236
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cancer Stem Cells in the Human Mammary Gland and Regulation of Their Differentiation by Estrogen

&
Pages 995-1006 | Published online: 08 Aug 2011

Bibliography

  • Al-Hajj M , WichaMS, Benito-HernandezA, MorrisonSJ, ClarkeMF. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(7), 3983–3988 (2003).
  • Ginestier C , HurMH, Charafe-JauffretEet al. ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome. Cell Stem Cell 1(5), 555–567 (2007).
  • Pece S , TosoniD, ConfalonieriSet al. Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content. Cell 140(1), 62–73 (2010).
  • Bocchinfuso WP , KorachKS. Mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in estrogen receptor knockout mice.J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia2(4), 323–334 (1997).
  • Burchell J , DurbinH, Taylor-PapadimitriouJ. Complexity of expression of antigenic determinants, recognized by monoclonal antibodies HMFG-1 and HMFG-2, in normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells.J. Immunol.131(1), 508–513 (1983).
  • Gudjonsson T , VilladsenR, NielsenHL, Ronnov-JessenL, BissellMJ, PetersenOW. Isolation, immortalization, and characterization of a human breast epithelial cell line with stem cell properties.Genes Dev.16(6), 693–706 (2002).
  • Gusterson BA , MonaghanP, MahendranR, EllisJ, O’HareMJ. Identification of myoepithelial cells in human and rat breasts by anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen antibody A12.J. Natl Cancer Inst.77(2), 343–349 (1986).
  • Koukoulis GK , VirtanenI, KorhonenM, LaitinenL, QuarantaV, GouldVE. Immunohistochemical localization of integrins in the normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic breast. Correlations with their functions as receptors and cell adhesion molecules.Am. J. Pathol.139(4), 787–799 (1991).
  • Tsai YC , LuY, NicholsPW, ZlotnikovG, JonesPA, SmithHS. Contiguous patches of normal human mammary epithelium derived from a single stem cell: implications for breast carcinogenesis.Cancer Res.56(2), 402–404 (1996).
  • Alvi AJ , ClaytonH, JoshiCet al. Functional and molecular characterisation of mammary side population cells. Breast Cancer Res. 5(1), R1–R8 (2003).
  • Clayton H , TitleyI, VivancoM. Growth and differentiation of progenitor/stem cells derived from the human mammary gland.Exp. Cell Res.297(2), 444–460 (2004).
  • Dontu G , AbdallahWM, FoleyJMet?al. In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev. 17(10), 1253–1270 (2003).
  • Sophos NA , VasiliouV. Aldehyde dehydrogenase gene superfamily: the 2002 update.Chem. Biol. Interact.143–144, 5–22 (2003).
  • Villadsen R , FridriksdottirAJ, Ronnov-JessenLet al. Evidence for a stem cell hierarchy in the adult human breast. J. Cell Biol. 177(1), 87–101 (2007).
  • Eirew P , StinglJ, RaoufAet al. A method for quantifying normal human mammary epithelial stem cells with in vivo regenerative ability. Nat. Med. 14(12), 1384–1389 (2008).
  • Lim E , VaillantF, WuDet al. Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat. Med. 15(8), 907–913 (2009).
  • Simoes BM , PivaM, IriondoOet al. Effects of estrogen on the proportion of stem cells in the breast. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1169-4 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Riekstina U , CakstinaI, ParfejevsVet al. Embryonic stem cell marker expression pattern in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, heart and dermis. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 5(4), 378–386 (2009).
  • Kristensen DM , NielsenJE, KaliszMet al. OCT4 and downstream factors are expressed in human somatic urogenital epithelia and in culture of epididymal spheres. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 16(11), 835–845 (2010).
  • Reya T , MorrisonSJ, ClarkeMF, WeissmanIL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells.Nature414(6859), 105–111 (2001).
  • Reya T , CleversH. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer.Nature434(7035), 843–850 (2005).
  • Bonnet D , DickJE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell.Nat. Med.3(7), 730–737 (1997).
  • Shipitsin M , CampbellLL, ArganiPet al. Molecular definition of breast tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Cell 11(3), 259–273 (2007).
  • Liu R , WangX, ChenGYet al. The prognostic role of a gene signature from tumorigenic breast-cancer cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(3), 217–226 (2007).
  • Honeth G , BendahlPO, RingnerMet al. The CD44+/CD24- phenotype is enriched in basal-like breast tumors. Breast Cancer Res. 10(3), R53 (2008).
  • Wong DJ , LiuH, RidkyTW, CassarinoD, SegalE, ChangHY. Module map of stem cell genes guides creation of epithelial cancer stem cells.Cell Stem Cell2(4), 333–344 (2008).
  • Li X , LewisMT, HuangJet al. Intrinsic resistance of tumorigenic breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 100(9), 672–679 (2008).
  • Sheridan C , KishimotoH, FuchsRKet al. CD44+/CD24- breast cancer cells exhibit enhanced invasive properties: an early step necessary for metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 8(5), R59 (2006).
  • Abraham BK , FritzP, McclellanM, HauptvogelP, AthelogouM, BrauchH. Prevalence of CD44+/CD24-/low cells in breast cancer may not be associated with clinical outcome but may favor distant metastasis.Clin. Cancer Res.11(3), 1154–1159 (2005).
  • Balic M , LinH, YoungLet al. Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clin. Cancer Res. 12(19), 5615–5621 (2006).
  • Charafe-Jauffret E , GinestierC, IovinoFet al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive cancer stem cells mediate metastasis and poor clinical outcome in inflammatory breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16(1), 45–55 (2010).
  • Ben-Porath I , ThomsonMW, CareyVJet al. An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors. Nat. Genet. 40(5), 499–507 (2008).
  • Rodriguez-Pinilla SM , SarrioD, Moreno-BuenoGet al. Sox2: a possible driver of the basal-like phenotype in sporadic breast cancer. Mod. Pathol. 20(4), 474–481 (2007).
  • Chen Y , ShiL, ZhangLet al. The molecular mechanism governing the oncogenic potential of SOX2 in breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 283(26), 17969–17978 (2008).
  • Alldridge L , MetodievaG, GreenwoodCet al. Proteome profiling of breast tumors by gel electrophoresis and nanoscale electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res. 7(4), 1458–1469 (2008).
  • Fillmore CM , KuperwasserC. Human breast cancer cell lines contain stem-like cells that self-renew, give rise to phenotypically diverse progeny and survive chemotherapy.Breast Cancer Res.10(2), R25 (2008).
  • Charafe-Jauffret E , GinestierC, IovinoFet al. Breast cancer cell lines contain functional cancer stem cells with metastatic capacity and a distinct molecular signature. Cancer Res. 69(4), 1302–1313 (2009).
  • Kondo T , SetoguchiT, TagaT. Persistence of a small subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells in the C6 glioma cell line.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101(3), 781–786 (2004).
  • Patrawala L , CalhounT, Schneider-BroussardR, ZhouJ, ClaypoolK, TangDG. Side population is enriched in tumorigenic, stem-like cancer cells, whereas ABCG2+ and ABCG2- cancer cells are similarly tumorigenic.Cancer Res.65(14), 6207–6219 (2005).
  • Engelmann K , ShenH, FinnOJ. MCF7 side population cells with characteristics of cancer stem/progenitor cells express the tumor antigen MUC1.Cancer Res.68(7), 2419–2426 (2008).
  • Ponti D , CostaA, ZaffaroniNet al. Isolation and in vitro propagation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell properties. Cancer Res. 65(13), 5506–5511 (2005).
  • Cariati M , NaderiA, BrownJPet al. α6 integrin is necessary for the tumourigenicity of a stem cell-like subpopulation within the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 298–304 (2008).
  • Jeter CR , BadeauxM, ChoyGet al. Functional evidence that the self-renewal gene NANOG regulates human tumor development. Stem Cells 27(5), 993–1005 (2009).
  • Vivanco M . Function follows form: defining mammary stem cells.Sci. Transl. Med.2(31), 31PS22 (2010).
  • Glass CK . Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor monomers, dimers, and heterodimers.Endocr. Rev.15(3), 391–407 (1994).
  • Green S , WalterP, KumarVet al. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320(6058), 134–139 (1986).
  • Kuiper GG , EnmarkE, Pelto-HuikkoM, NilssonS, GustafssonJA. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93(12), 5925–5930 (1996).
  • Kuiper GG , CarlssonB, GrandienKet al. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrinology 138(3), 863–870 (1997).
  • Ricketts D , TurnbullL, RyallGet al. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the normal female breast. Cancer Res. 51(7), 1817–1822 (1991).
  • Speirs V , SklirisGP, BurdallSE, CarderPJ. Distinct expression patterns of ER α and ER β in normal human mammary gland.J. Clin. Pathol.55(5), 371–374 (2002).
  • Couse JF , KorachKS. Estrogen receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us?Endocr. Rev.20(3), 358–417 (1999).
  • Perusinghe NP , MonaghanP, O’HareMJ, AshleyS, GustersonBA. Effects of growth factors on proliferation on basal and luminal cells in human breast epithelial explants in serum-free culture.In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol.28A(2), 90–96 (1992).
  • Clarke RB , HowellA, PottenCS, AndersonE. Dissociation between steroid receptor expression and cell proliferation in the human breast.Cancer Res.57(22), 4987–4991 (1997).
  • Russo J , AoX, GrillC, RussoIH. Pattern of distribution of cells positive for estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor in relation to proliferating cells in the mammary gland.Breast Cancer Res. Treat.53(3), 217–227 (1999).
  • Ferlay J , ShinHR, BrayF, FormanD, MathersC, ParkinDM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008.Int. J. Cancer127(12), 2893–2917 (2010).
  • Cleator SJ , AhamedE, CoombesRC, PalmieriC. A 2009 update on the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.Clin. Breast Cancer9(Suppl. 1), S6–S17 (2009).
  • Sorlie T , PerouCM, TibshiraniRet al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(19), 10869–10874 (2001).
  • Kurian AW , McclureLA, JohnEM, Horn-RossPL, FordJM, ClarkeCA. Second primary breast cancer occurrence according to hormone receptor status.J. Natl Cancer Inst.101(15), 1058–1065 (2009).
  • Shoker BS , JarvisC, SibsonDR, WalkerC, SloaneJP. Oestrogen receptor expression in the normal and pre-cancerous breast.J. Pathol.188(3), 237–244 (1999).
  • Knight WA , LivingstonRB, GregoryEJ, McguireWL. Estrogen receptor as an independent prognostic factor for early recurrence in breast cancer.Cancer Res.37(12), 4669–4671 (1977).
  • Yang XR , Chang-ClaudeJ, GoodeELet al. Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103(3), 250–263 (2011).
  • Khan SA , RogersMA, ObandoJA, TamsenA. Estrogen receptor expression of benign breast epithelium and its association with breast cancer.Cancer Res.54(4), 993–997 (1994).
  • Shoker BS , JarvisC, ClarkeRBet al. Estrogen receptor-positive proliferating cells in the normal and precancerous breast. Am. J. Pathol. 155(6), 1811–1815 (1999).
  • Roger P , SahlaME, MakelaS, GustafssonJA, BaldetP, RochefortH. Decreased expression of estrogen receptor β protein in proliferative preinvasive mammary tumors.Cancer Res.61(6), 2537–2541 (2001).
  • Vivanco M . Biomarkers in breast cancer.Methods Mol. Biol.593, 137–156 (2010).
  • Clemons M , GossP. Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer.N. Engl. J. Med.344(4), 276–285 (2001).
  • Planas-Silva MD , DonaherJL, WeinbergRA. Functional activity of ectopically expressed estrogen receptor is not sufficient for estrogen-mediated cyclin D1 expression.Cancer Res.59(19), 4788–4792 (1999).
  • Jordan VC . Tamoxifen: catalyst for the change to targeted therapy.Eur. J. Cancer44(1), 30–38 (2008).
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365(9472), 1687–1717 (2005).
  • Fisher B , CostantinoJP, WickerhamDLet al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97(22), 1652–1662 (2005).
  • Encarnacion CA , CioccaDR, McGuireWL, ClarkGM, FuquaSA, OsborneCK. Measurement of steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer patients on tamoxifen.Breast Cancer Res. Treat.26(3), 237–246 (1993).
  • Fisher B , CostantinoJ, RedmondCet al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 320(8), 479–484 (1989).
  • Rutqvist LE , JohanssonH. Long-term follow-up of the randomized Stockholm trial on adjuvant tamoxifen among postmenopausal patients with early stage breast cancer.Acta Oncol.46(2), 133–145 (2007).
  • Liu S , GinestierC, Charafe-JauffretEet al. BRCA1 regulates human mammary stem/progenitor cell fate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(5), 1680–1685 (2008).
  • Kok M , KoornstraRH, MargaridoTCet al. Mammosphere-derived gene set predicts outcome in patients with ER-positive breast cancer. J. Pathol. 218(3), 316–326 (2009).
  • Lamarca HL , RosenJM. Minireview: hormones and mammary cell fate – what will I become when I grow up?Endocrinology149(9), 4317–4321 (2008).
  • Mallepell S , KrustA, ChambonP, BriskenC. Paracrine signaling through the epithelial estrogen receptor α is required for proliferation and morphogenesis in the mammary gland.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103(7), 2196–2201 (2006).
  • Ciarloni L , MallepellS, BriskenC. Amphiregulin is an essential mediator of estrogen receptor α function in mammary gland development.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(13), 5455–5460 (2007).
  • Booth BW , BoulangerCA, AndersonLH, Jimenez-RojoL, BriskenC, SmithGH. Amphiregulin mediates self-renewal in an immortal mammary epithelial cell line with stem cell characteristics.Exp. Cell Res.316(3), 422–432 (2010).
  • Polyak K . Pregnancy and breast cancer: the other side of the coin.Cancer Cell9(3), 151–153 (2006).
  • Medina D . Mammary developmental fate and breast cancer risk.Endocr. Relat. Cancer12(3), 483–495 (2005).
  • Rajkumar L , KittrellFS, GuzmanRC, BrownPH, NandiS, MedinaD. Hormone-induced protection of mammary tumorigenesis in genetically engineered mouse models.Breast Cancer Res.9(1), R12 (2007).
  • Russo J , MoralR, BaloghGA, MailoD, RussoIH. The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer.Breast Cancer Res.7(3), 131–142 (2005).
  • Deroo BJ , HewittSC, CollinsJB, GrissomSF, HamiltonKJ, KorachKS. Profile of estrogen-responsive genes in an estrogen-specific mammary gland outgrowth model.Mol. Reprod. Dev.76(8), 733–750 (2009).
  • Fillmore CM , GuptaPB, RudnickJAet al. Estrogen expands breast cancer stem-like cells through paracrine FGF/Tbx3 signaling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107(50), 21737–21742 (2010).
  • Asselin-Labat ML , VaillantF, SheridanJMet al. Control of mammary stem cell function by steroid hormone signalling. Nature 465(7299), 798–802 (2010).
  • Joshi PA , JacksonHW, BeristainAGet al. Progesterone induces adult mammary stem cell expansion. Nature 465(7299), 803–807 (2010).
  • Schramek D , LeibbrandtA, SiglVet al. Osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL controls development of progestin-driven mammary cancer. Nature 468(7320), 98–102 (2010).
  • Britt KL , KendrickH, ReganJLet al. Pregnancy in the mature adult mouse does not alter the proportion of mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Breast Cancer Res. 11(2), R20 (2009).
  • Siwko SK , DongJ, LewisMT, LiuH, HilsenbeckSG, LiY. Evidence that an early pregnancy causes a persistent decrease in the number of functional mammary epithelial stem cells – implications for pregnancy-induced protection against breast cancer.Stem Cells26(12), 3205–3209 (2008).
  • Chlebowski RT , AndersonGL, GassMet al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 304(15), 1684–1692 (2010).
  • Lacroix AZ , ChlebowskiRT, MansonJEet al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 305(13), 1305–1314 (2011).
  • Kalmar T , LimC, HaywardPet al. Regulated fluctuations in Nanog expression mediate cell fate decisions in embryonic stem cells. PLoS Biol. 7(7), E1000149 (2009).
  • Ellis MJ , GaoF, DehdashtiFet al. Lower-dose vs high-dose oral estradiol therapy of hormone receptor-positive, aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer: a Phase 2 randomized study. JAMA 302(7), 774–780 (2009).
  • Lewis-Wambi JS , JordanVC. Estrogen regulation of apoptosis: how can one hormone stimulate and inhibit?Breast Cancer Res.11(3), 206 (2009).
  • Schneider J , Martin-GutierrezS, TresguerresJA, Garcia-VelascoJA. Circulating estradiol defines the tumor phenotype in menopausal breast cancer patients.Maturitas64(1), 43–45 (2009).
  • Dean M , FojoT, BatesS. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance.Nat. Rev. Cancer5(4), 275–284 (2005).
  • Zhang M , AtkinsonRL, RosenJM. Selective targeting of radiation-resistant tumor-initiating cells.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA107(8), 3522–3527 (2010).
  • Cuzick J , PowlesT, VeronesiUet al. Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials. Lancet 361(9354), 296–300 (2003).
  • Dunn BK , WickerhamDL, FordLG. Prevention of hormone-related cancers: breast cancer.J. Clin. Oncol.23(2), 357–367 (2005).
  • Vogel VG , CostantinoJP, WickerhamDLet al. Update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial: preventing breast cancer. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 3(6), 696–706 (2010).
  • Liu S , DontuG, WichaMS. Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis.Breast Cancer Res.7(3), 86–95 (2005).
  • Ohno R , AsouN, OhnishiK. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: strategy toward further increase of cure rate.Leukemia17(8), 1454–1463 (2003).
  • Gudas LJ , WagnerJA. Retinoids regulate stem cell differentiation.J. Cell Physiol.226(2), 322–330 (2011).
  • Hua S , KittlerR, WhiteKP. Genomic antagonism between retinoic acid and estrogen signaling in breast cancer.Cell137(7), 1259–1271 (2009).
  • Ginestier C , WicinskiJ, CerveraNet al. Retinoid signaling regulates breast cancer stem cell differentiation. Cell Cycle 8(20), 3297–3302 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.