Advanced search
Publication Cover
Immunotherapy Volume 3, 2011 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
140
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Hymenoptera Venom Immunotherapy

Beatrice M Bilò1 Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology, Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, ItalyCorrespondence[email protected]
&
Floriano Bonifazi1 Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology, Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
Pages 229-246 | Published online: 15 Feb 2011

Bibliography

  • Bilò BM , RuëffF, MosbechH, BonifaziF, Oude Elberink JNG; the EAACI Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity: diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy60 , 1339–1349 (2005).
  • Muller UR : Insect Sting Allergy. Clinical Picture, Diagnosis and Treatment. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Germany (1990).
  • Bilò BM , BonifaziF: Epidemiology of insect-venom anaphylaxis.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.8 , 330–337 (2008).
  • Moffitt JE , GoldenDB, ReismanRE et al.: Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.114 , 869–886 (2004).
  • Golden MD , DavidBK: Insect sting anaphylaxis.Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am.27 , 261–272 (2007).
  • Bilò MB , BonifaziF: The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: clinical implications.Clin. Exp. Allergy39 , 1467–1476 (2009).
  • Sampson HA , Muñoz-FurlongA, CampbellRL et al.: Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report – Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Symposium.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.117 , 391–397 (2006).
  • Graif Y , Romano-ZelekhaO, LivneI, GreenMS, ShohatT: Allergic reactions to insect stings: results from a national survey of 10.000 junior high school children in Israel.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.117 , 1435–1439 (2006).
  • Oude Elberink JN , de Monchy JG, Golden DB et al.: Development and validation of a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire in patients with yellow jacket allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109 , 162–170 (2002).
  • Bonifazi F , JutelM, BilòBM et al.; the EAACI Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity: Prevention and treatment of hymenoptera venom allergy: guidelines for clinical practice. Allergy60 , 1459–1470 (2005).
  • Oude Elberink J , de Monchy J, van der Heide S et al.: Venom immunotherapy improves health related quality of life in patients allergic to yellow jacket venom. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.110 , 174–182 (2002).
  • Akdis M , AkdisCA: Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.119 , 780–791 (2007).
  • Akdis CA , AkdisM, BleskeenT et al.: Epitope-specific T cell: tolerance to phospholipase A2 in bee venom immunotherapy and recovery by IL-2 and IL-15 in vitro.J. Clin. Invest.98 , 1676–1683 (1996).
  • Jutel M , AkdisM, BudakF et al.: IL-10 and TGF-β cooperate in the regulatory T cell response to mucosal allergens in normal immunity and specific immunotherapy.Eur. J. Immunol.33 , 1205–1214 (2003).
  • Akdis CA , BleskenT, AkdisM, WuthrichB, BlaserK: Role of interleukin 10 in specific immunotherapy.J. Clin. Invest.102 , 98–106 (1998).
  • Francis JN , TillSJ, DurhamSR: Induction of IL-10+CD4+CD25+ T cells by grass pollen immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.111 , 1255–1261 (2003).
  • Akdis M , BlaserK, AkdisCA: T regulatory cells in allergy: novel concepts in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of allergic diseases.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.116 , 961–968 (2005).
  • Ling EM , SmithT, NguyenXD et al.: Relation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell suppression of allergen-driven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease.Lancet363 , 608–615 (2004).
  • Mamessier E , BirnbaumJ, DupuyP et al.: Ultrarush venom immunotherapy induces differential T cell activation and regulatory patterns according to the severity of allergy.Clin. Exp. Allergy36 , 704–713 (2006).
  • Wachholz PA , DurhamSR: Mechanisms of immunotherapy: IgG revisited.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.4 , 313–318 (2004).
  • Punnonen J , De Waal Malefyt R, Van Vlasselaer P, Gauchat J-F, De Vries JE: IL-10 and viral IL-10 prevent IL-4-induced IgE synthesis by inhibiting the accessory cell function of monocytes. J. Immunol.151 , 1280–1289 (1993).
  • Jutel M , AkdisM, BlaserK, AkdisCA: Mechanisms of allergen specific immunotherapy – T-cell tolerance and more.Allergy61 , 796–807 (2006).
  • Jutel M , MullerUR, FrickerM et al.: Influence of bee venom immunotherapy on degranulation and leukotriene generation in human blood basophils.Clin. Exp. Allergy26 , 1112–1118 (1996).
  • Bauer C , PrzybillaB, EberleinB et al.: Changes in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in peripheral blood leukocytes during immunotherapy with vespid venom.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.98 , 281–285 (2007).
  • Ruëff F , PrzybillaB, BilóMB et al.: Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase – a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.124 , 1047–1054 (2009).
  • Goldberg A , Confino-CohenR: Timing of venom skin tests and IgE determinations after insect sting anaphylaxis.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.100 , 182–184 (1997).
  • Pantera B , HoffmanDR, CarresiL et al.: Characterization of the major allergens purified from the venom of the paper wasp Polistes gallicus.Biochim. Biophys. Acta1623 , 72–81 (2003).
  • Bilò MB , BonifaziF: Advances in hymenoptera venom immunotherapy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.7 , 567–573 (2007).
  • Hamilton RG : Diagnostic methods for insect sting allergy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.4 , 297–306 (2004).
  • Golden DB , Kagey-SobotkaA, NormanPS, HamiltonRG, LichtensteinLM: Insect sting allergy with negative venom skin test responses.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.107 , 897–901 (2001).
  • Müller U , GoldenDBK, LockeyRF, ShinB: Immunotherapy for hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity.Clin. Allergy Immunol.21 , 377–392 (2008).
  • Hoffman DR : Fatal reactions to hymenoptera stings.Allergy Asthma Proc.24 , 123–127 (2003).
  • Hemmer W , FockeM, KolarichD et al.: Antibody binding to venom carbohydrates is a frequent cause for double positivity to honeybee and yellow jacket venom in patients with stinging-insect allergy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.108 , 1045–1052 (2001).
  • Müller UR , JohansenN, PetersenAB, Fromberg-NielsenJ, HaeberliG: Hymenoptera venom allergy: analysis of double positivity to honey bee and Vespula venom by estimation of IgE antibodies to species-specific major allergens Api m1 and Ves v5.Allergy64 , 543–548 (2009).
  • Mittermann I , ZidarnM, SilarM et al.: Recombinant allergen-based IgE testing to distinguish bee and wasp allergy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.125 , 1300–1307 (2010).
  • Seismann H , BlankS, CifuentesL et al.: Recombinant phospholipase A1 (Ves v 1) from yellow jacket venom for improved diagnosis of hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity.Clin. Mol. Allergy8 , 7 (2010).
  • Bilò MB , BrianzoniF, CintiB, NapoliG, BonifaziF: The dilemma of the negative skin test reactors with a history of venom anaphylaxis: will this always be the case?Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol.37 , 341–342 (2005).
  • Guerti K , BridtsCH, StevensWJ, EboDG: Wasp venom-specific IgE: towards a new decision threshold?J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.18 , 321–323 (2008).
  • Golden DB , KellyD, HamiltonRG, WangNY, Kagey-SobotkaA: Dialyzed venom skin tests for identifying yellow jacket-allergic patients not detected using standard venom.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.102 , 47–50 (2009).
  • Eberlein-König B , VargaR, MempelM, DarsowU, BehrendtH, RingJ: Comparison of basophil activation tests using CD63 or CD203c expression in patients with insect venom allergy.Allergy61 , 1084–1085 (2006).
  • Ebo DG , HagendorensMM, SchuerweghAJ et al.: Flow-assisted quantification of in vitro activated basophils in the diagnosis of wasp venom allergy and follow-up of wasp venom immunotherapy.Cytometry B Clin. Cytom.72 , 196–203 (2007).
  • Scherer K , WeberJM, JermannTM et al.: Cellular in vitro assays in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy.Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.146 , 122–132 (2008).
  • Korosec P , ErzenR, SilarM, BajrovicN, KopacP, KosnikM: Basophil responsiveness in patients with insect sting allergies and negative venom-specific immunoglobulin E and skin prick test results.Clin. Exp. Allergy39 , 1730–1737 (2009).
  • Kleine-Tebbe J , ErdmannS, KnolEF, MacGlashanDW Jr, Poulsen LK, Gibbs BF: Diagnostic tests based on human basophils: potentials, pitfalls and perspectives. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.141 , 79–90 (2006).
  • Przybilla B , RuëffF: Hymenoptera venom allergy.J. Dtsch Dermatol. Ges.8 , 114–129 (2010).
  • Diwakar L , NooraniS, HuissoonAP, FrewAJ, KrishnaMT: Practice of venom immunotherapy in the United Kingdom: a national audit and review of literature.Clin. Exp. Allergy38 , 1651–1658 (2008).
  • Golden DB : Insect sting allergy and venom immunotherapy: a model and a mystery.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115 , 439–447 (2005).
  • Golden DB , Kagey-SobotkaA, NormanPS, HamiltonRG, LichtensteinLM: Outcomes of allergy to insect stings in children, with and without venom immunotherapy.N. Engl. J. Med.351 , 668–674 (2004).
  • Golden DB , MarshDG, FreidhoffLR et al.: Natural history of Hymenoptera venom sensitivity in adults.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.100 , 760–766 (1997).
  • Fernandez J , SorianoV, MayorgaL, MayorM: Natural history of hymenoptera venom allergy in Eastern Spain.Clin. Exp. Allergy35 , 179–185 (2005).
  • Ruëff F , PlaczekM, PrzybillaB: Mastocytosis and hymenoptera venom allergy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.6 , 284–288 (2006).
  • Niedoszytko M , de Monchy J, van Doormaal JJ, Jassem E, Oude Elberink JN: Mastocytosis and insect venom allergy: diagnosis, safety and efficacy of venom immunotherapy. Allergy64 , 1237–1245 (2009).
  • Bonadonna P , PerbelliniO, PassalacquaG et al.: Clonal mast cell disorders in patients with systemic reactions to hymenoptera stings and increased serum tryptase levels.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.123 , 680–686 (2009).
  • Solley GO : Stinging and biting insect allergy: an Australian experience.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.93 , 532–537 (2004).
  • Antonicelli L , BilòMB, NapoliG, FarabolliniB, BonifaziF: European hornet (Vespa crabro) sting: a new risk factor for life-threatening reaction in hymenoptera allergic patients?Allerg. Immunol. (Paris)35 , 199–203 (2003).
  • Oude Elberink JN , van der Heide S, Guyatt GH, Dubois AE: Analysis of the burden of treatment in patients receiving an EpiPen for yellow jacket anaphylaxis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.118 , 699–704 (2006).
  • Golden DB , KellyD, HamiltonRG, CraigTJ: Venom immunotherapy reduces large local reactions to insect stings.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.123 , 1371–1375 (2009).
  • Alvarez-Cuesta E , BousquetJ, CanonicaGW, DurhamSR, MallingHJ, ValovirtaE: Standards for practical allergen-specific immunotherapy.Allergy61(Suppl. 82) , 1–20 (2006).
  • Müller UR : Cardiovascular disease and anaphylaxis.Curr. Opin. Allergy Immunol.7 , 337–341 (2007).
  • Müller UR , HaeberliG: Use of β-blockers during immunotherapy for hymenoptera venom allergy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115 , 606–610 (2005).
  • Caviglia AG , PassalacquaG, SennaG: Risk of severe anaphylaxis for patients with hymenoptera venom allergy: are angiotensin-receptor blockers comparable to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.125 , 1171 (2010).
  • Bilò MB , BrianzoniMF, MassaccesiC, FrontiniF, BonifaziF: Venom immunotherapy and neoplasia. Presented at: 29th Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). London, UK, 5–9 June 2010.
  • Reisman RE : Venom hypersensitivity.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.94 , 651–658 (1994).
  • Hamilton RG , WisenauerJA, GoldenDB, ValentineMD, AdkinsonNF Jr: Selection of hymenoptera venoms for immunotherapy on the basis of patient‘s IgE antibody cross-reactivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.92 , 651–659 (1993).
  • Severino M , BonadonnaP, BilòMB et al.: Safety and efficacy of immunotherapy with Polistes dominulus venom: results from a large Italian database.Allergy64 , 1229–1230 (2009).
  • Blanca M , GarciaF, MirandaA et al.: Determination of IgE antibodies to Polistes dominulus, Vespula germanica and Vespa crabro in sera of patients allergic to vespids.Allergy46 , 109–114 (1991).
  • Kosnik M , KorosecP, SilarM, MusicE, ErzenR: Wasp venom is appropriate for immunotherapy of patients with allergic reaction to the European hornet sting.Croat. Med. J.43 , 25–27 (2002).
  • de Groot H : Allergy to bumblebees.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.6 , 294–297 (2006).
  • Brown S , WieseM, BlackmanK, HeddleR: Ant venom immunotherapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial.Lancet361 , 1001–1006 (2003).
  • Fernandez-Melendez S , MirandaA, Garcia-Gonzalez et al.: Anaphylaxis caused by imported red fire ants stings in Malaga, Spain. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.17 , 48–49 (2007).
  • Ross RN , NelsonHS, FinegoldI: Effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in the treatment of hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity: a meta-analysis.Clin. Ther.22 , 351–358 (2000).
  • Müller U , HelblingA, BerchtoldE: Immunotherapy with honeybee venom and yellow jacket venom is different regarding efficacy and safety.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.89 , 529–535 (1992).
  • Dubois AE : Mastocytosis and hymenoptera allergy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.4 , 291–295 (2004).
  • Oude Elberink JNG , De Monchy JGR, Kors JW et al.: Fatal anaphylaxis after a yellow jacket sting, despite venom immunotherapy, in two patients with mastocytosis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.99 , 153–154 (1997).
  • Haeberli G , BrönnimannM, HunzikerT, MüllerU: Elevated basal serum tryptase and hymenoptera venom allergy: relation to severity of sting reactions and to safety and efficacy of venom immunotherapy.Clin. Exp. Allergy33 , 1216–1220 (2003).
  • Roumana A , PitsiosC, VartholomaiosS, KompotiE, Kontou-FiliK: The safety of initiating hymenoptera immunotherapy at 1 µg of venom extract.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.124 , 379–381 (2009).
  • Bilò MB , AntonicelliL, BonifaziF: Purified versus nonpurified venom immunotherapy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.10 , 330–336 (2010).
  • Müller UR : Bee venom allergy in beekeepers and their family members.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.5 , 343–347 (2005).
  • Cavallucci E , RamondoS, RenzettiA et al.: Maintenance venom immunotherapy administered at a 3-month interval preserves safety and efficacy and improves adherence.J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.20 , 63–68 (2010).
  • Baenkler HW , Meusser-StormS, EgerG: Continuous immunotherapy for hymenoptera venom allergy using 6 month intervals.Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr.)33 , 7–14 (2005).
  • Goldberg A , Confino-CohenR: Effectiveness of maintenance bee venom immunotherapy administered at 6-month intervals.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.99 , 352–357 (2007).
  • Mellerup MT , HahnGW, PoulsenLK, MallingH: Safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Relation between dosage regimen, allergen extract, disease and systemic side-effects during induction treatment.Clin. Exp. Allergy30 , 1423–1429 (2000).
  • Winther L , ArnvedJ, MallingHJ, NolteH, MosbechH: Side-effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy: a prospective multi-centre study.Clin. Exp. Allergy36 , 254–260 (2006).
  • Lockey RF , TurkeltaubPC, OliveES, HubbardJM, Baird-WarrenIA, BukantzSC: The Hymenoptera Venom study. III. Safety of venom immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.86 , 775–780 (1990).
  • Mosbech H , MullerU: Side-effects of insect venom immunotherapy: results from an EAACI multicenter study. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology.Allergy55 , 1005–1010 (2000).
  • Kosnik M , SilarM, BajrovicN, MusicE, KorosecP: High sensitivity of basophils predicts side-effects in venom immunotherapy.Allergy60 , 1401–1406 (2005).
  • Ruëff F , PrzybillaB: Venom immunotherapy: adverse reactions and treatment failure.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.4 , 307–311 (2004).
  • Brehler R , WolfH, KüttingB, SchnitkerJ, LugerT: Safety of a 2-day ultrarush insect venom immunotherapy protocol in comparison with protocols of longer duration and involving a larger number of injections.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105 , 1231–1235 (2000).
  • Birnbaum J , RamadourM, MagnanA, VervloetD: Hymenoptera ultrarush venom immunotherapy (210 min): a safety study and risk factors.Clin. Exp. Allergy33 , 58–64 (2003).
  • Reimers A , HariY, MüllerU: Reduction of side-effects from ultrarush immunotherapy with honeybee venom by pretreatment with fexofenadine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Allergy55 , 484–488 (2000).
  • Ruëff F , PrzybillaB, BilóMB et al.: Predictors of side effects during the buildup phase of venom immunotherapy for hymenoptera venom allergy: the importance of baseline serum tryptase.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.126 , 105–111 (2010).
  • Tunon-de-Lara JM , VillanuevaP, MarcosM, TaytardA: ACE inhibitors and anaphylactoid reactions during venom immunotherapy.Lancet340 , 908 (1992).
  • White KM , EnglandRW: Safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors while receiving venom immunotherapy.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.101 , 426–430 (2008).
  • Müller U , HariY, BerchtoldE: Premedication with antihistamines may enhance efficacy of specific-allergen immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.107 , 81–86 (2001).
  • Müller UR , JutelM, ReimersA et al.: Clinical and immunologic effects of H1 antihistamine preventive medication during honeybee venom immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.122 , 1001–1007 (2008).
  • Wöhrl S , GamperS, HemmerW, HeinzeG, StinglG, KinaciyanT: Premedication with montelukast reduces local reactions of allergen immunotherapy.Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.144 , 137–142 (2007).
  • Galera C , SoohunN, ZankarN, CaimmiS, GallenC, DemolyP: Severe anaphylaxis to bee venom immunotherapy: efficacy of pretreatment and concurrent treatment with omalizumab.J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.19 , 225–229 (2009).
  • Kontou-Fili K : High omalizumab dose controls recurrent reactions to venom immunotherapy in indolent systemic mastocytosis.Allergy63 , 376–378 (2008).
  • Soriano Gomis V , Gonzalez Delgado P, Niveiro Hernandez E: Failure of omalizumab treatment after recurrent systemic reactions to bee-venom immunotherapy. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.18 , 225–256 (2008).
  • Nieto A , MazonA, PamiesR, BrunoL, NavarroM, MontanesA: Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic respiratory diseases: an evaluation of meta-analyses.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.124 , 157–161.E1–E32 (2009).
  • Canonica GW , BousquetJ, CasaleT et al.: Sublingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization Position Paper 2009.Allergy64(Suppl. 91) , 1–59 (2009).
  • Severino MG , CortelliniG, BonadonnaP et al.: Sublingual immunotherapy for large local reactions caused by honey bee stings.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.122 , 44–88 (2008).
  • Ruëff F , BilòMB, JutelM, MosbechH, MüllerU, Przybilla B; Interest group on hymenoptera venom allergy of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology: sublingual immunotherapy with venom is not recommended for patients with hymenoptera venom allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.123 , 272–273 (2009).
  • Bilò MB , SeverinoM, CiliaM et al.: The VISYT trial: venom immunotherapy safety and tolerability with purified vs nonpurified extracts.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.103 , 57–61 (2009).
  • Golden DB , KwiterovichKA, Kagey-SobotkaA, ValentineMD, LichtensteinLM: Discontinuing venom immunotherapy: outcome after 5 years.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.97 , 579–587 (1996).
  • Golden DB , KwiterovichKA, Kagey-SobotkaA, LichtensteinLM: Discontinuing venom immunotherapy: extended observations.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.101 , 298–305 (1998).
  • Senti G , JohansenP, OliverR et al.: A cutaneous allergen neutralisation test that correlates with the duration of venom immunotherapy.Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.141 , 377–383 (2006).
  • Ruëff F , WolfH, SchnitkerJ et al.: Specific immunotherapy in honeybee venom allergy: a comparative study using aqueous and aluminium hydroxide adsorbed preparations.Allergy59 , 589–595 (2004).
  • Peternelj A , SilarM, ErzenR, KosnikM, KorosecP: Basophil sensitivity in patients not responding to venom immunotherapy.Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.146 , 248–254 (2008).
  • Erdmann S , SachsB, Moll-Slodowy, Merk H: CD63 expression on basophils in the diagnosis of wasp venom allergy and for monitoring specific immunotherapy. Allergo J.12 , S55–S57 (2003).
  • Dugas-Breit S , PrzybillaB, DugasM et al.: Serum concentration of baseline mast cell tryptase: evidence for a decline during long-term immunotherapy for hymenoptera venom allergy.Clin. Exp. Allergy40 , 643–649 (2010).
  • Ruëff F , PrzybillaB, MüllerU, MosbechH: The sting challenge test in hymenoptera venom allergy. Position paper of the Subcommittee on Insect Venom Allergy of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology.Allergy51 , 216–225 (1996).
  • Ruëff F , WenderothA, PrzybillaB: Patients still reacting to a sting challenge while receiving conventional hymenoptera venom immunotherapy are protected by increased venom doses.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.108 , 1027–1032 (2001).
  • Golden DBK : Discontinuing venom immunotherapy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.1 , 353–356 (2001).
  • Lerch E , MüllerUR: Long-term protection after stopping venom immunotherapy: results of re-stings in 200 patients.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.101 , 606–612 (1998).
  • Bilò BM , BrianzoniFM, NapoliG, BonifaziF: Insect sting anoxic encephalopathy after stopping venom immunotherapy.Allergy61 , 268–269 (2006).
  • Müller U , BerchtoldE, HelblingA: Honeybee venom allergy: results of a sting challenge 1 year after stopping successful venom immunotherapy in 86 patients.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.87 , 702–709 (1991).
  • Reimers A , MullerU: Fatal outcome of a Vespula sting in a patient with mastocytosis after specific immunotherapy with honey bee venom.J. World Allergy(Suppl. 1) , 69–70 (2005).
  • Golden DB , Kagey-SobotkaA, LichtensteinLM: Survey of patients after discontinuing venom immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105 , 385–390 (2000).
  • Hafner T , DuBuskeL, KosnikM: Long-term efficacy of venom immunotherapy.Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.100 , 162–165 (2008).
  • Müller UR : Recombinant hymenoptera venom allergens.Allergy57 , 570–576 (2002).
  • Blank S , SeismannH, BockischB et al.: Identification, recombinant expression, and characterization of the 100 kDa high molecular weight hymenoptera venom allergens Api m 5 and Ves v 3.J. Immunol.184 , 5403–5413 (2010).
  • Müller UR , AkdisCA, FrickerM et al.: Successful immunotherapy with T cell epitope peptides of bee venom phospholipase A2 induces specific T cell anergy in bee sting allergic patients.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.101 , 747–754 (1998).
  • Fellrath JM , KettnerA, DufourN et al.: Allergen-specific T-cell tolerance induction with allergen-derived long synthetic peptides: results of a Phase I trial.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.111 , 854–861 (2003).
  • Jilek S , BarbeyC, SpertiniF, CorthesyB: Antigen independent suppression of the allergic immune response to bee venom phospholipase A2 by DNA vaccination in CBA/J mice.Immunology166 , 3612–3621 (2001).
  • Kussebi F , KaramlooF, RhynerC et al.: A major allergen gene-fusion protein for potential usage in allergen-specific immunotherapy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.115 , 323–329 (2005).
  • Karamloo F , Schmid-GrendelmeierP, KussebiF et al.: Prevention of allergy by a recombinant multi-allergen vaccine with reduced IgE binding and preserved T cell epitopes.Eur. J. Immunol.35 , 3268–3276 (2005).
  • Senti G , Prinz Vavricka BM, Erdmann I et al.: Intralymphatic allergen administration renders specific immunotherapy faster and safer: a randomized controlled trial. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105 , 17908–17912 (2008).
  • Senti G , JohansenP, KündigTM: Intralymphatic immunotherapy.Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.9 , 537–543 (2009).
  • Mueller HL : Diagnosis and treatment of insect sensitivity.J. Asthma Res.3 , 331–333 (1966).
  • Ring J , MessmerK: Incidence and severity of anaphylactioid reactions to colloid volume substitutes.Lancet1 , 466–469 (1977).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.