8,022
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: hurdles, advances and prospects

, , , &
Article: HEP08 | Received 19 Jan 2018, Accepted 25 Jun 2018, Published online: 28 Sep 2018

References

  • Kumari R, Sharma A, Ajay AK, Bhatt M. Mitomycin C induces bystander killing in homogeneous and heterogeneous hepatoma cellular models. Mol. Cancer 8, 87 (2009).
  • Davis GL, Dempster J, Meler JD et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: management of an increasingly common problem. Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent.) 21(3), 266–280 (2008).
  • Yu SJ. A concise review of updated guidelines regarding the management of hepatocellular carcinoma around the world: 2010-2016. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 22(1), 7–17 (2016).
  • Gomma AI, Waked I. Recent advances in multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Hepatol. 7(4), 673–687 (2015).
  • Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: Resection versus transplantation. Hepatology 30(6), 1434–1440 (1999).
  • Xu H, Mao Y. A brief comment on liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol. Rep. (Oxf.) 1(3), 184–185 (2013).
  • Bismuth H, Chiche L, Castaing D. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas in noncirrhotic liver: experience with 68 liver resections. World J. Surg. 19, 35–41 (1995).
  • Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M, Miyagawa S et al. Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Surg. 19, 31–34 (1995).
  • Vauthey JN, Klimstra D, Franceschi D et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 169, 28–35 (1995).
  • Yang T, Lin C, Zhai J et al. Surgical resection for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 138(7), 1121–1129 (2012).
  • Belghiti J, Ogata S. Assessment of hepatic reserve for the indication of hepatic resection. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 12, 1–3 (2005).
  • European Association For The Study Of The Liver; European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 56, 908–943 (2012).
  • Cooper A, Aloia TA. Surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl. Cancer Res. 2(6), 450–459 (2013).
  • Kishi Y, Abdalla EK, Chun YS et al. Three hundred and one consecutive extended right hepatectomies: evaluation of outcome based on systematic liver volumetry. Ann. Surg. 250, 540–548 (2009).
  • Portolani N, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S et al. Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann. Surg. 243, 229–235 (2006).
  • Matsuda M, Fujii H, Kono H et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma based on the mode of recurrence: repeat hepatic resection or ablation are good choices for patients with recurrent multicentric cancer. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 8, 353–359 (2001).
  • Huang ZY, Liang BY, Xiong M et al. Long-term outcomes of repeat hepatic resection in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma and analysis of recurrent types and their prognosis: a single-center experience in China. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19, 2515–2525 (2012).
  • Mazzaferro V, Chun YS, Poon RT et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 15, 1001–1007 (2008).
  • Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 693–699 (1996).
  • Onaca N, Davis GL, Jennings LW et al. Improved results of transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a report from the international registry of hepatic tumors in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 15, 574–580 (2009).
  • Mehta N, Yao FY. Moving past ‘one size (and number) fits all’ in the selection of candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplant. Liver Transpl. 19, 1055–1058 (2013).
  • Yao FY, Fidelman N. Reassessing the boundaries of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand with tumor down-staging? Hepatology 63(3), 1014–1025 (2016).
  • Silva MF, Sherman M. Criteria for liver transplantation for HCC: what should the limits be? J. Hepatol. 55(5), 1137–1147 (2011).
  • Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 33, 1394–1403 (2001).
  • Prasad KR, Young RS, Burra P et al. Summary of candidate selection and expanded criteria for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a review and consensus statement. Liver Transpl. 17(Suppl. 2), S81–S89 (2011).
  • Kim Y, Stahl CC, Makramalla A et al. Downstaging therapy followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond Milan criteria. Surgery 162(6), 1250–1258 (2017).
  • Mehta N, Guy J, Frenette CT et al. Excellent outcomes of liver transplantation following down staging of hepatocellular carcinoma to within milan criteria: a multicenter study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16(6), 955–964 (2018).
  • Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 31, 864–871 (2000).
  • Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 33, 464–470 (2001).
  • Massie AB, Caffo B, Gentry SE et al. MELD exceptions and rates of waiting list outcomes. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 2362–2371 (2011).
  • Thandassery RB, Goenka U, Goenka MK. Role of local ablative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 4, S104–S111 (2014).
  • Brunello F, Veltri A, Carucci P et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43, 727–735 (2008).
  • Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC et al. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma< or =4 cm. Gastroenterology 127, 1714–1723 (2004).
  • Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 234(3), 961–967 (2005).
  • Yang B, Zan RY, Wang SY et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J. Surg. Oncol. 13, 96 (2015).
  • Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 243, 321–328 (2006).
  • Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente A, Valdegamberi A et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 12, 192–198 (2008).
  • Feng Q, Chi Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Liu Q. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 23 studies. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 141(1), 1–9 (2015).
  • Otto G, Schuchmann M, Hoppe-Lotichius M et al. How to decide about liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: size and number of lesions or response to TACE? J. Hepatol. 59(2), 279–284 (2013).
  • Wáng YXJ, De Baere T, Idée JE, Ballet S. Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: an update of clinical evidences. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 27(2), 96121 (2015).
  • Luz JH, Luz PM, Martin HS et al. DEB TACE for intermediate and advanced HCC: initial experience in a Brazilian Cancer Center. Cancer Imaging 17(1), 5 (2017).
  • Clark TW. Complications of hepatic chemoembolization. Semin. Intervent. Radiol. 23, 119–125 (2006).
  • Leung DA, Goin JE, Sickles C et al. Determinants of postembolization syndrome after hepatic chemoembolization. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 12, 321–326 (2001).
  • Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53, 1020–1022 (2011).
  • Marelli L, Stigliano R, Triantos C et al. Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 30, 6–25 (2007).
  • Sacco R, Conte C, Tumino E et al. Transarterial radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma 3, 25–29 (2016).
  • Cho YY, Lee M, Kim HC et al. Radioembolization is a safe and effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: a propensity score analysis. PLoS ONE 11(5), e0154986 (2016).
  • Kim HC. Radioembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 23(2), 109–114 (2017).
  • Ricke J, Bulla K, Kolligs F et al. Safety and toxicity of radioembolization plus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the European multicentre trial SORAMIC. Liver Int. 35(2), 620–626 (2015).
  • Vilgrain V, Abdel-Rehim M, Sibert A et al. Radioembolisation with yttrium90 microspheres versus sorafenib for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SARAH): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 15, 474 (2014).
  • Clinical Trials With TheraSphere® YTTRIUM-90 GLASS MICROSPHERES. 2016. www.therasphere.com/clinicaltrials_us/index.asp.
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. Study to compare selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) versus sorafenib in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (SIRveNIB) (2014). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01135056?term=01135056&rank=1.
  • Lai CL, Wu PC, Chan GC et al. Doxorubicin versus no antitumor therapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. A no antitumor therapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Cancer 62, 47983 (1988).
  • Leung TW, Patt YZ, Lau WY et al. Complete pathological remission is possible with systemic combination chemotherapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 1676–1681 (1999).
  • Yeo W, Mok TS, Zee B et al. A randomized Phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97, 1532–1538 (2005).
  • Moeini A, Cornellà H, Villanueva A. Emerging signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 1(2), 83–93 (2012).
  • Zhang ZL, Liu ZS, Sun Q. Expression of angiopoitins, Tie2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 4241–4245 (2006).
  • Faivre S, Raymond E, Boucher E et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, Phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 10, 794–800 (2009).
  • Albert DH, Tapang P, Magoc TJ et al. Preclinical activity of ABT-869, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5(4), 995–1006 (2006).
  • Toh HC, Chen PJ, Carr BI et al. Phase 2 trial of linifanib (ABT-869) in patients with unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 119(2), 380–387 (2013).
  • Bhide RS, Lombardo LJ, Hunt JT et al. The antiangiogenic activity in xenograft models of brivanib, a dual inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 kinases. Mol. Cancer Ther. 9, 369–378 (2010).
  • Jhonson PJ, Qin S, Park JW et al. Brivanib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the randomized Phase III Brisk-FL study. J. Clin. Oncol. 31(28), 3509–3516 (2013).
  • Keating GM, Santoro A. Sorafenib a review of its use in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs 69(2), 223–240 (2009).
  • Sorafenib, package insert. Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CA, USA. http://berlex.bayerhealthcare.com/html/products/pi/Nexavar_PI.pdf.
  • Pawlik TM, Reyes TK, Cosgrove D et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib combined with concurrent transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(30), 3960–3967 (2011).
  • Salman A, Simoneau E, Hassanain M et al. Combined sorafenib and yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr. Oncol. 23(5), e472–e480 (2016).
  • Abou-Alfa GK, Johnson P, Knox JJ et al. Doxorubicin plus sorafenib vs doxorubicin alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. JAMA 304(19), 2154–2160 (2010).
  • Cheng AL, Kang YK, Lin DY et al. Sunitinib versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular cancer: results of a randomized Phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 31, 4067–4075 (2013).
  • Cainap C, Qin S, Huang WT et al. Linifanib verses sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized Phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 172–179 (2014).
  • Zhu AX, Rosmorduc O, Evans TRJ et al. SEARCH: A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 559–566 (2014).
  • Jeay S, Munshi N, Hill J et al. ARQ 197, a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of c-MET, with selective anti-tumor properties in a broad spectrum of human cancer cells. Presented at: AACR Annual Meeting. CA, USA, 14–18 April 2007 ( Abstract 2369).
  • Santoro A, Rimassa L, Borbath I et al. Tivantinib for second-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised, placebo-controlled Phase ii study. Lancet Oncol. 14(1), 55–63 (2013).
  • Martell RE, Puzanov I, Ma WW et al. Safety and efficacy of MET inhibitor tivantinib (ARQ 197) combined with sorafenib in patients (pts) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from a Phase I study. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(Suppl.), Abstract 4117 (2012).
  • Study of tivantinib in subjects with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma who have been treated with one prior therapy (METIV HCC). www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT017557.
  • Martin V, Liu D, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C. Tie2: a journey from normal angiogenesis to cancer and beyond. Histol. Histopathol. 23(6), 773–780 (2008).
  • Frennette CT. The role of regorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (N Y). 13(2), 122–124 (2017).
  • Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307, 58–62 (2005).
  • Turkbey B, Kobayashi H, Ogawa M, Bernardo M, Choyke PL. Imaging of tumor angiogenesis: functional or targeted? AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 193(2), 304–313 (2009).
  • Kaji K, Yoshiji H, Ikenaka Y et al. Possible involvement of angiogenesis in chronic liver diseases: interaction among renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Curr. Med. Chem. 19(12), 1889–1898 (2012).
  • Huang W, Wu YL, Zhong J et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist suppress angiogenesis and growth of gastric cancer xenografts. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53(5), 1206–1210 (2008).
  • Kaji K, Yoshiji H, Kitade M et al. Selective aldosterone blocker, eplerenone, attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma growth and angiogenesis in mice. Hepatol. Res. 40(5), 540–549 (2010).
  • Bae SY, Kim HJ, Oh HH et al. Multiple bone metastases as the first manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patient with noncirrhotic liver. Case Rep. Oncol. Med. 2015, 512849 (2015).
  • Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42, 1208–1236 (2005).
  • Li S, Li Q. Cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 4, 1806–1812 (2014).
  • Sie M, den Dunnen WF, Hoving EW et al. Antiangiogenic therapy in pediatric brain tumors: an effective strategy? Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 89(3), 418–432 (2014).
  • Lai CL, Yuen MF. Prevention of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma with antiviral therapy. Hepatology 57, 399–408 (2013).
  • Baumert TF, Jühling F, Ono A, Hoshida Y. Hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of new generation antivirals. BMC Med. 15(1), 52 (2017).
  • Cooper DKC, Dou KF, Tao KS et al. Pig liver xenotransplantation: a review of progress toward the clinic. Transplantation 100, 2039–2047 (2016).
  • Dhawan A, Puppi J, Hughes RD, Mitry RR. Human hepatocyte transplantation: current experience and future challenges. Nature Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 288–298 (2010).
  • Dhawan A. Clinical human hepatocyte transplantation: current status and challenges. Liver Transpl. 21, S39–S44 (2015).
  • Eiseman B, Liem DS, Raffucci F. Heterologous liver perfusion in treatment of hepatic failure. Ann. Surg. 162, 329–345 (1965).
  • Matsumura K, Guevara G, Huston H et al. Hybrid bioartificial liver in hepatic failure: preliminary clinical report. Surgery 101, 99–103 (1987).
  • Sakai Y, Naruse K, Nagashima I et al. Large-scale preparation and function of porcine hepatocyte spheroids. Int. J. Artif. Organs 19(5), 294–301 (1996).
  • Xiang ZL, Zeng ZC, Fan J et al. The expression of HIF-1α in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and its correlation with radiotherapy response and clinical outcome. Mol. Biol. Rep. 39, 2021–2029 (2012).