Plasma YKL-40: A Potential New Cancer Biomarker?

• Wong R , CunninghamD: Using predictive biomarkers to select patients with advanced colorectal cancer for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies.J. Clin. Oncol.26, 5668–5670 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson AJ Jr : Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.69, 89–95 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , WilliamsonMK, RiceJS, PricePA: Identification of proteins secreted by human osteoblastic cells in culture.J. Bone Miner. Res.7, 501–512 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakala BE , WhiteC, ReckliesAD: Human cartilage gp-39, a major secretory product of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a mammalian member of a chitinase protein family.J. Biol. Chem.268, 25803–25810 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackelton LM , MannDM, MillisAJT: Identification of a 38-kDa heparin-binding glycoprotein (gp38k) in differentiating vascular smooth muscle cells as a member of a group of proteins associated with tissue remodeling.J. Biol. Chem.270, 13076–13083 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehli M , KrauseSW, AndreesenR: Molecular characterization of the gene for human cartilage gp-39 (CHI3L1), a member of the chitinase protein family and marker for late stages of macrophage differentiation.Genomics43, 221–225 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey S , WeismanM, O’DellJet al.: Chondrex: new marker of joint disease.Clin. Chem.44, 509–516 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussink AP , SpeijerD, AertsJM, BootRG: Evolution of mammalian chitinase(-like) members of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases.Genetics177, 959–970 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funkhouser JD , AronsonNN: Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family.BMC Evol. Biol.7, 96 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaheer-ul-Haq, Dala P, AronsonNN, MaduraJD: Family 18 chitolectins: comparison of MGP40 and HUMGP39.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.359, 221–226 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty AK , SinghG, ParamasivamMet al.: Crystal structure of a novel regulatory 40 kDa mammary gland protein (MGP-40) secreted during involution.J. Biol. Chem.278, 14451–14460 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ceuninck F , GaufillierS, BonnaudA, SabatiniM, LesurC, PastoureauP: YKL-40 (cartilage gp-39) induces proliferative events in cultured chondrocytes and synoviocytes and increases glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.285, 926–931 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison BW , LederP: Neu and ras initiate murine mammary tumors that share genetic markers generally absent in c-myc and int-2-initiated tumors.Oncogene.9, 3417–3426 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick RB , MaticoRE, McNultyDE, StricklerJE, RosenbergM: An abundantly secreted glycoprotein from Drosophila melanogaster is related to mammalian secretory proteins produced in rheumatoid tissues and by activated macrophages.Gene153, 147–154 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura K , ShibataT, SagetO, PeelD, BryantPJ: A new family of growth factors produced by the fat body and active on Drosophila imaginal disc cells.Development126, 211–219 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badariotti F , KypriotouM, LelongCet al.: The phylogenetically conserved molluscan chitinase-like protein 1 (cg-clp1), homologue of human hc-gp39, stimulates proliferation and regulates synthesis of extracellular matrix components of mammalian chondrocytes.J. Biol. Chem.281, 29583–29596 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkema GH , BootGR, AuFLet al.: Chitotriosidase, a chitinase, and the 39-kDa human cartilage glycoprotein, a chitin-binding lectin, are homologues of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases secreted by human macrophages.Eur. J. Biochem.251, 504–509 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fusetti F , PijningT, KalkKH, BosE, DijkstraBW: Crystal structure and carbohydrate binding properties of the human cartilage glycoprotein-39.J. Biol. Chem.278, 37753–37760 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston DR , ReckliesAD, KrupaJC, van AaltenDMF: Structure and ligand-induced conformational change of the 39-kDa glycoprotein from human articular chondrocytes.J. Biol. Chem.278, 30206–30212 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrissat B , DaviesG: Structural and sequence-based classification of glycoside hydrolases.Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.7, 637–644 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehli M , NillerHH, AmmonCet al.: Transcriptional regulation of CHI3L1, a marker gene for late stages of macrophage differentiation.J. Biol. Chem.278, 44058–44067 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , H⊘yerPE, LarsenLA, PricePA, M⊘llgårdK: YKL-40 protein expression in the early developing human musculoskeletal system.J. Histochem. Cytochem.55, 1213–1228 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , M⊘llgårdK: YKL-40: common and distinct in cancer and autoimmunity, frequent in early development and abundant in human embryonic stem cells. In: International Symposium Honoring Prof. David Naor. Jerusalem, Israel, 2–3 September 2007 (Abstract 18).
   Google Scholar
• Ringsholt M , H⊘gdallEVS, JohansenJS, PricePA, ChristensenLH: YKL-40 protein expression in normal human tissues – an immunohistochemical study.J. Mol. Histol.38, 33–43 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junker N , JohansenJS, HansenLT, LundEL, KristjansenPEG: Regulation of YKL-40 expression during genotoxic or microenvironmental stress in human glioblastoma cells.Cancer Sci.96, 183–190 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saidi A , JaverzatS, BellahceneAet al.: Experimental anti-angiogenesis causes upregulation of genes associated with poor survival in glioblastoma.Int. J. Cancer122, 2187–2198 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krona A , AmanP, OrndalC, JosefssonA: Oncostatin M-induced genes in human astrocytomas.Int. J. Oncol.31, 1457–1463 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylin AK , RasmussenT, JohansenJSet al.: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and YKL-40 expression in malignant plasma cells.Eur. J. Hematol.77, 416–424 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick RB , EmeryJG, ConnorJR, DoddsR, LyskoPG, RosenbergM: Induction and expression of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 in rheumatoid inflammatory and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages.Exp. Cell Res.237, 46–54 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeckx KCM , BijlsmaS, De GroeneEMet al.: A combination of proteomics, principal component analysis and transcriptomics is a powerful tool for the identification of biomarkes for macrophage maturation in the U937 cell line.Proteomics4, 1014–1028 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y , PrasadM, LemonWJet al.: Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.98, 15044–15049 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal A , LashAE, AltschulSFet al.: A public database for gene expression in human cancers.Cancer Res.59, 5403–5407 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markert JM , FullerCM, GillespieGYet al.: Differential gene expression profiling in human brain tumors.Physiol. Genomics5, 21–33 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanwar MK , GilbertMR, HollandEC: Gene expression microarray analysis reveals YKL-40 to be a potential serum marker for malignant character in human glioma.Cancer Res.62, 4364–4368 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shostak K , LabunskyyV, DmitrenkoVet al.: HC gp-39 gene is upregulated in glioblastoma.Cancer Lett.198, 203–210 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colin C , BaezaN, BartoliCet al.: Identification of genes differentially expressed in glioblastoma versus pilocytic astrocytoma using suppression subtractive hybridization.Oncogene25, 2818–2829 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigro JM , MisraA, ZhangLet al.: Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression array profiles identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of glioblastoma.Cancer Res.65, 1678–1686 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips HS , KharbandaS, ChenRet al.: Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis.Cancer Cell9, 157–173 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroes RA , DawsonG, MoskalJR: Focused microarray analysis of glyco-gene expression in human glioblastomas.J. Neurochem.103, 14–24 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducray F , IdbaihA, de ReyniesAet al.: Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p19q codeletion have a proneural gene expression profile.Mol. Cancer7, 41 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat KP , PelloskiCE, ZhangYet al.: Selective repression of YKL-40 by NF-κB in glioma cell lines involves recruitment of histone deacetylase-1 and -2.FEBS Lett.582, 3193–3200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjögren H , Meis-KindblomJM, ÖrndalCet al.: Studies on the molecular pathogenesis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma-cytogenetic, molecular genetic, and cDNA microarray analyses.Am. J. Pathol.162, 781–792 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt CL , BetenskyRA, BrowerMA, BatchelorTT, LouisDN, Stemmer-RachamimowAO: YKL-40 is a differential diagnostic marker for histologic subtypes of high-grade gliomas.Clin. Cancer Res.11, 2258–2264 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelloski CE , MahajanA, MaorMet al.: YKL-40 expression is associated with poorer response to radiation and shorter overall survival in glioblastoma.Clin. Cancer Res.11, 3326–3334 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelloski CE , BallmanKV, FurthAFet al.: Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III status defines clinically distinct subtypes of glioblastoma.J. Clin. Oncol.25, 2288–2294 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau A , NuttCL, BetenskyRAet al.: Expression of oligodendroglial and astrocytic lineage markers in diffuse gliomas: use of YKL-40, ApoE, ASCL1, and NKX2–2.J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol.65, 1149–1156 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH , DasK, NoreenS, CoffmanF, HameedM: Prognostic implications of immunohistochemically detected YKL-40 expression in breast cancer.World J. Surg. Oncol.5, 17 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin W , ZhuW, SchlatterLet al.: Increased expression of the inflammatory protein YKL-40 in precancers of the breast.Int. J. Cancer121, 1536–1542 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roslind A , JohansenJS, JunkerNet al.: YKL-40 expression in benign and malignant lesions of the breast: a methodologic study.Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol.15, 371–381 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roslind A , KnoopAS, JensenMet al.: YKL-40 protein expression is not a prognostic marker in patients with primary breast cancer.Breast Cancer Res. Treat.112, 275–285 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau SH , ShamJST, XieDet al.: Clusterin plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis.Oncogene25, 1242–1250 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima N , KoopmannJ, SatoNet al.: Gene expression alterations in the non-neoplastic parenchyma adjacent to infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Mod. Pathol.18, 779–787 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junker N , JohansenJS, AndersenCB, KristjansenPEG: Expression of YKL-40 by peritumoral macrophages in human small cell lung cancer.Lung Cancer48, 223–231 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten D , BootsAMH, SteenbakkersPGAet al.: Human cartilage gp-39+, CD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood and synovium.Correlation with joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.43, 1233–1243 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volck B , JohansenJS, StoltenbergMet al.: Studies on YKL-40 in knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Involvement of YKL-40 in the joint pathology.Osteoarthr. Cartil.9, 203–214 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG , van AchterbergTAE, van AkenBEet al.: Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis. Chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.19, 687–694 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chupp GL , LeeCG, JarjourNet al.: A chitinase-like protein in the lung and circulation of patients with severe asthma.N. Engl. J. Med.357, 2016–2027 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , BaslundB, GarbarschCet al.: YKL-40 in giant cells and macrophages from patients with giant cell arteritis.Arthritis Rheum.42, 2624–2630 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , MilmanN, HansenM, GarbarschC, PricePA, GraudalN: Increased serum YKL-40 in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. A potential marker of disease activity?Respir. Med.99, 396–402 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volck B , PricePA, JohansenJSet al.: YKL-40, a mammalian member of the chitinase family, is a matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils.Proc. Assoc. Am. Phys.110, 351–360 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belge KU , DayyaniF, HoreltAet al.: The proinflammatory CD14+CD16+DR++ monocytes are a major source of TNF.J. Immunol.168, 3536–3542 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , M⊘llerS, PricePAet al.: Plasma YKL-40: a new potential marker of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis?Scand. J. Gastroenterol.32, 582–590 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , ChristoffersenP, M⊘llerSet al.: Serum YKL-40 is increased in patients with hepatic fibrosis.J. Hepatol.32, 911–920 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , OleeT, PricePA, HashimotoS, OchsRL, LotzM: Regulation of YKL-40 production by human articular chondrocytes.Arthritis Rheum.44, 826–837 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis AJT , HoyleM, ReichE, MannDM: Isolation and characterization of a Mr = 38,000 protein from differentiating smooth muscle cells.J. Biol. Chem.260, 3754–3761 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis AJT , HoyleM, KentL: In vitro expression of a 38,000 dalton heparin-binding glycoprotein by morphologically differentiated smooth muscle cells.J. Cell Physiol.127, 366–372 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinda KM , PonceL, KleinmanHK, ShackeltonLM, MillisAJT: Gp38k, a protein synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells, stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Exp. Cell Res.250, 168–173 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa KC , MillisAJT: gp38k (CHI3L1) is a novel adhesion and migration factor for vascular cells.Exp. Cell Res.287, 79–87 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyirkos P , GoldsEE: Human synovial cells secrete a 39 kDa protein similar to a bovine mammary protein expressed during the non-lactating period.Biochem. J.68, 265–268 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Dasuri K , AntonoviciM, ChenKet al.: The synovial proteome: analysis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes.Arthritis Res. Ther.6, R161–R168 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizoguchi E : Chitinase 3-like-1 exacerbates intestinal inflammation by enhancing bacterial adhesion and invasion in colonic epithelial cells.Gastroenterology130, 398–411 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruit A , GruttersJC, RuvenHJT, van MoorselCC, van den BoschJM: A CHI3L1 gene polymorphism is associated with serum levels of YKL-40, a novel sarcoidosis marker.Respir. Med.101, 1563–1571 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ober C , TanZ, SunYet al.: Effect of variation in CHI3L1 on serum YKL-40 level, risk of asthma, and lung function.N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1682–1691 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berres ML , PapenS, PauelsKet al.: A functional variation in CHI3L1 is associated with severity of liver fibrosis and YKL-40 serum levels in chronic hepatitis C infection.J. Hepatol.50, 370–376 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X , TangR, GaoBet al.: Functional variants in the promoter region of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) and susceptibility to schizophrenia.Am. J. Hum. Genet.80, 12–18 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang MS , MorrisDW, DonohoeGet al.: Chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) gene and schizophrenia: genetic association and a potential functional mechanism.Biol. Psychiatry64, 98–103 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisselier B , MarieY, El HallaniSet al.: No association of (-131C->G) variant of CHI3L1 gene with risk of glioblastoma and prognosis.J. Neurooncol.94(2), 169–172 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke CN , HolmkvistJ, J⊘rgensenTet al.: Variation in CHI3L1 in relation to Type 2 diabetes and related quantitative traits.PLoS ONE4, E5469 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS : Studies on serum YKL-40 as a biomarker in diseases with inflammation, tissue remodeling, fibrosis and cancer.Dan. Med. Bull.53, 172–209 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , JensenBV, RoslindA, NielsenD, PricePA: Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients?Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.15, 194–202 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , JensenBV, RoslindA, PricePA: Is YKL-40 a new therapeutic target in cancer?Expert Opin. Ther. Targets11, 219–234 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recklies AD , WhiteC, LingH: The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage 39 (HC-gp39) stimulates proliferation of human connective-tissue cells and activates both extracellular signal-regulated kinase-and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways.Biochem. J.365, 119–126 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recklies AD , LingH, WhiteC, BernierSM: Inflammatory cytokines induce production of CHI3L1 by articular chondrocytes.J. Biol. Chem.280, 41213–41221 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling H , ReckliesAD: The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoproein 39 inhibits cellular responses to the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha.Biochem. J.380, 651–659 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelloski CE , LinE, ZhangLet al.: Prognostic associations of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and akt pathways in glioblastoma.Clin. Cancer Res.12, 3935–3941 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junker N , JohansenJS, KristjansenPEG, PricePA: Monoclonal antibody therapy against YKL-40 delays growth in glioblastoma xenografts. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings (2007) (Abstract 4099).
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF : Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing.N. Engl. J. Med.315, 1650–1659 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F , MantovaniA: Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?Lancet357, 539–545 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F , CoussensLM: An inflammatory link.Nature431, 405–406 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F , CharlesKA, MantovaniA: Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease.Cancer Cell7, 211–217 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussens LM , WerbZ: Inflammation and cancer.Nature420, 860–867 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeClerck YA , MercurioAM, StackMSet al.: Proteases, extracellular matrix, and cancer.Am. J. Pathol.164, 1131–1139 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss SF , BlaserMJ: Mechanisms of disease: inflammation and the origins of cancer.Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.2, 90–97 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Visser KE , EichtenA, CoussensLM: Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development.Nat. Rev. Cancer6, 24–37 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlsty TD , CoussensLM: Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development.Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis.1, 119–150 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin WW , KarinM: A cytokine-mediated link between immunity, inflammation, and cancer.J. Clin. Invest.117, 1175–1183 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoire M , LieubeauB: The role of fibroblasts in tumor behavior.Cancer Met. Rev.14, 339–350 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissel MJ , RadiskyD: Putting tumours in context.Nat. Rev. Cancer1, 46–54 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny PA , BissellMJ: Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues.Int. J. Cancer107, 688–695 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dranoff G : Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy.Nat. Rev. Cancer.4, 11–22 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillen F , GriffioenAW: Tumour vascularization: sprouting angiogenesis and beyond.Cancer Metastasis Rev.26, 489–502 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause SW , RehliM, KreutzM, SchwarzfisherL, PaulauskiJD, AndreesenR: Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation.J. Leukocyte Biol.60, 540–545 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto S , SuzukiT, DongHY, YamazakiN, MatsushimaK: Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages.Blood94, 837–844 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T , HashimotoS, ToyodaNet al.: Comprehensive gene expression profile of LPS-stimulated human monocytes by SAGE.Blood96, 2584–2591 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benz K , BreitS, LukoschekM, MauH, RichterW: Molecular analysis of expansion, differentiation, and growth factor treatment of human chondrocytes identifies differentiation markers and growth-related genes.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.293, 284–292 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes DG , LiuG, CoimbraIB, Piera-VelazquezS, CrowlRM, JimenezSA: Assessment of the gene expression profile of differentiated and dedifferentiated human fetal chondrocytes by microarray analysis.Arthritis Rheum.46, 404–419 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imabayashi H , MoriT, GojoSet al.: Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis.Exp. Cell Res.288, 35–50 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques C , ReckliesAD, LevyA, BerenbaumF: HC-gp39 contributes to chondrocyte differentiation by inducing SOX9 and type II collagen expressions.Osteoarthr. Cartil.15, 138–146 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J , MamidiS, GratchevAet al.: Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway.Blood107, 3221–3228 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigg HF , WaitR, RowanAD, CawstonTE: The mammalian chitinase-like lectin, YKL-40, binds specifically to type I collagen fibril formation.J. Biol.Chem.281, 21082–21095 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer MF , KreilG: Cells expressing the DG42 gene from early Xenopus embryos synthesize hyaluronan.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 4543–4547 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semino CE , SpechtCA, RaimondiA, RobbinsPW: Homologs of the Xenopus developmental gene DG42 are present in zebrafish and mouse and are involved in the synthesis of Nod-like chitin oligosaccharides during early embryogenesis.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 4548–4553 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varki A : Does DG42 synthesize hyaluronan or chitin? A controversy about oligosaccharides in vertebrate development.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93, 4523–4525 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toole BP : Hyaluronan: from extracellular glue to pericellular cue.Nat. Rev. Cancer4, 528–539 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjeldstad K , KolsetSO: Decreasing the metastatic potential in cancers – targeting the heparan sulfate proteoglycans.Curr. Drug Targets6, 665–682 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheiden GFM , RijndersAWM, BosEet al.: Human cartilage glycoprotein-39 as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheum.40, 1115–1125 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cope AP , PatelSD, HallFet al.: T cell responses to a human cartilage autoantigen in the context of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and nonassociated HLA-DR4 alleles.Arthritis. Rheum.42, 1497–1507 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten LAB , Coenen de-RooCJJ, HelsenMMAet al.: Induction of tolerance with intranasal administration of human cartilage gp-39 in DBA/1 mice.Arthritis Rheum.43, 645–655 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vos K , MiltenburgAMM, van MeijgaardenKEet al.: Cellular immune response to human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39)-derived peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.Rheumatology39, 1326–1331 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil NS , HallFC, DroverSet al.: Autoantigenic HCgp39 epitopes are presented by the HLA-DM-dependent presentation pathway in human B cells.J. Immunol.166, 33–41 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh A , GenoveseM, BaughmanJet al.: Allele and antigen-specific treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind, placebo controlled Phase 1 trial.J. Rheumatol.30, 449–454 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbakkers PGA , BaetenD, RoversEet al.: Localization of MHC class II/human cartilage glycoprotein-39 complexes in synovia of rheumatoid arthritis patients using complex-specific monoclonal antibodies.J. Immunol.170, 5719–5727 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey BF : Exoskeletons and exhalation.N. Engl. J. Med.357, 2082–2084 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CG , HartlD, LeeGRet al.: Role of breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39)/chitinase 3-like-1 in Th2 and IL-13-induced tissue responses and apoptosis.J. Exp. Med.206, 1149–1166 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonneh-Barkay D , BisselSJ, WangGet al.: YKL-40, a marker of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, modulates the biological activity of basic fibroblast growth factor.Am. J. Pathol.173, 130–143 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolson DL : YKL-40: a candidate biomarker for simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis.Am. J. Pathol.173, 25–29 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizoguchi E , MizoguchiA: Is the sugar always sweet in intestinal inflammation?Immunol. Res.37, 47–60 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada M , ChenCC, ArihiroA, NagataniK, WatanabeT, MizoguchiE: Chitinase 3-like-1 enhances bacterial adhesion to colonic epithelial cells through the interaction with bacterial chitin-binding protein.Lab. Invest.88, 883–895 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA , de LemosJA: Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers.Circulation115, 949–952 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roslind A , JohansenJS: YKL-40: a novel marker shared by chronic inflammation and oncogenic transformation.Methods Mol. Biol.511, 159–184 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuepper M , BratkeK, VirchowJC: Chitinase-like protein and asthma.N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1073–1075 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard C , JohansenJS, BenfieldT, PricePA, LundgrenJD: YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with purulent meningitis.Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immun.9, 598–604 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kacira T , HanimogluH, KucurMet al.: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and serum YKL-40 levels are not associated with symptomatic vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.J. Clin. Neuroscience15, 1011–1016 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , HvolrisJ, HansenM, BackerV, LorenzenI, PricePA: Serum YKL-40 levels in healthy children and adults. Comparison with serum and synovial fluid levels of YKL-40 in patients with osteoarthritis or trauma of the knee joint.Br. J. Rheumatol.35, 553–559 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahaney MC , CzerwinskiSA, RogersJ: Genetic effects on serum levels of human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (YKL-40) in a pedigreed baboon model for age-related changes and pathology in bone.Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. (1998) (Abstract SA121).
   Google Scholar
• Register TC , CarlsonCS, AdamsMR: Serum YKL-40 is associated with osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates.Clin. Chem.47, 2159–2161 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H⊘gdall EVS , JohansenJS, KjaerSK, PricePA, BlaakjaerJ, H⊘gdallCK: Stability of YKL-40 concentration in blood samples.Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.60, 247–252 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , JensenHS, PricePA: A new biochemical marker for joint injury. Analysis of YKL-40 in serum and synovial fluid.Br. J. Rheumatol.32, 949–955 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen JS , LottenburgerT, NielsenHJet al.: Diurnal, weekly, and long-time variation in serum concentrations of YKL-40 in healthy subjects.Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.17, 2603–2608 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , BojesenSE, MylinAK, Frikke-SchmidtR, PricePA, NordestgaardBG: Elevated plasma YKL-40 predicts increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer and decreased survival after any cancer diagnosis in the general population.J. Clin. Oncology27, 572–578 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , PedersenAN, SchrollM, J⊘rgensenT, PedersenBK, BruunsgaardH: High serum YKL-40 level in a cohort of 80-years old is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality.Clin. Exp. Immunol.151, 260–266 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabay C , KushnerI: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation.N. Engl. J. Med.340, 448–454 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner I , RzewnickiD, SamolsD: What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify?Am. J. Med.119, 166, E17–E28 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordenbæk C , JohansenJS, JunkerP, BorregaardN, S⊘rensenO, PricePA: YKL-40, a matrix protein of specific granules in neutrophils, is elevated in serum of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization.J. Infect. Dis.180, 1722–1726 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronborg G , Østergaard, WeisNet al.: Serum level of YKL-40 is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and is associated with the outcome of the disease.Scand. J. Infect. Dis.34, 323–326 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , KrabbeK, M⊘llerK, PedersenBK: Circulating YKL-40 levels during human endotoxaemia.Clin. Exp. Immunol.140, 343–348 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , StoltenbergM, HansenMet al.: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity.Rheumatology38, 618–626 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , KirwanJR, PricePA, SharifM: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: relation to joint destruction.Scand. J. Rheumatol.30, 297–304 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey S , WhaleyJ, EberhardtK: The relationship between serum levels of YKL-40 and disease progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.Scand. J. Rheumatol.29, 391–393 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos K , SteenbakkersP, MiltenburgAMMet al.: Raised human cartilage glycoprotein-39 plasma levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.Ann. Rheum. Dis.59, 544–548 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combe B , DougadosM, GoupillePet al.: Prognostic factors for radiographic damage in early rheumatoid arthritis: a multiparameter prospective study.Arthritis Rheum.44, 1736–1743 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltomaa R , PaimelaL, HarveyS, HelveT, Leirisalo-RepoM: Increased level of YKL-40 in sera from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a new marker for disease activity.Rheumatol. Int.20, 192–196 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T , TsurumotoT: Serum YKL-40 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations between clinical and laboratory parameters.Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.19, 655–660 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen LS , ØstergaardM, BaslundBet al.: Plasma IL-6, plasma VEGF and serum YKL-40: relationship with disease activity and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab and methotrexate.Scand. J. Rheumatol.35, 489–491 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen LS , KlarlundM, Skj⊘dtHet al.: Biomarkers of inflammation in patients with unclassified polyarthritis and early rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to disease activity and radiographic outcome.J. Rheumatol.35, 1277–1287 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letuve S , KozhichA, AroucheNet al.: YKL-40 is elevated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activates alveolar macrophages.J. Immunol.181, 5167–5173 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagna GL , D’AngeloS, ValentiniG: Cross-sectional evaluation of YKL-40 serum concentrations in patients with systemic sclerosis. Relationship with clinical and serological aspects of disease.J. Rheumatol.30, 2147–2151 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordenbæk C , JohansenJS, HalbergPet al.: High serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with systemic sclerosis are associated with pulmonary involvement.Scand. J. Rheumatol.34, 293–297 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke CN , JohansenJS, VestergaardH: YKL-40, a biomarker of inflammation, is elevated in patients with Type 2 diabetes and is related to insulin resistance.Inflamm. Res.55, 53–59 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen AR , ErikstrupC, JohansenJSet al.: Plasma YKL-40: a BMI-independent marker of Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes57, 3078–3082 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke CN , PerssonF, TarnowL, RossingP, VestergaardH: YKL-40, a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, is elevated in patients with Type 1 diabetes and increases with levels of albuminuria.Diabetes Care32, 323–328 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N⊘jgaard C , H⊘stNB, ChristensenIJet al.: Serum levels of YKL-40 increases in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Coron. Artery Dis.19, 257–263 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y , RipaRS, JohansenJSet al.: YKL-40 a new biomarker in patients with acute coronary syndrome or stable coronary artery disease.Scand. Card. J.42, 295–302 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucur M , IsmanFK, KaradagB, VuralVA, TavsanogluS: Serum YKL-40 levels in patients with coronary artery disease.Coron. Artery Dis.18, 391–396 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrup J , JohansenJS, WinkelPet al.: High serum concentration of YKL-40 in patients with stable coronary artery disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality.Eur. Heart J.30, 1066–1072 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke CN , RaymondI, KistorpC, HildebrandtP, FaberJ, VestergaardH: Low grade inflammation as measured by levels of YKL-40: association with an increased overall and cardiovascular mortality rate in an elderly population.Int. J. Card. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Koutroubakis IE , PetinakiE, DimouliosPet al.: Increased serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Int. J. Colorectal Dis.18, 254–259 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punzi L , PodswiadekM, D’IncaRet al.: Serum human cartilage glycoprotein 39 as a marker of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease.Ann. Rheum. Dis.62, 1224–1226 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vind I , JohansenJS, PricePA, MunkholmP: Serum YKL-40, a potential new marker of disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Scand. J. Gastroenterol.38, 599–605 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erzin Y , UzunH, KaratasA, CelikAF: Serum YKL-40 as a marker of disease activity and stricture formation in patiens with Crohn’s disease.J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.23, E357–E362 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran A , BenzakenS, Saint-PaulMCet al.: Chondrex (YKL-40), a potential new serum fibrosis marker in patients with alcoholic liver disease.Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.12, 989–993 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N⊘jgaard C , JohansenJS, ChristensenEet al.: Serum levels of YKL-40 and PIIINP as prognostic markers in patients with alcoholic liver disease.J. Hepatol.39, 179–186 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N⊘jgaard C , JohansenJS, KrarupHBet al.: Effect of antiviral therapy on markers of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.Scand. J. Gastroenterol.38, 659–665 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes D , FlemingC, OffnerGet al.: HIV infection does not affect the performance of noninvasive markers of fibrosis for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease.J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.40, 538–544 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng M , CaiWM, ZhaoJK, ZhuSM, LiuRH: Determination of serum levels of YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid in patients with hepatic fibrosis due to schistosomiasis japonica and appraisal of their clinical value.Acta Trop.96, 148–152 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal SM , TurnerB, HeQet al.: Progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C with and without schistosomiasis: correlation with serum markers of fibrosis.Hepatology43, 771–779 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander J , TungBY, CroghanA, KowdleyKV: Effect of iron depletion on serum markers of fibrogenesis, oxidative stress and serum liver enzymes in chronic hepatitis C: results of a pilot study.Liver Int.27, 268–273 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmat G , MetwallyM, ZalataKRet al: Evaluation of serum biomarkers of fibrosis and injury in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C.J. Hepatol.46, 620–627 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana RJ , GoodmanZD, DienstagJLet al.: Relationship of serum fibrosis markers with liver fibrosis stage and collagen content in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C.Hepatology47, 789–798 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana RJ , BonkovskyHL, NaishadhamDet al.: Serum fibrosis marker levels decrease after successful antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis.Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.7, 219–226 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebensztejn DM , SkibaE, WerpachowskaI, Sobaniec-LotowskaME, KaczmarksiM: Serum level of YKL-40 does not predict advanced liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B.Adv. Med. Sci.52, 120–124 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pungpapong S , NunesDP, KrishnaMet al.: Serum fibrosis markers can predict rapid fibrosis progression after liver transplantation for hepatitis C.Liver Transpl.14, 1294–1302 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P , Ploutz-SnyderR, NandiJ, RawlinsSR, SandersonSO, LevineRA: Diagnostic accuracy of serum hyaluronic acid, FIBROSpect II, and YKL-40 for discriminating fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C.Am. J. Gastroenterol.103, 928–936 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavon LL , Narciso-SchiavonJL, Carvalho FilhoRJet al.: Serum levels of YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in haemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.J. Viral Hepat.15, 666–674 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunkert H , SamaniNJ: Elevated C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis – chicken or egg?N. Engl. J. Med.359, 1953–1955 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen HJ , Brünner, FrederiksenCet al.: Plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1): a novel biological marker in the detection of primary colorectal cancer. Protocol outlines of the Danish–Australian endoscopy study group on colorectal cancer detection.Scand. J. Gastroenterol.43, 242–248 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , ChristensenIJ, PricePA, NielsenHJ; the Danish Colorectal Cancer Study Group: Serum YKL-40 in risk assessment for colorectal cancer. A population based, prospective study of 4987 subjects at risk of colorectal cancer.ASCO Ann. Meet. Proc.26, 212 (2008) (Abstract 4136).
   Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , CintinC, J⊘rgensenM, KambyC, PricePA: Serum YKL-40: a new potential marker of prognosis and location of metastases of patients with recurrent breast cancer.Eur. J. Cancer31A, 1437–1442 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen BV , JohansenJS, PricePA: High levels of serum HER-2/neu and YKL-40 independently reflect aggressiveness of metastatic breast cancer.Clin. Cancer Res.9, 501–512 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , ChristensenIJ, RiisbroRet al.: High serum YKL-40 levels in patients with primary breast cancer is related to short recurrence free survival.Breast Cancer Res. Treat.80, 15–21 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coskun U , YamacD, GulbaharO, SancakB, KaramanN, OzkanS: Locally advanced breast carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: are the changes in serum levels of YKL-40, MMP-2 and MMP-9 correlated with tumor response?Neoplasma54, 348–352 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamac D , OzturkB, CoskunUet al.: Serum YKL-40 levels as a prognostic factor in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.Adv. Ther.25, 801–809 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cintin C , JohansenJS, ChristensenIJ, PricePA, S⊘rensenS, NielsenHJ: Serum YKL-40 and colorectal cancer.Br. J. Cancer79, 1494–1499 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cintin C , JohansenJS, ChristensenIJ, PricePA, S⊘rensenS, NielsenHJ: High serum YKL-40 level after surgery for colorectal carcinoma is related to short survival.Cancer95, 267–274 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen BV , QvortrupC, ChristensenIJet al.: Association of biomarkers of inflammation and YKL-40 with survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Proceedings of 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium.Orlando, FL, USA (2008) (Abstract 323).
   Google Scholar
• H⊘gdall EVS , JohansenJS, KjaerSKet al.: High plasma YKL-40 level in patients with ovarian cancer stage III is related to shorter survival.Oncol. Rep.10, 1535–1538 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehn H , H⊘gdallEVS, JohansenJSet al.: Plasma YKL-40, as a prognostic tumor marker in recurrent ovarian cancer.Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.82, 287–293 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont J , TanwarMK, ThalerHTet al.: Early detection and prognosis of ovarian cancer using serum YKL-40.J. Clin. Oncol.22, 3330–3339 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gr⊘nlund B , H⊘gdallEVS, ChristensenIJet al.: Pre-treatment prediction of chemoresistance in second-line chemotherapy of ovarian carcinoma: value of serological tumor marker determination (tetranectin, YKL-40, CASA, CA125).Int. J. Biol. Markers21, 141–148 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H⊘gdall EVS , RingsholtM, H⊘gdallCKet al.: YKL-40 tissue expression and plasma levels in patients with ovarian cancer.BMC Cancer9, 8 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksson S , HoreckaJ, BrustugunOTet al.: Multiplexed proximity ligation assays to profile putative plasma biomarkers relevant to pancreatic and ovarian cancer.Clin. Chem.54, 582–589 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , DrivsholmL, PricePA, ChristensenIJ: High serum YKL-40 level in patients with small cell lung cancer is related to early death.Lung Cancer46, 333–340 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thöm I , AdritzkyB, SchuchGet al.: Elevated pretreatment serum concentration of YKL-40 – an independent prognostic biomarker for poor survival in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.Ann. Oncol.19(Suppl. 8) (2008) (Abstract 313P).
   Google Scholar
• Brasso K , ChristensenIJ, JohansenJSet al.: Prognostic value of PINP, bone alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and YKL-40 in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma.Prostate66, 503–513 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , BrassoK, IversenPet al.: Changes of biochemical markers of bone turnover and YKL-40 following hormonal treatment for metastatic prostate cancer are related to survival.Clin. Cancer Res.13, 3244–3249 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucur M , IsmanFK, BalciC, OnalB, HacibekirogluM, OzkanF: Serum YKL-40 levels and chitotriosidase activity as potential biomarkers in primary prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.Urol. Oncol.26, 47–52 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertsen PF , JohansenJS, von der MaaseH, JensenBV, PricePA: High pretreatment serum level of YKL-40 is related to short survival in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with high-dose continuous intravenous infusion of interleukin-2.Ann. Meet. Proc.22, 399 (2003) (Abstract 1603).
   Google Scholar
• Schultz NA , BerglundÅ, Johansenet al.: Plasma YKL-40, a potential new biomarker for advanced upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Presented at:2009 Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium CA, USA, 15–17 January 2009 (Abstract 176).
   Google Scholar
• Diefenbach CS , ShahZ, IasonosAet al.: Preoperative serum YKL-40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer.Gynecol. Oncol.104, 435–442 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS , RoslindA, PalleCet al.: Serum YKL-40 levels in patients with cervical cancer are elevated compared with patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and healthy controls.ASCO Ann. Meet. Proc.24, 267 (2006) (Abstract 5047).
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi A , MatsuiH, UsuiHet al.: Serum YKL-40 as a marker for cervical adenocarcinoma.Ann. Oncol.20, 71–77 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roslind A , JohansenJS, ChristensenIJet al.: High serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are associated with short survival.Int. J. Cancer122, 857–863 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hormigo A , GuB, KarimiSet al.: YKL-40 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 as potential serum biomarkers for patients with high-grade gliomas.Clin. Cancer Res.12, 5698–5704 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H , JohansenJS, GehlJ, GeertsenPF, FodeK, von der MaaseH: Elevated serum level of YKL-40 is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.Cancer106, 1130–1139 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H , JohansenJS, SjoegrenPet al.: Serum YKL-40 predicts relapse-free and overall survival in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II melanoma.J. Clin. Oncol.24, 798–804 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krogh M , BastholtL, JohansenJSet al.: Predictive and prognostic value of serum YKL-40 post surgery in patients with stage IIB-III melanoma receiving adjvant interferon therapy. Presented at:Perspectives in Melanoma XII. The Hague, The Netherlands, 2–4 October 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann OJ , JohansenJS, KlausenTWet al.: High serum concentration of YKL-40 is associated with short survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.Clin. Cancer Res.11, 8644–8652 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylin AK , AbildgaardN, JohansenJSet al.: High serum YKL-40 concentration is associated with severe bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients.Eur. J. Haematol.80, 310–317 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylin AK , AndersenNF, JohansenJSet al.: Serum YKL-40 and bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma.Int. J. Cancer124, 1492–1494 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggar RJ , JohansenJS, SmedbyKEet al.: Serum YKL-40 and IL-6 levels in Hodgkin lymphoma.Clin. Cancer Res.14, 6974–6979 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bast RC Jr , RavdinP, HayesDFet al.: 2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.J. Clin. Oncol.19, 1865–1878 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes DF , BastRC, DeschCEet al.: Tumor Marker Utility Grading System: a framework to evaluate clinical utility of tumor markers.J. Natl. Cancer Inst.88, 1456–1466 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes DF : Determination of clinical utility of tumor markers: a tumor marker utility grading system.Recent Results Cancer Res.152, 71–85 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werner M , FraserC, SilverbergM: Clinical utility and validation of emerging biochemical markers for mammary adenocarcinoma.Clin. Chem.39, 2386–2396 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Website

• National Cancer for Biotechnology Information. Expressed Sequence Tags database www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST
   Google Scholar