References
- World Health Organization . Reproductive health: a call to action – elimination of cervical cancer. (2018). www.who.int/reproductivehealth/call-to-action-elimination-cervical-cancer/en/
- Globocan . Cancer fact sheets: cervical cancer. (2020). http://globocan.iarc.fr/old/FactSheets/cancers/cervix-new.asp
- Ray SC , MasukaN. Facilitators and barriers to effective primary health care in Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Prim. Health Care Fam. Med.9(1), e1–e2 (2017).
- Kuguyo O , MatimbaA , TsikaiNet al. Cervical cancer in Zimbabwe: a situation analysis. Pan Afr. Med. J.27(215), 12994–13007 (2017).
- Gabaza C , ChonziP , ChadambukaAet al. Utilization and outcomes of cervical cancer screening serviced in Harare City, 2012–2016: a secondary data analysis. BMC Health Serv.Res.19(454), 1–8 (2019).
- Tapera O , DreyerG , KadzatsaW , NyakabauAM , Stray-PedersenB , HendricksSJH. Health system constraints affecting treatment and car among women with cervical cancer in Harare, Zimbabwe. BMC Health Serv.Res.19(829), 4697–4706 (2019).
- Mangundu M , RoetsL , van RensbergEJ. Accessibility of healthcare in rural Zimbabwe: the perspective of nurses and healthcare users. Afr. J. Prim. Health Care Fam. Med.12(1), 1–7 (2019).
- UNICEF . Health Budget Brief for 2020. (2020). www.unicef.org/esa/media/6501/file/UNICEF-Zimbabwe-2020-Health-Budget-Brief.pdf
- World Bank Group . The World Bank in Zimbabwe. (2020). www.worldbank.org/en/country/zimbabwe/overview
- Bradley N , DavisL , ChowE. Symptom distress in patients attending an outpatient palliative radiotherapy clinic. J. Pain Symptom Manage.30, 123–131 (2005).
- Di Maio M , GridelliC , GalloC. Prevalence and management of pain in Italian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer90, 2288–2296 (2004).
- Everdingen MHJB , RijkeJM , KesselsAG , SchoutenHHC , van KleefM , PatijnJ. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann. Oncol.18(9), 1437–1449 (2007).
- Sromgren AS , GroenvoldM , PetersenMAet al. Pain characteristics and treatment outcome for advanced cancer patients during the first week of specialized palliative care. J. Pain Symptom Manage.27, 104–113 (2004).
- Allsop MJ , Wright-HughesAet al. Improving the management of pain from advanced cancer in the community: study protocol for a pragmatic multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open.8, e021965 (2018).
- McQueen KA , CoonanT , OttawayAet al. Anesthesia and peri-operative care. In essential surgery. (2015). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333510/
- Tennant F . Editor’s memo: the WHO pain treatment 3 step ladder. Practical pain management. (2015). www.practicalpainmanagement.com/resources/clinical-practice-guidelines/editors-memo-who-pain-treatment-3-step-ladder
- World Health Organization . Cervical cancer. (2019). www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/cervical-cancer/en/
- Kwon JH . Overcoming barriers in cancer pain management. J. Clin. Oncol.32(16), 1727–1733 (2014).
- Swarm RA , DandM. NCCN Frameworks for resource stratification of NCCN guidelines: adult cancer pain and palliative care. J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw.16(5S), 628–631 (2018).
- Walters CB , KynesJW , SobeyJ , Chimhundu-SitholeT , McQueenKAK. Chronic pediatric pain in low- and middle-income countries. Children5(9), 113 (2018).
- International Narcotics Control Board . Availability of internationally controlled drugs: ensuring adequate access for medical and scientific purposes. (2010). www.unodc.org/documents/lpo-brazil/noticias/2011/03-marco/Jife/Report_of_the_Board_on_the_availability_of_controlled_substances.pdf
- O’Brien M , Mwangi-PowellF , AdewoleIFet al. Improving access to analgesic drugs for patients with cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Oncol.14, e176ee182 (2013).
- Merriman A , HardingR. Pain control in the African context: the Ugandan introduction of affordable morphine to relieve suffering at the end of life. Philos. Ethics Humanit.Med.5(10), 1–6 (2010).
- Cleary J , PowellRA , MuneneGet al. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Africa: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann. Oncol.24(11), 14–23 (2013).
- Knaul FM , FarmerPE , KrakauerEL. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care relief: an imperative of universal health coverage, the Lancet Commission report. Lancet391, 1391–1454 (2018).
- Namisango E , AllsopMJ , PowellRAet al. Investigation of the practices, legislation, supply chain and regulation of opioids for clinical pain management in Southern Africa: a multi-sectoral, cross-national, mixed methods study. J. Pain Symptom Manage.55(3), 851–863 (2018).
- Beck SL , FalksonG. Prevalence and management of cancer pain in South Africa. Pain94(1), 75–84 (2001).
- Lazenby M , SebegoM , SwartNC , LopezL , PetersonK. Symptom burden and functional dependencies among patients in Botswana suggest a need of palliative care. Cancer Nurs.39(1), e29–e38 (2016).
- Cherny NI , ClearyJ , ScholtenW , RadbruchL , TorodeJ. The global opioid policy initiative (GOPI) project to evaluate the availability and accessibility of opioids for the management of cancer pain in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East, introduction and methodology. Ann. Oncol.24(11), xi7–13 (2013).
- Samkange GNT . Present status of radiotherapy in Zimbabwe. International Atomic Energy Agency. (1991). https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:22084303
- Chokunonga E , BorokMZ , ChingonzohTet al. Pattern of Cancer in Zimbabwe in 2017, Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry. (2020). www.zimcancerregistry.co.zw/
- Demir SB , PismekN. A convergent parallel mixed-methods study of controversial issues in social studies classes: a clash of ideologies. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract.18(1), 119–149 (2018).
- Creswell JW , Plano-ClarkVL. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research.Sage, CA, USA (2011).
- Médecins Sans Frontières . Pain: Clinical Guidelines. (2021). https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/CG/english/pain-16689104.html
- Elo S , KaarianinenM , KansteO , PolliR , UtriainenK , KyngasH. Qualitative content analysis: a focus on trustworthiness. Sage Open.4, 1–10 (2014).
- Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Island Hospice in Zimbabwe . The National Palliative Care Policy. (2014). www.hospaz.co.zw/policies/
- Ministry of Health and Child Care . The National Cancer Prevention and Control Strategy for Zimbabwe 2014–2018. (2014). www.researchgate.net/publication/327466526_The_National_Cancer_Prevention_And_Control_Strategy_For_Zimbabwe_2014_-_2018?enrichId=rgreq-045a1f60ad0528bde870c4c80e2c7914-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyNzQ2NjUyNjtBUzo2Njc3NjIxNDU5MDI2MDNAMTUzNjIxODMxMDM0NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
- Government of Zimbabwe . Dangerous Drug Acts [Chapter 15:02]. (2019). http://veritaszim.net/node/3781
- Ministry of Health and Child Welfare . Zimbabwe National Medicines Policy. (2011). pcz.co.zw/phocadownload/The%20Zimbabwe%20National%20Medicines%20Policy_Draft%201.pdf
- Medicines Control Association of Zimbabwe . Medicines and Allied Control Act, Chapter 15:03. (2015). www.mcaz.co.zw/index.php/downloads/category/8-acts?download=6:medicines-and-allied-substances-control-act-chapter-1503
- WHO . Cancer pain relief: with a guide to opioid availability (2nd Edition). (1996). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/37896/9241544821.pdf;jsessionid=D6E529F88E42F692BD69FFB85A1D253F?sequence=1
- Ripamonti C , GiustiR. EML opioids for cancer pain: a comparative overview. www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/21/applications/EML_opioids_for_cancer_pain.pdf?ua=1
- Bates MJ , MijoyaA. A review of patients with advances cervical cancer presenting to palliative care services at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantytre, Malawi. Malawi Med J.27(3), 93–95 (2015).
- Nchako E , BussellS , NesbethC , OdohC. Barriers to the availability and accessibility of controlled medicines for chronic pain in Africa. Int. Health10(2), 71–77 (2018).
- Al-Shamsi M . Addressing the physicians’ shortage in developing countries by accelerating and reforming the medical education: is it possible?J. Adv. Med. Educ. Prof.5(4), 210–219 (2017).
- Lohman D , SchleiferR , AmonJJ. Access to pain treatment as a human right. BMC Med.8(8), 1–9 (2010).
- Jagwe J , MerrimanA. Uganda: delivering analgesia in rural Africa, Opioid availability and nurse prescribing. J. Pain Symptom Manag.33, 547–551 (2007).
- Volpe DA , McMahonTobin GA , MelllonRDet al. Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid mu receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.59, 385–390 (2011).
- British Pain Society . Outcome measures. (2019).www.britishpainsociety.org/static/uploads/resources/files/Outcome_Measures_January_2019.pdf
- Hagel C , PatonC , MbeviG , EnglishM. Clinical Information Network Information Systems Interest Group. Data for tracking SDGs: challenges in capturing neonatal data from hospitals in Kenya. BMJ Glob. Health5(3), e002108 (2019).
- Mbondji PE , KebedeD , Soumbey-AlleyEW , ZielinskiC , KouvividilaW , Lusamba-DikassaPS. Health information systems in Africa: a descriptive analysis of data sources, information products and health statistics. J. R. Soc. Med.107(1), 34–35 (2014).
- Marsh RH , RouhaniSA. Gaps in physical access to emergency care in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Glob. Health6(3), e240–e241 (2018).
- Manwere A , ChipfuwaT , MukwambaMM , ChirondaG. Knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses towards pain management of adult medical patients, a case of Bindura Hospital. Health Sci. J.9(4), 1–9 (2015).
- Walters M . Pain assessment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pediatr. Pain Lett.11, 22–26 (2009).
- Eshete MT , BaeumlerPI , SiebeckMet al. The views of patients, healthcare professionals and hospital officials on barriers to facilitators of quality pain management in Ethiopian hospitals. PLoS ONE14(3), e0213644 (2019).
- Medrzycka-Dabrowska W , DabrowskiS , BasinskiA. Problems and barriers in ensuring effective acute and post-operative pain management: an international perspective. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med.24, 905–910 (2015).
- Nyirigira G , WilsonRA , VanDenKerkhofEGet al. Barriers and facilitators to postoperative pain management in Rwanda from the perspective of healthcare providers: a contextualization of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Can. J. Pain2(1), 87–102 (2018).
- Odonkor CA , AddisonW , SmithS , Osei-BonsuE , TangT , ErdekM. Connecting the dots: a comparative global multi-institutional study of prohibitive factors affecting cancer pain management. Pain Med.18, 363–373 (2017).
- Madden VJ , ParkerR , GoodinBR. Chronic pain in people with HIV: a common comorbidity and threat to quality of life. Pain Manag.10(4), 253–260 (2020).
- Patterson B . The effect of chronic pain on HIV outcomes. HIV/AIDS Advisor. (2018). www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/advisor-channels/hiv-aids-advisor/the-effect-of-chronic-pain-on-hiv-outcomes/
- Sudhakar-Krishnan V , RudolfMCJ. How important is continuity of care. Arch. Dis. Child.92(5), 381–383 (2007).
- Madras BK , AhmadNJ , WenJ , ShartsteinJ. The Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Countering the US Opioid Epidemic. (2020). https://nam.edu/improving-access-to-evidence-based-medical-treatment-for-opioid-use-disorder-strategies-to-address-key-barriers-within-the-treatment-system/
- Babalonis S , LofwallMR , NuzzoPA , SiegelAJ , WalshSL. Abuse liability and reinforcing efficacy of oral tramadol in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend.129(1–2), 116–124 (2013).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Sahel and beyond: UNODC sounds the alarm on the increase in trafficking and consumption of tramadol and its security and health implications. Press release. (2017). www.unodc.org/documents/westandcentralafrica/2017.11.30._Press_Release_tramadol_REVISED.pdf/
- Puchalski CM . Spirituality in the cancer trajectory. Ann. Oncol.23(3), 49–55 (2012).
- Zakaria Kiaei M , SalehiA , MoosazadehNasrabadi Aet al. Spirituality and spiritual care in Iran: nurses’ perceptions and barriers. Int. Nurs. Rev.62, 584–592 (2015).
- Lee YH . Spiritual care for cancer patients. Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs.6(2), 101–103 (2019).
- National Institutes of Health . Spirituality in cancer care (PDQ): health professional version. (2017). www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/day-to-day/faith-and-spirituality/spirituality-hp-pdq
- Kelly EP , ParedesAZ , TsilimigrasDI , HyerMJ , PawlikTM. The role of religion and spirituality in cancer care: an umbrella review of the literature. Surg. Oncol. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2020.05.004 (2020).
- Chibanda D . The friendship bench. www.friendshipbenchzimbabwe.org/about-us
- Mwanza E , GwisaiRD , MunemoC. Knowledge on non-pharmacological methods of pain management among nurses at Bindura Hospital, Zimbabwe. Pain Res. Treat.2703579, 1–8 (2019).
- National Cancer Institute . Support for people with cancer: cancer pain control. (2018). www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/paincontrol.pdf
- Makoni M . Doctor strikes in Zimbabwe, fighting for provision of health. Lancet393(10170), 391–392 (2019).
- Maroyi A . Traditional use of medicinal plants in south central Zimbabwe, review and perspectives. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.31(9), 1–8 (2013).
- Cunningham AB . An investigation of the herbal medicine trade in Natal/Kwazulu. Pietermaritzburg, Investigational Report 29. (1988). www.worldcat.org/title/investigation-of-the-herbal-medicine-trade-in-natalkwazulu/oclc/28083316
- Shover CL , DavisCS , GordonSC , Humphreys. Association between medical cannabis laws and opioid overdose mortality has reversed over time. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA116(26), 12624–12626 (2019).
- Mack A , JoyJ. Marijuana as medicine? The science beyond controversy. (2020). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224384/
- MCAZ . Draft guidelines on the production of Cannabis for medical and Scientific use. (2018). www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjblrGlruHtAhWMiFwKHQ9HD_UQFjACegQIAhAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcaz.co.zw%2Findex.php%2Fdownloads%2Fcategory%2F9-regulations-guidelines%3Fdownload%3D214%3Adraft-guidelines-on-the-production-of-cannabis-for-medical-and-scientific-use%26start%3D10&usg=AOvVaw2-9C8CABQuFaQRw16y8Anf
- Smith SH . Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clin. Proc.84(7), 613–624 (2009).
- Matimba A , Del-FaveroJ , Van BroeckhovenC , MasimirembwaC. Novel variants of major drug-metabolising enzyme genes in diverse African populations and their predicted functional effects. Hum. Genomics3(2), 169–190 (2009).
- Rajman I , Knapp , MorganT , MasimirembwaC. African genetic diversity, implications for cytochrome P450-mediating drug metabolism and drug development. EBioMedicine17, 67–74 (2017).