Exploration of CYP450 and Drug Transporter Genotypes and Correlations with Nevirapine Exposure in Malawians

• Evans WE , McLeodHL. Pharmacogenomics – drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. N. Engl. J. Med.348(6) , 538–549 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotger M , ColomboS, FurrerH et al. Influence of CYP2B6 polymorphism on plasma and intracellular concentrations and toxicity of efavirenz and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 15(1) , 1–5 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford LD . CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendants. Pharmacogenomics3(2) , 229–243 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas DW , WuH, LiH et al. MDR1 gene polymorphisms and phase 1 viral decay during HIV-1 infection: an adult aids clinical trials group study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.34(3) , 295–298 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas DW , RibaudoHJ, KimRB et al. Pharmacogenetics of efavirenz and central nervous system side effects: an adult aids clinical trials group study. AIDS 18(18) , 2391–2400 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein K , LangT, SausseleT et al. Genetic variability of CYP2D6 in populations of African and Asian origin: allele frequencies, novel functional variants, and possible implications for anti-HIV therapy with efavirenz. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 15(12) , 861–873 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penzak SR , KabuyeG, MugyenyiP et al. Cytochrome p450 2B6 (CYP2B6) G516T influences nevirapine plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients in Uganda. HIV Med. 8(2) , 86–91 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinipour MC , CorbettAH, KanyamaC et al. Pharmacokinetic comparison of generic and trade formulations of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in HIV-infected Malawian adults. AIDS 21(1) , 59–64 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett AH , HosseinipourMC, NyirendaJ et al. Pharmacokinetics of generic and trade formulations of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in HIV-infected Malawian children. Antiviral Ther. 15(1) , 83–90 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heeswijk RP , VeldkampAI, MulderJW et al. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nevirapine during once daily and twice daily dosing in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 14(8) , F77–F82 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzuriaga K , BrysonY, McSherryG et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. J. Infect. Dis. 174(4) , 713–721 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson DA , MatherG, TragerWF, LevyRH, KeirnsJJ. Characterization of the in vitro biotransformation of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine by human hepatic cytochromes P-450. Drug Metab. Disp.27(12) , 1488–1495 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyen C , HendraH, VogelM et al. Impact of CYP2B6 983T>C polymorphism on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61(4) , 914–918 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh A , SarlesE, CapparelliE et al. CYP2B6 genetic variants are associated with nevirapine pharmacokinetics and clinical response in HIV-1-infected children. AIDS21(16) , 2191–2199 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran G , RameshK, Hemanth Kumar AK et al. Association of high T allele frequency of CYP2B6 G516T polymorphism among ethnic south Indian HIV-infected patients with elevated plasma efavirenz and nevirapine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.63(4) , 841–843 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahungu T , SmithC, TurnerF et al. Cytochrome p450 2B6 516G-->T is associated with plasma concentrations of nevirapine at both 200 mg twice daily and 400 mg once daily in an ethnically diverse population. HIV Med. 10(5) , 310–317 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas DW , GebretsadikT, MayoG et al. Associations between CYP2B6 polymorphisms and pharmacokinetics after a single dose of nevirapine or efavirenz in African–Americans. J. Infect. Dis. 199(6) , 872–880 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chantarangsu S , CresseyTR, MahasirimongkolS et al. Influence of CYP2B6 polymorphisms on the persistence of plasma nevirapine concentrations following a single intra-partum dose for the prevention of mother to child transmission in HIV-infected Thai women. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(6) , 1265–1273 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faucette SR , ZhangTC, MooreR et al. Relative activation of human pregnane x receptor versus constitutive androstane receptor defines distinct classes of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 inducers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320(1) , 72–80 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamba J , LambaV, StromS, VenkataramananR, SchuetzE. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of human pregnane X receptor/NR1I2 and their association with CYP3A4 expression. Drug Metab. Disp.36(1) , 169–181 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamba J , LambaV, SchuetzE. Genetic variants of PXR (NR1I2) and CAR (NR1I3) and their implications in drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics. Curr. Drug Metab.6(4) , 369–383 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International HapMap Consortium. The international HapMap project. Nature426(6968) , 789–796 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezk NL , TidwellRR, KashubaAD. Simultaneous determination of six HIV nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nevirapine by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J. Chromatog.791(1–2) , 137–147 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Marsh S , KingCR, GarsaAA, McLeodHL. Pyrosequencing of clinically relevant polymorphisms. Methods Mol. Biol. (Clifton, NJ)311 , 97–114 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garsa AA , McLeodHL, MarshS. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotyping by pyrosequencing. BMC Med. Genet.6 , 19 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrbacher M , KirchhofA, GeisslingerG, LötschJ. Pyrosequencing-based screening for genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2B6 of potential clinical relevance. Pharmacogenomics7(7) , 995–1002 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zackrisson AL , LindblomB. Identification of CYP2D6 alleles by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis using pyrosequencing. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.59(7) , 521–526 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl P , ZhangJ, LinY et al. Sequence diversity in CYP3A promoters and characterization of the genetic basis of polymorphic CYP3A5 expression. Nat. Genet. 27(4) , 383–391 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries-Sluijs TE , DielemanJP, ArtsD et al. Low nevirapine plasma concentrations predict virological failure in an unselected HIV-1-infected population. Clin. Pharmacokinetics 42(6) , 599–605 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldkamp AI , WeverlingGJ, LangeJM et al. High exposure to nevirapine in plasma is associated with an improved virological response in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 15(9) , 1089–1095 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensom MHH , BlouinRA. Dietary influences on drug disposition. In: Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Burton ME, Shaw LM, Schentag JJ, Evans WE (Eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MA, USA, 242–256 (2006).
   Google Scholar

▪ Websites

• Panel on antiretroviral guidelines for adults and adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in hiv-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of health and human services. 10 January, 1–166, 2011. www.Aidsinfo.Nih.Gov/contentfiles/adultandadolescentgl.Pdf (Accessed 15May2011)
   Google Scholar
• FAO Malawi nutrition profile. Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008). www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/mwi_en.stm (Accessed 26May2010)
   Google Scholar
• NCBI dbSNP. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp
   Google Scholar