References
- Zwakhalen S , KoopmansR, GeelsP, BergerM, HamersJ. The prevalence of pain in nursing home residents with dementia measured using an observational pain scale. Eur. J. Pain13(1) , 89–93 (2009).
- Ferrell BA , FerrellBR, OsterweilD. Pain in the nursing home. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.38 , 409–414 (1990).
- Fox P , RainaP, JadadA. Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. CMAJ160 , 329–333 (1999).
- Moulin D , ClarkA, SpeechleyM, Morley-ForsterP. Chronic pain in Canada – prevalence, treatment, impact and the role of opioid analgesia. Pain Res. Manag.7(4) , 179–184 (2012).
- Proctor W , HirdesJ. Pain and cognitive status among nursing home residents in Canada. Pain Res. Manag.6 , 119–125 (2001).
- Ross M , CrookJ. Elderly recipients of nursing services: pain and functional competence. J. Adv. Nurs.27 , 1117–1126 (1998).
- Horgas A , TsaiP. Analgesic drug prescription and use in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Nurs. Res.47(4) , 235–242 (1998).
- Kaasalainen S , MiddletonJ, KnezacekS et al. Pain and cognitive status of institutionalized elderly: perceptions and interventions. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 24(8) , 24–31 (1998).
- Herr K , BjoroK, DeckerS. Tools for assessment of pain in nonverbal older adults with dementia: a state-of-the-science review. J. Pain Symptom Manag.31 , 170–192 (2006).
- Grol RP , BoschMC, HulscherME, EcclesMP, WensingM. Planning and studying improvement in patient care: the use of theoretical perspectives. Milbank Q.85(1) , 93–138 (2007).
- Kaasalainen S , WilliamsJ, HadjistavropoulosT et al. Creating bridges between researchers and long term care homes to promote quality of life for residents. Qual. Health Res. 20(12) , 1689–1704 (2010).
- Kaasalainen S , BrazilK, CokerE et al. An action-based approach to improving pain management in long-term care. Can. J. Aging 29(4) , 503–517 (2010).
- Kaasalainen S , CokerE, DolovichL et al. Pain management decision-making among long-term care physicians and nurses. West. J. Nurs. Res. 29(5) , 561–580 (2007).
- Allen R , ThornB, FisherS et al. Prescription and dosage of analgesic medication in relation to resident bebaviors in the nursing home. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51(4) , 534–538 (2003).
- Weissman D , MatsonS. Pain assessment and management in the long-term care setting. Theor. Med. Bioeth.20 , 31–43 (1999).
▪ Websites
- State of the art review of tools for assessment of pain in nonverwbal older adults. http://prc.coh.org/PAIN-NOA.htm (Accessed 18March2013)
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (2010). Ontario regulation under the Long-Term Care Homes Act (2007). www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/source/regs/english/2010/elaws_src_regs_r10079_e.htm (Accessed 17March2013)