Diagnosing the Bladder as the Source of Pelvic Pain: Successful Treatment for Adults and Children

References

• Suskind AM , BerrySH , EwingBA , ElliottMN , SuttorpMJ , ClemensJQ . The prevalence and overlap of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: results of the RAND interstitial cystitis epidemiology male study . J. Urol.189 ( 1 ), 141 – 145 ( 2013 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry SH , ElliottMN , SuttorpMet al. . Prevalence of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis among adult females in the United States . J. Urol.186 ( 2 ), 540 – 544 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg MT , PageS , HazzardMA . Prevalence of interstitial cystitis symptoms in women: a population based study in the primary care office . J. Urol.174 ( 6 ), 2231 – 2234 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , ZupkasP , ParsonsJK . Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome . Urology57 ( 3 ), 428 – 432 , discussion 432–433 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichman JM , ParsonsCL . Contemporary clinical presentation of interstitial cystitis . Urology69 ( 4 Suppl .), 41 – 47 ( 2007 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsons CL . The role of a leaky epithelium and potassium in the generation of bladder symptoms in interstitial cystitis/overactive bladder, urethral syndrome, prostatitis and gynaecological chronic pelvic pain . BJU Int.107 , 370 – 375 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldwin RM , EvansRJ , StanfordEJ , RosenbergMT . Rational approaches to the treatment of patients with interstitial cystitis . Urology69 ( 4 Suppl .), 73 – 81 ( 2007 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickel JC , KaufmanDM , ZhangHF , WanGJ , SandPK . Time to initiation of pentosan polysulfate sodium treatment after interstitial cystitis diagnosis: effect on symptom improvement . Urology71 ( 1 ), 57 – 61 ( 2008 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , BoychukD , JonesS , HurstR , CallahanH . Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: an epithelial permeability barrier . J. Urol.143 , 139 – 142 ( 1990 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilly JD , ParsonsCL . Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans is a human epithelial permeability barrier . Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.171 ( 6 ), 493 – 496 ( 1990 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dietschy JM , SalleeVL , WilsonFA . Unstirred water layers and absorption across the intestinal mucosa . Gastroenterology61 , 932 – 934 ( 1971 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietschy JM , SalleeVL , WilsonFA . Unstirred water layers and absorption across the intestinal mucosa . Gastroenterology61 , 932 – 934 ( 1971 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , LillyJD , SteinP . Epithelial dysfunction in nonbacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis) . J. Urol.145 ( 4 ), 732 – 735 ( 1991 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , GreenbergerM , GabalL , BidairM , BarmeG . The role of urinary potassium in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.159 , 1862 – 1866 , discussion1866 – 1867 ( 1998 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL . Potassium sensitivity test . Tech. Urol.2 , 171 – 173 ( 1996 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo YC , KuoHC . Potential factors that can be used to differentiate between interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and bladder oversensitivity in women . Int. J. Clin. Pract.66 ( 2 ), 146 – 151 , ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , GreeneRA , ChungM , StanfordEJ , SinghG . Abnormal urinary potassium metabolism in patients with interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.173 ( 4 ), 1182 – 1185 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , BensonG , ChildsSJ , HannoP , SantGR , WebsterGJ . A quantitatively controlled method to study prospectively interstitial cystitis and demonstrate the efficacy of pentosanpolysulfate . Urology150 ( 3 ), 845 – 848 ( 1993 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland SG , HannoP , ParsonsCL , SantGR , StaskinDR . Pentosan polysulfate sodium for therapy of interstitial cystitis. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study . Urology35 ( 6 ), 552 – 558 ( 1990 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , ForrestJ , NickelJCElmironStudy Group.et al. .; Effect of pentosan polysulfate therapy on intravesical potassium sensitivity . Urology59 ( 3 ), 329 – 333 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickel JC , BarkinJ , ForrestJElmiron Study Groupet al. ; Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis . Urology65 ( 4 ), 654 – 658 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanno PM . Analysis of long-term Elmiron therapy for interstitial cystitis . Urology49 ( 5A Suppl .), 93 – 99 ( 1997 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL . Interstitial cystitis: clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria in over 200 cases . Neurourol. Urodyn.9 , 241 – 250 ( 1990 ).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand JR . Interstitial cystitis: report of 223 cases (204 women and 19 men) . J. Urol.61 ( 2 ), 291 – 310 ( 1949 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , DellJ , StanfordEJ , BullenM , KahnBS , WillemsJJ . The prevalence of interstitial cystitis in gynecologic patients with pelvic pain as detected by potassium sensitivity . Am J. Obstet. Gynecol.187 , 1395 – 1400 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll A , TeichmanJM . How do patients with interstitial cystitis present?J. Urol.166 ( 6 ), 2118 – 2120 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan AA , ElgamalSA , SabaaMA , SalemK . Evaluation of intravesical potassium sensitivity test and bladder biopsy in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome . Int. J. Urol.14 ( 8 ), 738 – 742 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , AlboM . Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with prostatitis . J. Urol.168 ( 3 ), 1054 – 1057 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , SteinPC , BidairM , LebowD . Abnormal sensitivity to intravesical potassium in interstitial cystitis and radiation cystitis . Neurourol. Urodyn.13 ( 5 ), 515 – 520 ( 1994 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip J , WillmottS , IrwinP . Interstitial cystitis versus detrusor overactivity: a comparative, randomized, controlled study of cystometry using saline and 0.3 M potassium chloride . J. Urol.175 ( 2 ), 566 – 570 , discussion570 – 571 ( 2006 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichman JM , Nielsen-OmeisBJ . Potassium leak test predicts outcome in interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.161 ( 6 ), 1791 – 1794 , discussion1794 – 1796 ( 1999 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TY-H , BeginLR , CorcosJ . Assessment of potassium chloride test in comparison with symptomatology, cystoscopic findings and bladder biopsy in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.165 ( Suppl. ), 67 – 68 ( 2001 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daha LK , RiedlCR , HohlbruggerG , KnollM , EngelhardtPF , PflugerH . Comparative assessment of maximum bladder capacity, 0.9% NaCl versus 0.2 M KCl, for the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis: a prospective controlled study . J. Urol.170 ( 3 ), 807 – 809 ( 2003 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip J , WillmottS , OwenD , SamsudinC , IrwinPP . A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of cystometry using saline versus 0.3 M potassium chloride infusion in women with overactive bladder syndrome.Neurourol. Urodyn.26 ( 1 ), 110 – 114 ( 2007 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , DellJ , StanfordEJet al. . Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis: previously unrecognized urologic and gynecologic cases identified using a new symptom questionnaire and intravesical potassium sensitivity . Urology60 , 573 – 578 ( 2002 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn BS , TatroC , ParsonsCL , WillemsJJ . Prevalence of interstitial cystitis in vulvodynia patients detected by bladder potassium sensitivity . J. Sex. Med.7 , 996 – 1002 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minaglia S , OzelB , BizhangR , MishellDRJr . Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis in women with detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic therapy . Urology66 , 702 – 706 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL . The potassium sensitivity test: a new gold standard for diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.182 , 432 – 434 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernie JE , HageyS , AlboME , ParsonsCL . The intravesical potassium sensitivity test and urodynamics: implications in a large cohort of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms . J. Urol.166 ( 1 ), 158 – 161 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , ZupkasP , ProctorJet al. . Alkalinized lidocaine and heparin provide immediate relief of pain and urgency in patients with interstitial cystitis . J. Sex. Med.9 ( 1 ), 207 – 212 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanno PM , BurksDA , ClemensJQet al. . AUA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome . J. Urol.185 ( 6 ), 2162 – 2170 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant GR , PropertKJ , HannoPMInterstitial Cystitis Clinical Trials Groupet al. ; A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.170 ( 3 ), 810 – 815 ( 2003 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant GR , KempurajD , MarchandJE , TheoharidesTC . The mast cell in interstitial cystitis: role in pathophysiology and pathogenesis . Urology69 ( 4 Suppl .), 34 – 40 ( 2007 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsons CL . Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis . Urology65 , 45 – 48 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervigni M , NataleF , NastaL , MakoA . Intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: long-term treatment results . Int. Urogynecol. J.23 ( 9 ), 1187 – 1192 ( 2012 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiano R , CicioneA . The role of sodium hyaluronate and sodium chondroitin sulphate in the management of bladder disease . Ther. Adv. Urol.3 ( 5 ), 223 – 232 ( 2011 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickel JC , MoldwinR , LeeS , DavisEL , HenryRA , WyllieMG . Intravesical alkalinized lidocaine (PSD597) offers sustained relief from symptoms of interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome . BJU Int.103 , 910 – 918 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry R , PattersonL , AveryNet al. . Absorption of alkalized intravesical lidocaine in normal and inflamed bladders: a simple method for improving bladder anesthesia . J. Urol.165 , 1900 – 1993 ( 2001 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , HousleyT , SchmidtJD , LebowD . Treatment of interstitial cystitis with intravesical heparin . Br. J. Urol.73 ( 5 ), 504 – 547 ( 1994 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster HE Jr , HannoPM , NickelJCInterstitialCystitis Collaborative Research Network.et al. .; Effect of amitriptyline on symptoms in treatment naïve patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome . J. Urol.183 ( 5 ), 1853 – 1858 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertle L , van OphovenA . Long-term results of amitriptyline treatment for interstitial cystitis . Aktuelle Urol.41 ( Suppl. 1 ), S61 – S65 ( 2010 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer R , PropertKJ , PetersKMet al. . A randomized controlled trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin for treatment refractory interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.173 , 1186 – 1191 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne CK , MosbaughPG , ForrestJBICOSRTX Study Group (Resiniferatoxin Treatment for Interstitial Cystitis).et al. .; Intravesical resiniferatoxin for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial . J. Urol.173 ( 5 ), 1590 – 1594 ( 2005 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans RJ , MoldwinRM , CossonsN , DarekarA , MillsIW , ScholfieldD . Proof of concept trial of tanezumab for the treatment of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis . J. Urol.185 ( 5 ), 1716 – 1721 ( 2011 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sea J , TeichmanJM . Paediatric painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: diagnosis and treatment . Drugs69 ( 3 ), 279 – 296 ( 2009 ).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons CL , ShawT , BereczZ , SuY , ZupkasP , ArgadeS . Role of urinary cations in the etiology of bladder symptoms and interstitial cystitis . BJU Int.114 ( 2 ), 286 – 293 ( 2014 ). 
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar