281
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Re-Branding Cannabis: The Next Generation of Chronic Pain Medicine?

, , , &
Pages 13-21 | Published online: 24 Dec 2014

References

  • Aggarwal SK , CarterGT , SullivanMD , MorrillR , ZumBrunnenC , MayerJD . Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions . J. Opioid Manag.5 ( 3 ), 153 – 168 ( 2009 ).
  • Gurley RJ , AranowR , KatzM . Medicinal marijuana: a comprehensive review . J. Psychoactive Drugs30 ( 2 ), 137 – 147 ( 1998 ).
  • Carter GT , WeydtP . Cannabis: old medicine with new promise for neurological disorders . Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs3 ( 3 ), 437 – 440 ( 2002 ).
  • Mechoulam R ( Ed. ). The pharmacohistory of Cannabis sativa . In : Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents.CRC Press , Boca Raton , 1 – 19 ( 1986 ).
  • Steinborn J , Alison KChinn , CarterGT . The latest buzz on medicinal marijuana: a legal and medical perspective . Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care18 ( 5 ), 295 – 296 ( 2001 ).
  • Aggarwal S , CarterGT , SteinbornJ . Clearing the air: What the latest Supreme Court decision regarding medical marijuana really means . Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care22 ( 5 ), 327 – 329 ( 2005 ).
  • McCracken GD . Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture.Indiana University Press , Bloomington, IN , 23 ( 2008 ).
  • Ware MA . Clearing the smoke around medical marijuana . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.90 ( 6 ), 769 – 771 ( 2011 ).
  • Aggarwal SK , CarterGT , ZumbrunnenC , MorrillR , SullivanM , MayerJD . Psychoactive substances and the political ecology of mental distress . Harm. Reduct. J.9 ( 1 ), 4 ( 2012 ).
  • Aggarwal SK , CarterGT , SullivanMD , MorrillR , ZumBrunnenC , MayerJD . Distress, Coping, and Drug Law Enforcement. in a Series of Medical Cannabis Patients . J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.201 ( 4 ), 292 – 303 ( 2013 ).
  • Schatman ME , DarnallBD . Medical marijuana: a viable tool in the armamentaria of physicians treating chronic pain? A case study and commentary . Pain Med.14 ( 6 ), 799 ( 2013 ).
  • Jumbelic MI . Deaths with transdermal fentanyl patches . Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol.31 ( 1 ), 18 – 21 ( 2010 ).
  • Campbell CI , WeisnerC , LerescheLet al. Age and gender trends in long-term opioid analgesic use for noncancer pain . Am. J. Public Health100 ( 12 ), 2541 – 2547 ( 2010 ).
  • Solomon DH , RassenJA , GlynnRJet al. The comparative safety of opioids for nonmalignant Pain in older adults . Arch. Intern. Med.170 ( 22 ), 1979 – 1986 ( 2010 ).
  • Franklin GM , RahmanEA , TurnerJA , DaniellWE , Fulton-KehoeD . Opioid use for chronic low back pain: A prospective, population-based study among injured workers in Washington state, 2002–2005 . Clin. J. Pain25 ( 9 ), 743 – 510 ( 2009 ).
  • Solomon DH , RassenJA , GlynnRJ , LeeJ , LevinR , SchneeweissS . The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis . Arch. Intern. Med.170 ( 22 ), 1968 – 1978 ( 2010 ).
  • Pergolizzi J , BögerRH , BuddKet al. Opioids and the management. of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone) . Pain Pract.8 ( 4 ), 287 – 313 ( 2008 ).
  • Cornish R , MacleodJ , StrangJ , VickermanP , HickmanM . Risk of death during and after opiate substitution treatment in primary care: prospective observational study in UK General Practice Research. Database . BMJ26 ( 341 ), c5475 ( 2010 ).
  • Wunsch MJ , NakamotoK , NuzzoPA , BehonickG , MasselloW , WalshSL . Prescription drug fatalities among women in rural Virginia: a study of medical examiner cases . J. Opioid Manag.5 ( 4 ), 228 – 236 ( 2009 ).
  • Paulozzi LJ , XiY . Recent changes in drug poisoning mortality in the United States by urban-rural status and by drug type . Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf.17 ( 10 ), 997 – 1005 ( 2008 ).
  • Shah NG , LathropSL , ReichardRR , LandenMG . Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990–2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol . Addiction103 ( 1 ), 126 – 136 ( 2008 ).
  • Coffin PO , GaleaS , AhernJ , LeonAC , VlahovD , TardiffK . Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–1998 . Addiction98 ( 6 ), 739 – 747 ( 2003 ).
  • Piercefield E , ArcherP , KempP , MalloneeS . Increase in unintentional medication overdose deaths: oklahoma, 1994–2006 . Am. J. Prev. Med.39 ( 4 ), 357 – 363 ( 2010 ).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids among Medicaid enrollees - Washington, 2004–2007 . MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.58 ( 42 ), 1171 – 1175 ( 2009 ).
  • Franklin GM , MaiJ , WickizerT , TurnerJA , Fulton-KehoeD , GrantL . Opioid dosing trends and mortality in Washington State workers’ compensation, 1996–2002 . Am. J. Ind. Med.48 ( 2 ), 91 – 99 ( 2005 ).
  • Abrams DI , CoueyP , ShadeSB , KellyME , BenowitzNL . Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.90 ( 6 ), 844 – 851 ( 2011 ).
  • Carter GT . The argument. for medical marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain . Pain Med.14 ( 6 ), 800 ( 2013 ).
  • Chen BC , HoffmanRS . The role of cannabinoids in chronic Pain patients remains hazy . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.91 ( 6 ), 972 ( 2012 ).
  • Fallowski C . Why we need to be cautious about medical marijuana. Reefer sadness . Minn. Med.97 ( 4 ), 39 – 41 ( 2014 ).
  • Farrell M , BuchbinderR , HallW . Should doctors prescribe cannabinoids?BMJ348 , g2737 ( 2014 ).
  • Grotenhermen F , Muller-VahlK . The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids . Dtsch Arztebl. Int.109 ( 29–30 ), 495 – 501 ( 2012 ).
  • Ware MA , DoyleCR , WoodsR , LynchME , ClarkAJ . Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey . Pain102 ( 1–2 ), 211 – 216 ( 2003 ).
  • Ware MA , AdamsH , GuyGW . The medicinal use of cannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey . Int. J. Clin. Pract.59 ( 3 ), 291 – 295 ( 2005 ).
  • Wang T , ColletJP , ShapiroS , WareMA . Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: a systematic review . CmaJ.17 ( 13 ), 1669 – 1678 ( 2008 ). 178
  • Amtmann D , WeydtP , JohnsonKL , JensenMP , CarterGT . Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care21 ( 2 ), 95 – 104 ( 2004 ).
  • Aggarwal SK , CarterGT , SullivanMD , MorrillR , ZumBrunnenC , MayerJD . Characteristics of patients with chronic Pain accessing treatment with medicinal cannabis in Washington State . J. Opioid Manag.5 ( 5 ), 257 – 286 ( 2009 ).
  • Aggarwal SK , PangarkarS , CarterGT , TribuzioB , MiedemaM , KennedyDJ . Medical marijuana for failed back surgical syndrome: a viable option for Pain control or an uncontrolled narcotic .? PMR6 ( 4 ), 363 – 372 ( 2014 ).
  • Moulin DE , ClarkAJ , GilronI , WareMA , WatsonCP , SessleBJet al. Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic Pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society . Pain Res. Manag.12 ( 1 ), 13 – 21 ( 2007 ).
  • Attal N , CruccuG , HaanpaaM , HanssonP , JensenTS , NurmikkoTet al. EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain . Eur. J. Neurol.13 ( 11 ), 1153 – 1169 ( 2006 ).
  • Zajicek JP , SandersHP , WrightDEet al. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry76 ( 12 ), 1664 – 1669 ( 2005 ).
  • Wade DT , MakelaPM , HouseH , BatemanC , RobsonP . Long-term use of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of spasticity and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis . Mult. Scler.12 ( 5 ), 639 – 645 ( 2006 ).
  • Portenoy RK , Ganae-MotanED , AllendeS , YanagiharaR , ShaiovaL , WeinsteinSet al. Nabiximols for opioid-treated cancer patients with poorly-controlled chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, graded-dose trial . J. Pain13 ( 5 ), 438 – 449 ( 2012 ).
  • Lynch ME , CampbellF . Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials . Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.72 ( 5 ), 735 – 744 ( 2011 ).
  • Jawahar R , OhU , YangS , LapaneKL . A systematic review of pharmacological Pain management in multiple sclerosis . Drugs73 ( 15 ), 1711 – 1722 ( 2013 ).
  • Clark AJ , LynchME , WareM , BeulieuP , McGilverayIJ , GourlayD . Guidelines for the use of cannabinoid compounds in chronic pain . Pain Res. Manag.10 ( Suppl. A ), a44 – a46 ( 2005 ).
  • Rog DJ , NurmikkoTJ , FriedeT , YoungCA . Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central Pain in multiple sclerosis . Neurology27 ( 6 ), 812 – 819 ( 2005 ). 65
  • Pinsger M , SchimettaW , VolcD , HiermannE , RiedererF , PölzW . Benefits of an add-on treatment with the synthetic cannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain‐‐a randomized controlled trial . Wien Klin Wochenschr.118 ( 11–12 ), 327 – 335 ( 2006 ).
  • Wissel J , HaydnT , MüllerJet al. Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-related pain: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial . J. Neurol.253 ( 10 ), 1337 – 1441 ( 2006 ).
  • W Yadav V , BeverCJr , BowenJet al. Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development. subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Neurology82 ( 12 ), 1083 – 1092 ( 2014 ).
  • Abrams DI , JayCA , ShadeSBet al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial . Neurology13 ( 7 ), 515 – 521 ( 2007 ). 68
  • Skrabek RQ , GalimovaL , EthansK , PerryD . Nabilone for the treatment of Pain in fibromyalgia . J. Pain9 ( 2 ), 164 – 173 ( 2008 ).
  • Nurmikko TJ , SerpellMG , HoggartB , ToomeyPJ , MorlionBJ , HainesD . Sativex successfully treats neuropathic Pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial . Pain133 ( 1–3 ), 210 – 220 ( 2007 ). 15
  • Rog DJ , NurmikkoTJ , YoungCA . Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial . Clin. Ther.29 ( 9 ), 2068 – 2079 ( 2007 ).
  • Wallace M , SchulteisG , AtkinsonJHet al. Dose-dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin-induced Pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers . Anesthesiology107 ( 5 ), 785 – 796 ( 2007 ).
  • Gaoni Y , MechoulamR . Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish . J. Am. Chem. Soc.86 , 1646 – 1647 ( 1964 ).
  • Carlini EA , MechoulamR , LanderN . Anticonvulsant activity of four oxygenated cannabidiol derivatives . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.12 ( 1 ), 1 – 15 ( 1975 ).
  • Carlini EA , CunhaJM . Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol . J. Clin. Pharmacol.21 ( 8–9 Suppl. ), S417 – S427 ( 1981 ).
  • Cunha JM , CarliniEA , PereiraAE , RamosOL , PimentelC , GagliardiRet al. Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients . Pharmacology21 ( 3 ), 175 – 185 ( 1980 ).
  • Consroe P , BeneditoMA , LeiteJR , CarliniEA , MechoulamR . Effects of cannabidiol on behavioral seizures. caused by convulsant Drugs or current in mice . Eur. J. Pharmacol.83 ( 3–4 ), 293 – 298 ( 1982 ).
  • Grinspoon L . Marijuana reconsidered. (1st Edition) . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA ( 1971 ).
  • Carter GT , WeydtP , Kyashna-TochaM , AbramsDI . Medical marijuana: rational guidelines for dosing . IDrugs7 ( 5 ), 464 – 470 ( 2004 ).
  • Carter GT , UgaldeVO . Medical marijuana: emerging applications for the management. of neurological disorders . Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am.15 ( 4 ), 943 – 954 ( 2004 ).
  • Grotenhermen F ( Ed. ). Clinical pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids . In : Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside , RussoEB , Haworth Press , Binghamton, NY , 69 – 116 ( 2006 ).
  • Brenneisen R . Pharmacokinetics . In : Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential.GrotenhermenF , RussoEB ( Eds ). Haworth Press , Binghamton, NY , 67 – 72 ( 2002 ).
  • Fride E . The endocannabinoid-CB(1) receptor system in pre- and postnatal life . Eur. J. Pharmacol.500 ( 1–3 ), 289 – 297 ( 2004 ).
  • Elphick MR . The evolution and comparative neurobiology of endocannabinoid signalling . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.367 ( 1607 ), 3201 – 3215 ( 2012 ).
  • Munro S , ThomasKL , Abu-ShaarM . Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids . Nature365 ( 6441 ), 61 – 65 ( 1993 ).
  • Matsuda LA , LolaitSJ , BrownsteinMJ , YoungAC , BonnerTI . Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA . Nature346 ( 6284 ), 561 – 564 ( 1990 ).
  • Herkenham M , LynnAB , LittleMDet al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA87 ( 5 ), 1932 – 1936 ( 1990 ).
  • Lee MC , PlonerM , WiechKet al. Amygdala activity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perception . Pain154 ( 1 ), 124 – 134 ( 2013 ).
  • Rom S , PersidskyY . Cannabinoid receptor 2: potential role in immunomodulation and neuroinflammation . J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol.8 ( 3 ), 608 – 620 ( 2013 ).
  • Pacher P , BatkaiS , KunosG . The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy . Pharmacol. Rev.58 ( 3 ), 389 – 462 ( 2006 ).
  • Chen L , ZhangJ , LiFet al. Endogenous anandamide and cannabinoid receptor-2 contribute to electroacupuncture analgesia in rats . J. Pain10 ( 7 ), 732 – 739 ( 2009 ).
  • De Petrocellis L , CascioMG , Di MarzoV . The endocannabinoid system: a general view and latest additions . Br. J. Pharmacol.141 , 765 – 774 ( 2004 ).
  • McDowell TS , WangZY , SinghR , BjorlingD . CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist prevents NGF-induced sensitization of TRPV1 in sensory neurons . Neurosci. Lett.13 ( 551 ), 34 – 38 ( 2013 ).
  • Hu SS , HoYC , ChiouLC . No more Pain upon Gq-protein-coupled receptor activation: role of endocannabinoids . Eur. J. Neurosci.39 ( 3 ), 467 – 484 ( 2014 ).
  • Straiker A , MackieK . Cannabinoids, Electrophysiology, and Retrograde Messengers: challenges for the Next 5 Years . AAPS J.8 ( 2 ), E272 – E276 ( 2006 ).
  • Rahn EJ , HohmannAG . Cannabinoids as pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain: from the bench to the bedside . Neurotherapeutics7 ( 4 ), 713 – 737 ( 2009 ).
  • Gregg LC , JungKM , SpradleyJM , NyilasR , SuplitaRL , ZimmerAet al. Activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors and diacylglycerol lipase-α initiates 2-arachidonoylglycerol formation and endocannabinoid-mediated analgesia . J. Neurosci.32 ( 28 ), 9457 – 9468 ( 2012 ).
  • Nyilas R , GreggLC , MackieK , WatanabeM , ZimmerA , HohmannAGet al. Molecular architecture of endocannabinoid signaling at nociceptive synapses mediating analgesia . Eur. J. Neurosci.29 ( 10 ), 1964 – 1978 ( 2009 ).
  • Citraro R , RussoE , NgombaRT , NicolettiF , ScicchitanoF , WhalleyBJet al. CB1 agonists, locally applied to the cortico-thalamic circuit of rats with genetic absence epilepsy, reduce epileptic manifestations . Epilepsy Res.106 ( 1–2 ), 74 – 82 ( 2013 ).
  • Reinarman C , NunbergH , LanthierF , HeddlestonT . Who are medical marijuana patients? Population characteristics from nine California assessment clinics . J. Psychoactive Drugs43 ( 2 ), 128 – 135 ( 2011 ).
  • Martín-Sánchez E , FurukawaTA , TaylorJ , MartinJLR . Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabis treatment for chronic pain . Pain Med.10 ( 8 ), 1353 – 1368 ( 2009 ).
  • Smith SC , WagnerMS . Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD) revisited: can this concept explain the therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions?Neuro Endocrinol. Lett.35 ( 3 ), 198 – 201 ( 2014 ).
  • Koppel BS , BrustJC , FifeT , BronsteinJ , YoussofS , GronsethGet al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development. Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Neurology82 ( 17 ), 1556 – 1563 ( 2014 ).
  • Greenwell GT . Medical marijuana use for chronic pain: risks and benefits . J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother.26 ( 1 ), 68 – 69 ( 2012 ).
  • Bachhuber MA , SalonerB , CunninghamCO , BarryCL . Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999–2010 . JAMA Intern. Med.174 ( 10 ), 1668 – 1673 ( 2014 ).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.