798
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin for the Management of Patients with Persistent Pain: a Potential Role?

&
Pages 217-229 | Received 05 Dec 2017, Accepted 02 Mar 2018, Published online: 03 May 2018

References

  • Johnson MW , GriffithsRR . Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin . Neurotherapeutics14 ( 3 ), 734 – 740 ( 2017 ).
  • Liester MB . A review of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of addictions: historical perspectives and future prospects . Curr. Drug Abuse Rev.7 ( 3 ), 146 – 156 ( 2014 ).
  • Sanches RF , De Lima OsorioF , Dos SantosRGet al. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a SPECT study . J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.36 ( 1 ), 77 – 81 ( 2016 ).
  • Osorio Fde L , SanchesRF , MacedoLRet al. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a preliminary report . Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.37 ( 1 ), 13 – 20 ( 2015 ).
  • Gasser P , HolsteinD , MichelYet al. Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.202 ( 7 ), 513 – 520 ( 2014 ).
  • Griffiths RR , JohnsonMW , CarducciMAet al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial . J. Psychopharmacol.30 ( 12 ), 1181 – 1197 ( 2016 ).
  • Sellers EM . Psilocybin: good trip or bad trip . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.102 ( 4 ), 580 – 584 ( 2017 ).
  • Bogenschutz MP . It’s time to take psilocybin seriously as a possible treatment for substance use disorders . Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse43 ( 1 ), 4 – 6 ( 2017 ).
  • UK Home Office . Guidance. List of Most Commonly Encountered Drugs Currently Controlled Under the Misuse of Drugs Legislation ( 2017 ). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list--2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation .
  • Nichols DE , JohnsonMW , NicholsCD . Psychedelics as medicines: an emerging new paradigm . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.101 ( 2 ), 209 – 219 ( 2017 ).
  • Preller KH , HerdenerM , PokornyTet al. The fabric of meaning and subjective effects in LSD-induced states depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation . Curr. Biol.27 ( 3 ), 451 – 457 ( 2017 ).
  • Kraehenmann R , PokornyD , VollenweiderLet al. Dreamlike effects of LSD on waking imagery in humans depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation . Psychopharmacology (Berl.)234 ( 13 ), 2031 – 2046 ( 2017 ).
  • Kraehenmann R , PokornyD , AicherHet al. LSD increases primary process thinking via serotonin 2A receptor activation . Front. Pharmacol.8 , 814 ( 2017 ).
  • Barrett FS , PrellerKH , HerdenerM , JanataP , VollenweiderFX . Serotonin 2A receptor signaling underlies LSD-induced alteration of the neural response to dynamic changes in music . Cereb. Cortex doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx2571 – 12 ( 2017 ) ( Epub ahead of print ).
  • Dos Santos RG , OsorioFL , CrippaJAS , HallakJEC . Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: a systematic review of human studies: hallucinogens and neuroimaging . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.71 , 715 – 728 ( 2016 ).
  • Buckner RL , Andrews-HannaJR , SchacterDL . The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease . Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1124 , 1 – 38 ( 2008 ).
  • Hintzen A , PassieT . The Pharmacology of LSD . Oxford University Press , Oxford, UK ( 2010 ).
  • Bogenschutz MP , JohnsonMW . Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions . Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry64 , 250 – 258 ( 2016 ).
  • Grof S . LSD Psychotherapy . Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies , CA, USA ( 2008 ).
  • Das S , BarnwalP , RamasamyA , SenS , MondalS . Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’?Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol.6 ( 3 ), 214 – 228 ( 2016 ).
  • Richards WA . Mystical and archetypal experiences of terminal patients in DPT-assisted psychotherapy . J. Relig. Health17 ( 2 ), 117 – 126 ( 1978 ).
  • Sessa B . Can psychedelic drugs play a role in palliative care?Eur. J. Palliative Care15 , 234 – 237 ( 2008 ).
  • Dutta V . Repression of death consciousness and the psychedelic trip . J. Cancer Res. Ther.8 ( 3 ), 336 – 342 ( 2012 ).
  • Grob CS , DanforthAL , ChopraGSet al. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry68 ( 1 ), 71 – 78 ( 2011 ).
  • Sessa B . Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity?J. Psychopharmacol.22 ( 8 ), 821 – 827 ( 2008 ).
  • Gable RS . Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically . Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse19 ( 3 ), 263 – 281 ( 1993 ).
  • Hasler F , GrimbergU , BenzMA , HuberT , VollenweiderFX . Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-effect study . Psychopharmacology (Berl.)172 ( 2 ), 145 – 156 ( 2004 ).
  • Strassman RJ . Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.172 ( 10 ), 577 – 595 ( 1984 ).
  • Johnson M , RichardsW , GriffithsR . Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety . J. Psychopharmacol.22 ( 6 ), 603 – 620 ( 2008 ).
  • Larsen JK . Neurotoxicity and LSD treatment: a follow-up study of 151 patients in Denmark . Hist. Psychiatry27 ( 2 ), 172 – 189 ( 2016 ).
  • Larsen JK . LSD treatment in Scandinavia: emphasizing indications and short-term treatment outcomes of 151 patients in Denmark . Nord. J. Psychiatry71 ( 7 ), 489 – 495 ( 2017 ).
  • Liechti ME . Modern clinical research on LSD . Neuropsychopharmacology42 ( 11 ), 2114 – 2127 ( 2017 ).
  • Carhart-Harris RL , GoodwinGM . The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future . Neuropsychopharmacology42 ( 11 ), 2105 – 2113 ( 2017 ).
  • Reiche S , HermleL , GutwinskiS , JungaberleH , GasserP , MajicT . Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: a systematic review . Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry81 , 1 – 10 ( 2017 ).
  • Gasser P , KirchnerK , PassieT . LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: a qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects . J. Psychopharmacol.29 ( 1 ), 57 – 68 ( 2015 ).
  • Krebs TS , JohansenPO . Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . J. Psychopharmacol.26 ( 7 ), 994 – 1002 ( 2012 ).
  • Carhart-Harris RL , ErritzoeD , WilliamsTet al. Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA109 ( 6 ), 2138 – 2143 ( 2012 ).
  • Carbonaro TM , BradstreetMP , BarrettFSet al. Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: acute and enduring positive and negative consequences . J. Psychopharmacol.30 ( 12 ), 1268 – 1278 ( 2016 ).
  • Johansen PO , KrebsTS . Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study . J. Psychopharmacol.29 ( 3 ), 270 – 279 ( 2015 ).
  • Krebs TS , JohansenPO . Psychedelics and mental health: a population study . PLoS ONE8 ( 8 ), e63972 ( 2013 ).
  • Hendricks PS , JohnsonMW , GriffithsRR . Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality . J. Psychopharmacol.29 ( 9 ), 1041 – 1043 ( 2015 ).
  • Ross S , BossisA , GussJet al. Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial . J. Psychopharmacol.30 ( 12 ), 1165 – 1180 ( 2016 ).
  • Carhart-Harris RL , BolstridgeM , RuckerJet al. Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study . Lancet Psychiatry3 ( 7 ), 619 – 627 ( 2016 ).
  • Carhart-Harris RL , RosemanL , BolstridgeMet al. Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms . Sci. Rep.7 ( 1 ), 13187 ( 2017 ).
  • Bogenschutz MP , ForcehimesAA , PommyJA , WilcoxCE , BarbosaPC , StrassmanRJ . Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study . J. Psychopharmacol.29 ( 3 ), 289 – 299 ( 2015 ).
  • Johnson MW , Garcia-RomeuA , CosimanoMP , GriffithsRR . Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction . J. Psychopharmacol.28 ( 11 ), 983 – 992 ( 2014 ).
  • Johnson MW , Garcia-RomeuA , GriffithsRR . Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation . Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse43 ( 1 ), 55 – 60 ( 2017 ).
  • Moreno FA , WiegandCB , TaitanoEK , DelgadoPL . Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder . J. Clin. Psychiatry67 ( 11 ), 1735 – 1740 ( 2006 ).
  • Passie T , SeifertJ , SchneiderU , EmrichHM . The pharmacology of psilocybin . Addict. Biol.7 ( 4 ), 357 – 364 ( 2002 ).
  • Kyzar EJ , NicholsCD , GainetdinovRR , NicholsDE , KalueffAV . Psychedelic drugs in biomedicine . Trends Pharmacol. Sci.38 ( 11 ), 992 – 1005 ( 2017 ).
  • De Gregorio D , ComaiS , PosaL , GobbiG . D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a model of psychosis: mechanism of action and pharmacology . Int. J. Mol. Sci.17 ( 11 ), pii: E1953 ( 2016 ).
  • Tabor A , KeoghE , EcclestonC . Embodied pain-negotiating the boundaries of possible action . Pain158 ( 6 ), 1007 – 1011 ( 2017 ).
  • Anchisi D , ZanonM . A Bayesian perspective on sensory and cognitive integration in pain perception and placebo analgesia . PLoS ONE10 ( 2 ), e0117270 ( 2015 ).
  • Nicholas MK , Ashton-JamesC . Embodied pain: grasping a thorny problem?Pain158 ( 6 ), 993 – 994 ( 2017 ).
  • Di Lernia D , SerinoS , CipressoP , RivaG . Ghosts in the machine. Interoceptive modeling for chronic pain treatment . Front. Neurosci.10 , 314 ( 2016 ).
  • Duschek S , MontoroCI , Reyes Del PasoGA . Diminished interoceptive awareness in fibromyalgia syndrome . Behav. Med.43 ( 2 ), 100 – 107 ( 2017 ).
  • Di Lernia D , SerinoS , RivaG . Pain in the body. Altered interoception in chronic pain conditions: a systematic review . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.71 , 328 – 341 ( 2016 ).
  • Jensen KB , RegenbogenC , OhseMC , FrasnelliJ , FreiherrJ , LundstromJN . Brain activations during pain: a neuroimaging meta-analysis of patients with pain and healthy controls . Pain157 ( 6 ), 1279 – 1286 ( 2016 ).
  • Mouraux A , DiukovaA , LeeMC , WiseRG , IannettiGD . A multisensory investigation of the functional significance of the “pain matrix” . Neuroimage54 ( 3 ), 2237 – 2249 ( 2011 ).
  • Adolfi F , CoutoB , RichterFet al. Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach . Cortex88 , 124 – 142 ( 2017 ).
  • Craig AD . Significance of the insula for the evolution of human awareness of feelings from the body . Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1225 , 72 – 82 ( 2011 ).
  • Grivaz P , BlankeO , SerinoA . Common and distinct brain regions processing multisensory bodily signals for peripersonal space and body ownership . Neuroimage147 , 602 – 618 ( 2017 ).
  • Craig AD . How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness . Nat. Rev. Neurosci.10 ( 1 ), 59 – 70 ( 2009 ).
  • Hashmi JA , BalikiMN , HuangLet al. Shape shifting pain: chronification of back pain shifts brain representation from nociceptive to emotional circuits . Brain136 , 2751 – 2768 ( 2013 ).
  • Baliki MN , BariaAT , ApkarianAV . The cortical rhythms of chronic back pain . J. Neurosci.31 ( 39 ), 13981 – 13990 ( 2011 ).
  • Baliki MN , GehaPY , ApkarianAV , ChialvoDR . Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics . J. Neurosci.28 ( 6 ), 1398 – 1403 ( 2008 ).
  • Baliki MN , MansourAR , BariaAT , ApkarianAV . Functional reorganization of the default mode network across chronic pain conditions . PLoS ONE9 ( 9 ), e106133 ( 2014 ).
  • Zeidan F , VagoDR . Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account . Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1373 ( 1 ), 114 – 127 ( 2016 ).
  • Allen M , DietzM , BlairKSet al. Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention . J. Neurosci.32 ( 44 ), 15601 – 15610 ( 2012 ).
  • Brewer JA , GarrisonKA . The posterior cingulate cortex as a plausible mechanistic target of meditation: findings from neuroimaging . Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1307 , 19 – 27 ( 2014 ).
  • Farb NA , SegalZV , AndersonAK . Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention . Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.8 ( 1 ), 15 – 26 ( 2013 ).
  • De Gregorio D , PosaL , Ochoa-SanchezRet al. The hallucinogen d-lysergic diethylamide (LSD) decreases dopamine firing activity through 5-HT1A, D2 and TAAR1 receptors . Pharmacol. Res.113 , 81 – 91 ( 2016 ).
  • Nichols DE . Psychedelics . Pharmacol. Rev.68 ( 2 ), 264 – 355 ( 2016 ).
  • Bannister K , DickensonAH . What the brain tells the spinal cord . Pain157 ( 10 ), 2148 – 2151 ( 2016 ).
  • Viguier F , MichotB , HamonM , BourgoinS . Multiple roles of serotonin in pain control mechanisms--implications of 5-HT(7) and other 5-HT receptor types . Eur. J. Pharmacol.716 ( 1–3 ), 8 – 16 ( 2013 ).
  • Dworkin RH , O’ConnorAB , AudetteJet al. Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: an overview and literature update . Mayo Clin. Proc.85 ( 3 Suppl. ), S3 – S14 ( 2010 ).
  • Yancey J , HydrickEN . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia . Am. Fam. Physician94 ( 7 ), 548 – 549 ( 2016 ).
  • Derry S , PhillipsT , MooreRA , WiffenPJ . Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. ( 7 ), CD011789 ( 2015 ).
  • Cording M , DerryS , PhillipsT , MooreRA , WiffenPJ . Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. ( 10 ), CD008244 ( 2015 ).
  • Walitt B , UrrutiaG , NishishinyaMB , CantrellSE , HauserW . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. ( 6 ), CD011735 ( 2015 ).
  • Bardin L . The complex role of serotonin and 5-HT receptors in chronic pain . Behav. Pharmacol.22 ( 5–6 ), 390 – 404 ( 2011 ).
  • Abbott FV , HongY , BlierP . Activation of 5-HT2A receptors potentiates pain produced by inflammatory mediators . Neuropharmacology35 ( 1 ), 99 – 110 ( 1996 ).
  • Tokunaga A , SaikaM , SenbaE . 5-HT2A receptor subtype is involved in the thermal hyperalgesic mechanism of serotonin in the periphery . Pain76 ( 3 ), 349 – 355 ( 1998 ).
  • Fields H . State-dependent opioid control of pain . Nat. Rev. Neurosci.5 ( 7 ), 565 – 575 ( 2004 ).
  • Fields HL , MargolisEB . Understanding opioid reward . Trends Neurosci.38 ( 4 ), 217 – 225 ( 2015 ).
  • Fields HL . Understanding how opioids contribute to reward and analgesia . Region. Anesth. Pain Med.32 ( 3 ), 242 – 246 ( 2007 ).
  • Zhang H , QianYL , LiCet al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the mesolimbic reward circuitry mediates nociception in chronic neuropathic pain . Biol. Psychiatry82 ( 8 ), 608 – 618 ( 2017 ).
  • Wood PB . Mesolimbic dopaminergic mechanisms and pain control . Pain120 ( 3 ), 230 – 234 ( 2006 ).
  • Navratilova E , XieJY , OkunAet al. Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of mesolimbic reward-valuation circuitry . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA109 ( 50 ), 20709 – 20713 ( 2012 ).
  • Mitsi V , ZachariouV . Modulation of pain, nociception, and analgesia by the brain reward center . Neuroscience338 , 81 – 92 ( 2016 ).
  • Bradley JR . TNF-mediated inflammatory disease . J. Pathology214 ( 2 ), 149 – 160 ( 2008 ).
  • Kast EC , CollinsVJ . Study of lysergic acid diethylamide as an analgesic agent . Anesth. Analg.43 , 285 – 291 ( 1964 ).
  • Kast E . Attenuation of anticipation: a therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide . Psychiatr. Quarterly41 ( 4 ), 646 – 657 ( 1967 ).
  • Pahnke WN , KurlandAA , GoodmanLE , RichardsWA . LSD-assisted psychotherapy with terminal cancer patients . Curr. Psychiatr. Ther.9 , 144 – 152 ( 1969 ).
  • Grof S , GoodmanLE , RichardsWA , KurlandAA . LSD-assisted psychotherapy in patients with terminal cancer . Int. Pharmacopsychiatry8 ( 3 ), 129 – 144 ( 1973 ).
  • Sicuteri F . Prophylactic treatment of migraine by means of lysergic acid derivatives . Triangle6 , 116 – 125 ( 1963 ).
  • Crowther DL . The prophylactic effect of 1-methyl-D-lysergic acid butanolamide (methysergide) in the treatment of vascular headache. A clinical study . Med. Exp. Int. J. Exp. Med.10 , 137 – 143 ( 1964 ).
  • Sewell RA . Unauthroised research on cluster headache . Winter Solstice16 ( 4 ), 117 – 125 ( 2008 ).
  • Sewell RA , HalpernJH , PopeHGJr . Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD . Neurology66 ( 12 ), 1920 – 1922 ( 2006 ).
  • Schindler EA , GottschalkCH , WeilMJ , ShapiroRE , WrightDA , SewellRA . Indoleamine hallucinogens in cluster headache: results of the clusterbusters medication use survey . J. Psychoactive Drugs47 ( 5 ), 372 – 381 ( 2015 ).
  • Karst M , HalpernJH , BernateckM , PassieT . The non-hallucinogen 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide as preventative treatment for cluster headache: an open, non-randomized case series . Cephalalgia30 ( 9 ), 1140 – 1144 ( 2010 ).
  • Aghajanian GK . LSD and 2-bromo-LSD: comparison on effects on serotonergic neurones and on neurones in two serotonergic projection areas, the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala . Neuropharmacology15 ( 9 ), 521 – 528 ( 1976 ).
  • Johnson MW , SewellRA , GriffithsRR . Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers . Drug Alcohol Depend.123 ( 1–3 ), 132 – 140 ( 2012 ).
  • Fanciullacci M , BeneED , FranchiG , SicuteriF . Brief report: phantom limp pain: sub-hallucinogenic treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) . Headache17 ( 3 ), 118 – 119 ( 1977 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.