References
- Melzack R . The tragedy of needless pain. Sci. Am.262(2), 27–33 (1990).
- Manchikanti L , HelmS2nd , FellowsBet al. Opioid epidemic in the United States. Pain Physician15(3 Suppl.), ES9–ES38 (2012).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . World Drug Report 2017. www.unodc.org/wdr2017/index.html
- Crews FT , ZouJ , QinL. Induction of innate immune genes in brain create the neurobiology of addiction. Brain Behav. Immun.25(Suppl. 1), S4–S12 (2011).
- Bryc K , DurandEY , MacPhersonJM , ReichD , MountainJL. The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States. Am. J. Hum. Genet.96(1), 37–53 (2015).
- Webster LR . Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose. Anesth. Analg.125(5), 1741–1748 (2017).
- WHO . World Health Statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs. www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/en/
- Alam A , GomesT , ZhengH , MamdaniMM , JuurlinkDN , BellCM. Long-term analgesic use after low-risk surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med.172(5), 425–430 (2012).
- Lee JSJ , HuHM , EdelmanALet al. New persistent opioid use among patients with cancer after curative-intent surgery. J. Clin. Oncol.35(36), 4042–4049 (2017).
- Deyo RA , HallvikSE , HildebranCet al. Use of prescription opioids before and after an operation for chronic pain (lumbar fusion surgery). Pain159(6), 1147–1154 (2018).
- Bicket MC , WhiteE , PronovostPJ , WuCL , YasterM , AlexanderGC. Opioid oversupply after joint and spine surgery. Anesth. Analg.128(2) 358–364 (2018).
- Brat GA , AgnielD , BeamAet al. Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study. BMJ360, j5790 (2018).
- Clarke H , SonejiN , KoDT , YunL , WijeysunderaDN. Rates and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after major surgery: population based cohort study. BMJ348, g1251 (2014).
- Lindenhovious ALC , HelmerhortsGTT , SchnellenAC , VrahasM , RingD , KloenP. Differences in prescription of narcotic pain medication after operative treatment of hip and ankle fractures in the United States and The Netherlands. J. Trauma Inj. Infect. Crit. Care67(1), 160–164 (2009).
- Onishi E , KobayashiT , DexterE , MarinoM , MaenoT , DeyoRA. Comparison of opioid prescribing patterns in the United States and Japan: primary care physicians’ attitudes and perceptions. J. Am. Board Fam. Med.30(2), 248–254 (2017).
- Bal BS . An introduction to medical malpractice in the United States. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.467(2), 339–47 (2009).
- US Chamber Institute for Legal Reform . International comparisons of litigation costs. www.instituteforlegalreform.com/uploads/sites/1/ILR_NERA_Study_International_Liability_Costs-update.pdf
- Weissman J , RussellD , JayM , BeasleyJM , MalaspinaD , PegusC. Disparities in health care utilization and functional limitations among adults with serious psychological distress, 2006–2014. Psychiatr. Serv.68(7), 653–659 (2017).
- Kelly S , JohnsonG , HarbisonR. ‘Pressured to prescribe’ the impact of economic and regulatory factors on south-eastern ED physicians when managing the drug seeking patient. J. Emerg. Trauma. Shock9(2), 58 (2016).
- Zgierska A , RabagoD , MillerMM. Impact of patient satisfaction ratings on physicians and clinical care. Patient Prefer. Adher.8, 437–446 (2014).
- Sinnenberg LE , WannerKJ , PerroneJ , BargFK , RhodesKV , MeiselZF. What factors affect physicians’ decisions to prescribe opioids in emergency departments?MDM Policy Pract.2(1), 2381468316681006 (2017).
- Andrews RM , BrowneAL , WoodF , SchugSA. Predictors of patient satisfaction with pain management and improvement 3 months after burn injury. J. Burn Care Res.33(3), 442–452 (2012).
- Schwartz TM , TaiM , BabuKM , MerchantRC. Lack of association between press Ganey emergency department patient satisfaction scores and emergency department administration of analgesic medications. Ann. Emerg. Med.64(5), 469–481 (2014).
- Cron DC , EnglesbeMJ , BoltonCJet al. Preoperative opioid use is independently associated with increased costs and worse outcomes after major abdominal surgery. Ann Surg.265(4), 695–701 (2017).
- Goesling J , MoserSE , ZaidiBet al. Trends and predictors of opioid use after total knee and total hip arthroplasty. Pain157(6), 1259–1265 (2016).
- Hilliard PE , WaljeeJ , MoserSet al. Prevalence of preoperative opioid use and characteristics associated with opioid use among patients presenting for surgery. JAMA Surg.153(10), 929–937 (2018).
- Jain N , PhillipsFM , WeaverT , KhanSN. Pre-operative chronic opioid therapy: a risk factor for complications, readmission, continued opioid use and increased costs after one- and two-level posterior lumbar fusion. Spine (Phila. Pa. 1976).43(19), 1331–1338 (2018).
- Breivik H , CollettB , VentafriddaV , CohenR , GallacherD. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur. J. Pain10(4), 287–333 (2006).
- Nahin RL . Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J. Pain16(8), 769–780 (2015).
- Boudreau D , Von KorffM , RutterCMet al. Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.18(12), 1166–1175 (2009).
- Dowell D , HaegerichTM , ChouR. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain – United States, 2016. JAMA315(15), 1624–1645 (2016).
- Ring D , SabharwalS. Editorial opioids and orthopaedics in North America: addressing a growing concern. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol.99(22), 1881–1882 (2017).
- Kennedy-Hendricks A , BuschSH , McGintyEEet al. ‘Primary care physicians’ perspectives on the prescription opioid epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend.165, 61–70 (2016).