96
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Risk Factors in Childhood and Adolescence

&
Pages 73-76 | Received 30 Dec 2015, Accepted 08 Jan 2016, Published online: 01 Apr 2016

References

  • MC International Federation . www.msif.org .
  • Sawcer S , HellenthalG, PirinenMet al. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis . Nature476 ( 7359 ), 214 – 219 ( 2011 ).
  • Beecham AH , PatsopoulosNA, XifaraDKet al. Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis . Nat. Genet.45 ( 11 ), 1353 – 1360 ( 2013 ).
  • Gale CR , MartynCN . Migrant studies in multiple sclerosis . Prog. Neurobiol.47 ( 4 ), 425 – 448 ( 1995 ).
  • Ascherio A , MungerKL . Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection . Ann. Neurol.61 ( 4 ), 288 – 299 ( 2007 ).
  • Koch-Henriksen N , SorensenPS . The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology . Lancet Neurol.9 ( 5 ), 520 – 532 ( 2010 ).
  • Goodin DS . The causal cascade to multiple sclerosis: a model for MS pathogenesis . PLoS ONE4 ( 2 ), e4565 ( 2009 ).
  • Gardener H , MungerKL, ChitnisT, MichelsKB, SpiegelmanD, AscherioA . Prenatal and perinatal factors and risk of multiple sclerosis . Epidemiology20 ( 4 ), 611 – 618 ( 2009 ).
  • Torkildsen O , GryttenN, AarsethJ, MyhrKM, KampmanMT . Month of birth as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: an update . Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl.195, 58 – 62 ( 2012 ).
  • Ascherio A , MungerKL . Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: noninfectious factors . Ann. Neurol.61 ( 6 ), 504 – 513 ( 2007 ).
  • Ueda P , RafatniaF, BaarnhielmMet al. Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of multiple sclerosis . Ann. Neurol.76 ( 3 ), 338 – 346 ( 2014 ).
  • Kucukali CL , KurtuncuM, CobanA, CebiM, TuzunE . Epigenetics of multiple sclerosis: an updated review . Neuromolecular Med.17 ( 2 ), 83 – 96 ( 2015 ).
  • Ramagopalan SV , HerreraBM, BellJTet al. Parental transmission of HLA-DRB1*15 in multiple sclerosis . Hum. Genet.122 ( 6 ), 661 – 663 ( 2008 ).
  • Bager P , NielsenNM, BihrmannKet al. Childhood infections and risk of multiple sclerosis . Brain127 ( Pt 11 ), 2491 – 2497 ( 2004 ).
  • Kampman MT , WilsgaardT, MellgrenSI . Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle . J. Neurol.254 ( 4 ), 471 – 477 ( 2007 ).
  • Munger KL , LevinLI, HollisBW, HowardNS, AscherioA . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis . JAMA296 ( 23 ), 2832 – 2838 ( 2006 ).
  • Cortese M , RiiseT, BjornevikKet al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: the EnvIMS study . Mult. Scler.21 ( 14 ), 1856 – 1864 ( 2015 ).
  • Munger KL , ChitnisT, FrazierAL, GiovannucciE, SpiegelmanD, AscherioA . Dietary intake of vitamin D during adolescence and risk of multiple sclerosis . J. Neurol.258 ( 3 ), 479 – 485 ( 2011 ).
  • Hedstrom AK , HillertJ, OlssonT, AlfredssonL . Smoking and multiple sclerosis susceptibility . Eur J. Epidemiol.28 ( 11 ), 867 – 874 ( 2013 ).
  • Wesnes K , RiiseT, CasettaIet al. Body size and the risk of multiple sclerosis in Norway and Italy: the EnvIMS study . Mult. Scler.21 ( 4 ), 388 – 395 ( 2014 ).
  • Hedstrom AK , OlssonT, AlfredssonL . Body mass index during adolescence, rather than childhood, is critical in determining MS risk . Mult. Scler. doi:10.1177/1352458515603798 ( 2015 ) ( Epub ahead of print ).
  • Ramagopalan SV , ValdarW, CriscuoliMet al. Age of puberty and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a population based study . Eur. J. Neurol.16 ( 3 ), 342 – 347 ( 2009 ).
  • Farez MF , CorrealeJ . Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis . J. Neurol.258 ( 7 ), 1197 – 1206 ( 2011 ).
  • Scheller NM , SvanstromH, PasternakBet al. Quadrivalent HPV vaccination and risk of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system . JAMA313 ( 1 ), 54 – 61 ( 2015 ).
  • Lunny C , Knopp-SihotaJA, FraserSN . Surgery and risk for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies . BMC Neurol.13, 41 ( 2013 ).
  • Lunny CA , FraserSN, Knopp-SihotaJA . Physical trauma and risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies . J. Neurol. Sci.336 ( 1 ), 13 – 23 ( 2014 ).
  • Nielsen NM , PedersenBV, StenagerE, Koch-HenriksenN, FrischM . Stressful life-events in childhood and risk of multiple sclerosis: a Danish nationwide cohort study . Mult. Scler.20 ( 12 ), 1609 – 1615 ( 2014 ).
  • Gusev E , BoikoA, LauerK, RiiseT, DeominaT . Environmental risk factors in MS: a case–control study in Moscow . Acta Neurol. Scand.94 ( 6 ), 386 – 394 ( 1996 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.