet al. Identification of non-invasive miRNAs biomarkers for prostate cancer by deep sequencing analysis of urinary exosomes. Mol. Cancer16(1), 156 (2017).
  • Kim MY , ShinH, MoonHW, ParkYH, ParkJ, LeeJY. Urinary exosomal microRNA profiling in intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Sci. Rep.11(1), 7355 (2021).
  • Shin S , ParkYH, JungSHet al. Urinary exosome microRNA signatures as a noninvasive prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer. NPJ Genom. Med.6(1), 45 (2021).
  • Guo T , WangY, JiaJet al. The identification of plasma exosomal miR-423-3p as a potential predictive biomarker for prostate cancer castration-resistance development by plasma exosomal miRNA sequencing. Front. Cell Dev. Biol.8, 602493 (2020).
  • Zhao Z , WeickmannS, JungMet al. A novel predictor tool of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy based on a five-microRNA tissue signature. Cancers (Basel)11(10), 1603 (2019).
  • Strand SH , Bavafaye-HaghighiE, KristensenHet al. A novel combined miRNA and methylation marker panel (miMe) for prediction of prostate cancer outcome after radical prostatectomy. Int. J. Cancer145(12), 3445–3452 (2019).
  • Nam RK , BenatarT, WallisCJDet al. MicroRNA-139 is a predictor of prostate cancer recurrence and inhibits growth and migration of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and targeting IGF1R and AXL. Prostate79(12), 1422–1438 (2019).
  • Guan H , YouZ, WangCet al. MicroRNA-200a suppresses prostate cancer progression through BRD4/AR signaling pathway. Cancer Med.8(4), 1474–1485 (2019).
  • Fredsøe J , RasmussenAKI, MouritzenP, BorreM, ØrntoftT, SørensenKD. A five-microRNA model (pCaP) for predicting prostate cancer aggressiveness using cell-free urine. Int. J. Cancer145(9), 2558–2567 (2019).
  • Schmidt L , FredsøeJ, KristensenHet al. Training and validation of a novel 4-miRNA ratio model (MiCaP) for prediction of postoperative outcome in prostate cancer patients. Ann. Oncol.29(9), 2003–2009 (2018).
  • Liu RSC , Olkhov-MitselE, JeyapalaRet al. Assessment of serum microRNA biomarkers to predict reclassification of prostate cancer in patients on active surveillance. J. Urol.199(6), 1475–1481 (2018).
  • Nam RK , BenatarT, AmemiyaYet al. MicroRNA-652 induces NED in LNCaP and EMT in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget9(27), 19159–19176 (2018).
  • Daniunaite K , DubikaityteM, GibasPet al. Clinical significance of miRNA host gene promoter methylation in prostate cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet.26(13), 2451–2461 (2017).
  • Lin HM , MahonKL, SpielmanCet al. Phase 2 study of circulating microRNA biomarkers in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer116(8), 1002–1011 (2017).
  • Smith RA , AndrewsKS, BrooksDet al. Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J. Clin.68(4), 297–316 (2018).
  • Foj L , FerrerF, SerraMet al. Exosomal and non-exosomal urinary miRNAs in prostate cancer detection and prognosis. Prostate77(6), 573–583 (2017).
  • Porzycki P , CiszkowiczE, SemikM, TyrkaM. Combination of three miRNA (miR-141, miR-21, and miR-375) as potential diagnostic tool for prostate cancer recognition. Int. Urol. Nephrol.50(9), 1619–1626 (2018).
  • Rajendiran S , MajiS, HaddadAet al. MicroRNA-940 as a potential serum biomarker for prostate cancer. Front. Oncol.11, 628094 (2021).
  • Ghorbanmehr N , GharbiS, KorschingE, TavallaeiM, EinollahiB, MowlaSJ. miR-21-5p, miR-141-3p, and miR-205-5p levels in urine-promising biomarkers for the identification of prostate and bladder cancer. Prostate79(1), 88–95 (2019).
  • Xu Y , QinS, AnT, TangY, HuangY, ZhengL. MiR-145 detection in urinary extracellular vesicles increase diagnostic efficiency of prostate cancer based on hydrostatic filtration dialysis method. Prostate77(10), 1167–1175 (2017).
  • Bhagirath D , YangTL, AkotoT, PatelN, TabatabaiLZ, SainiS. MicroRNA-4287 is a novel tumor suppressor microRNA controlling epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Oncotarget11(51), 4681–4692 (2020).
  • Zhu C , HouX, ZhuJ, JiangC, WeiW. Expression of miR-30c and miR-29b in prostate cancer and its diagnostic significance. Oncol. Lett.16(3), 3140–3144 (2018).
  • Waseem M , AhmadMK, SerajuddinM, BhaskarV, SankhwarSN, MahdiAA. MicroRNA-183-5p: a new potential marker for prostate cancer. Indian J. Clin. Biochem.34(2), 207–212 (2019).
  • Bhagirath D , YangTL, TabatabaiZLet al. Role of a novel race-related tumor suppressor microRNA located in frequently deleted chromosomal locus 8p21 in prostate cancer progression. Carcinogenesis40(5), 633–642 (2019).
  • Ali R , ElTabbakh S, ElDelgawy W, KotbA, DesoukyMN. microRNA-141 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer in Egyptian population: pilot study. Afr. J. Urol.24(4), 347–352 (2018).
  • Ibrahim NH , AbdellateifMS, ThabetGet al. Combining PHI and miRNAs as biomarkers in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Clin. Lab.65(7), (2019).
  • Al-Kafaji G , SaidHM, AlamMA, AlNaieb ZT. Blood-based microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate localized prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and allow cancer-risk stratification. Oncol. Lett.16(1), 1357–1365 (2018).
  • Zhao Y , TangX, ZhaoY, YuY, LiuS. Diagnostic significance of microRNA-1255b-5p in prostate cancer patients and its effect on cancer cell function. Bioengineered12(2), 11451–11460 (2021).
  • Endzeliņš E , BergerA, MelneVet al. Detection of circulating miRNAs: comparative analysis of extracellular vesicle-incorporated miRNAs and cell-free miRNAs in whole plasma of prostate cancer patients. BMC Cancer17(1), 730 (2017).
  • Feng S , QianX, LiH, ZhangX. Combinations of elevated tissue miRNA-17-92 cluster expression and serum prostate-specific antigen as potential diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Oncol. Lett.14(6), 6943–6949 (2017).
  • Lazzeri M , HaeseA, AbrateAet al. Clinical performance of serum prostate-specific antigen isoform [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives, %p2PSA and the prostate health index (PHI), in men with a family history of prostate cancer: results from a multicentre European study, the PROMEtheuS project. BJU Int.112(3), 313–321 (2013).
  • Stav K , JudithS, MeraldH, LeiboviciD, LindnerA, ZismanA. Does prostate biopsy Gleason score accurately express the biologic features of prostate cancer?Urol. Oncol.25(5), 383–386 (2007).
  • Mohler JL , AntonarakisES, ArmstrongAJet al. Prostate Cancer, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw.17(5), 479–505 (2019).
  • Suer I , GuzelE, KaratasOF, CreightonCJ, IttmannM, OzenM. MicroRNAs as prognostic markers in prostate cancer. Prostate79(3), 265–271 (2019).
  • Bhagirath D , ListonM, PatelNet al. MicroRNA determinants of neuroendocrine differentiation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene39(49), 7209–7223 (2020).
  • Colden M , DarAA, SainiSet al. MicroRNA-466 inhibits tumor growth and bone metastasis in prostate cancer by direct regulation of osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2. Cell Death Dis.8(1), e2572 (2017).
  • Zhao F , VespriniD, LiuRSCet al. Combining urinary DNA methylation and cell-free microRNA biomarkers for improved monitoring of prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. Urol. Oncol.37(5), 297.e299–297.e217 (2019).
  • Valera VA , Parra-MedinaR, WalterBA, PintoP, MerinoMJ. microRNA expression profiling in young prostate cancer patients. J. Cancer11(14), 4106–4114 (2020).
  • Ruiz-Plazas X , Altuna-CoyA, Alves-SantiagoMet al. Liquid biopsy-based exo-oncomiRNAs can predict prostate cancer aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel)13(2), 250 (2021).
  • Peng P , ChenT, WangQet al. Decreased miR-218-5p levels as a serum biomarker in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Oncol. Res. Treat.42(4), 165–185 (2019).
  • Stoen MJ , AndersenS, RakaeeMet al. High expression of miR-17-5p in tumor epithelium is a predictor for poor prognosis for prostate cancer patients. Sci. Rep.11(1), 13864 (2021).
  • Wang G , ChengB, JiaR, TanB, LiuW. Altered expression of microRNA-92b-3p predicts survival outcomes of patients with prostate cancer and functions as an oncogene in tumor progression. Oncol. Lett.21(1), 4 (2021).
  • Liu J , QuanZ, GaoY, WuX, ZhengY. MicroRNA-199b-3p suppresses malignant proliferation by targeting phospholipase Cε and correlated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.576, 73–79 (2021).
  • Cai B , ChenW, PanYet al. Inhibition of microRNA-500 has anti-cancer effect through its conditional downstream target of TFPI in human prostate cancer. Prostate77(10), 1057–1065 (2017).
  • Wang C , TianS, ZhangDet al. Increased expression of microRNA-93 correlates with progression and prognosis of prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore)99(22), e18432 (2020).
  • Fu F , WanX, WangDet al. MicroRNA-19a acts as a prognostic marker and promotes prostate cancer progression via inhibiting VPS37A expression. Oncotarget9(2), 1931–1943 (2018).
  • Zhang R , LiF, WangY, YaoM, ChiC. Prognostic value of microRNA-20b expression level in patients with prostate cancer. Histol. Histopathol.35(8), 827–831 (2020).
  • Liu JB , YanYJ, ShiJet al. Upregulation of microRNA-191 can serve as an independent prognostic marker for poor survival in prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore)98(29), e16193 (2019).
  • Nam RK , WallisCJD, AmemiyaY, BenatarT, SethA. Identification of a novel microRNA panel associated with metastasis following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Anticancer Res.38(9), 5027–5034 (2018).
  • Richardsen E , AndersenS, Melbø-JørgensenCet al. MicroRNA 141 is associated to outcome and aggressive tumor characteristics in prostate cancer. Sci. Rep.9(1), 386 (2019).
  • Bucay N , BhagirathD, SekhonKet al. A novel microRNA regulator of prostate cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Differ.24(7), 1263–1274 (2017).
  • Wei W , LengJ, ShaoH, WangW. MiR-1, a potential predictive biomarker for recurrence in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Am. J. Med. Sci.353(4), 315–319 (2017).
  • Lin BB , LeiHQ, XiongHYet al. MicroRNA-regulated transcriptome analysis identifies four major subtypes with prognostic and therapeutic implications in prostate cancer. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J.19, 4941–4953 (2021).
  • Puca L , VlachostergiosPJ, BeltranH. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: emerging biology, models, and therapies. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med.9(2), 30593 (2019).
  • Yang X , JiangD, LiYet al. Which way to choose for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: a case report and literature review. Front. Oncol.11, 659442 (2021).
  • Cheng HH , PletsM, LiHet al. Circulating microRNAs and treatment response in the phase II SWOG S0925 study for patients with new metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Prostate78(2), 121–127 (2018).
  • Zedan AH , HansenTF, AssenholtJ, PleckaitisM, MadsenJS, OstherPJS. microRNA expression in tumour tissue and plasma in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Tumour Biol.40(5), 1010428318775864 (2018).
  • Zedan AH , HansenTF, AssenholtJ, MadsenJS, OstherPJS. Circulating miRNAs in localized/locally advanced prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Prostate79(4), 425–432 (2019).
  • Zedan AH , OstherPJS, AssenholtJ, MadsenJS, HansenTF. Circulating miR-141 and miR-375 are associated with treatment outcome in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Sci. Rep.10(1), 227 (2020).
  • Someya M , HoriM, GochoTet al. Prediction of acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary radiation toxicity in prostate cancer patients using lymphocyte microRNA. Jpn J. Clin. Oncol.48(2), 167–174 (2018).
  • Kopcalic K , PetrovicN, StanojkovicTPet al. Association between miR-21/146a/155 level changes and acute genitourinary radiotoxicity in prostate cancer patients: a pilot study. Pathol. Res. Pract.215(4), 626–631 (2019).
  • Wu G , WangJ, ChenG, ZhaoX. microRNA-204 modulates chemosensitivity and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by targeting zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1). Am. J. Transl. Res.9(8), 3599–3610 (2017).
  • Kok MG , HallianiA, MoerlandPD, MeijersJC, CreemersEE, Pinto-SietsmaSJ. Normalization panels for the reliable quantification of circulating microRNAs by RT-qPCR. FASEB J.29(9), 3853–3862 (2015).
  • Zedan AH , BlavnsfeldtSG, HansenTFet al. Heterogeneity of miRNA expression in localized prostate cancer with clinicopathological correlations. PLOS ONE12(6), e0179113 (2017).
  • Sauerbrei W , TaubeSE, McshaneLM, CavenaghMM, AltmanDG. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK): an abridged explanation and elaboration. J. Natl Cancer Inst.110(8), 803–811 (2018).
  • Lin Y , QiX, ChenJ, ShenB. Multivariate competing endogenous RNA network characterization for cancer microRNA biomarker discovery: a novel bioinformatics model with application to prostate cancer metastasis. Precis. Clin. Med.5(1), pbac001 (2022).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.