Shady Practice: Gender and the Political Ecology of Resource Stabilization in Gambian Garden/Orchards

References

• Agroprogress International. 1990. Project preparation consultancy for an integrated development programme [European Community] for the North Bank Division. Bonn: Agroprogress International.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, H. R., and Browne, A. W. 1991. Environmental and economic sustainability: Women's horticultural production in The Gambia. Geography 76 (332): 241–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett, T. J. 1988. The political ecology of peasant-herder conflicts in the northern Ivory Coast. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78 (3): 453–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, S. 1989. Social institutions and access to resources. Africa 59 (1): 41–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biehl, J. 1991. Rethinking ecofeminist politics. Boston: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P., and Brookfield, H. 1987. Land degradation and society. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Boughton, D., and Novogratz, J. 1989. The Gambia: Women in development project, agricultural component. Banjul: Government of The Gambia/World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. 1992. Political ecology: An emerging research agenda in Third World studies. Political Geography 11 (1): 12–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, I.; Kates, R; and White, G. 1978. The environment as hazard. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butzer, K. 1989. Cultural ecology. In Geography in America, ed. G. L. Gaile and C. Wilmott, 192–208. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, J. 1992. Peasant women and economic transformation in The Gambia. Development and Change 23 (2): 67–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, J. 1988. Struggles over crop rights and labour within contract fanning households in a Gambian irrigated rice project. Journal of Peasant Studies 15 (3): 334–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, J., and Watts, M. 1991. Disciplining women? Rice, mechanization and the evolution of gender relations in Senegambia. Signs 16 (4): 651–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, J., and Watts, M. 1990. Manufacturing dissent: Work, gender and the politics of meaning in a peasant society. Africa 60 (2): 207–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daddieh, C. K. 1989. Production and reproduction: Women and agricultural resurgence in sub-Saharan Africa. In Women and development in Africa: Comparative perspectives, ed. J. Parpart, 165–93. New York: Dalhousie University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davison, J., ed. 1988. Agriculture, women and land. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Oliveira, R. D., and Corral, T., eds. 1992. Terra femina. Rio de Janeiro: IDAC/REDEH.
   Google Scholar
• Dey, J. 1981. Gambian women: Unequal partners in rice development projects? Journal of Development Studies 17 (3): 109–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, D., and Bruce, J., eds. 1988. A home divided: Women and income in the Third World. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Folbre, N. 1986. Hearts and spades: Paradigms of household economics. World Development 14 (2): 245–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of The Gambia. 1990. National natural resource policy. Banjul.
   Google Scholar
• Government of The Gambia 1991. National agricultural statistical survey, 1990. Banjul: Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Government of The Gambia n.d. Executive summary. Programme for sustained development. Sectoral strategies. Banjul: Gambia Round Table Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. 1980. Food, cocoa and the division of labor by sex. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22: 355–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. 1984. Naturalism in models of African production. Man 19: 371–88.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. 1988. Dynamic approaches to domestic budgeting: Cases and methods from Africa. In A home divided, ed. D. Dwyer and J. Bruce, 155–72. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. 1991. Female farming in anthropology and African history. In Gender at the crossroads of knowledge: Feminist anthropology in the postmodern era, ed. M. di Leonardo, 257–77. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J., and Peters, P., eds. 1987. Special issue: Conceptualizing the household: Theory and policy in Africa. Development and Change 18 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Harris, O. 1981. Households as natural units. In Of marriage and the market, ed. K. Young, C. Wolkowitz, and R. McCullagh, 49–68. London: CSE Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hemmings-Gapihan, G. 1982. International development and the evolution of women's economic roles: A case study from Northern Gulma, Upper Volta. In Women and work in Africa, ed. E. Bay, 171–90. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, K., ed. 1983. Interpretations of calamity (from the viewpoint of human ecology). Boston: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Jabara, C. L. 1990. Economic reform and poverty in The Gambia: A survey of pre-and post-ERP experience. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Monograph 8.
   Google Scholar
• Jabara, C. L.; Tolvanen, M.; Lundberg, M. K. A.; and Wadda, R., 1991. Incomes, nutrition, and poverty in The Gambia: Results from the CFNPP household survey. Washington, D.C.: Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. 1986. Intra-household bargaining in response to the introduction of new crops: A case study from North Cameroon. In Understanding Africa's rural households and farming systems, ed. J. Moock, 105–23. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kates, R. 1971. Natural hazard in human ecological perspective: Hypotheses and models. Economic Geography 47 (3): 438–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawry, S. 1988. Report on Land Tenure Center mission to The Gambia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center.
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst, R. 1982. Resource allocation and the sexual division of labor: A case study of a Moslem Hausa village. In Women and development: The sexual division of labor in rural economies, ed. L. Beneria, 95–118. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• MacCormack, C. 1982. Control of land, labor and capital in rural southern Sierra Leone. In Women and work in Africa, ed. E. Bay, 35–54. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, R. D. 1989. Africa: The urgent need for tree-planting. Manuscript. Methodist Church Overseas Division.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, S, 1990. Agrarian capitalism in theory and practice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, S., and Dickinson, J. 1978. Obstacles to the development of capitalist agriculture. Journal of Peasant Studies 5: 466–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant, C. 1992. Radical ecology: The search for a livable world. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Momsen, J. H. 1991. Women and development in the Third World. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Muntemba, M. S. 1982. Women and agricultural change in the railway region of Zambia: Dispossession and counterstrategies, 1930–1970. In Women and work in Africa, ed. E. Bay, 83–104. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, S. 1986. Climate, drought, and famine in Africa. In Food in sub-Saharan Africa, ed. A. Hansen and D. McMillan, 107–28. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, S., and Flohn, H. 1980. African environmental and climatic changes and the general atmospheric circulation in Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Climate Change 2: 313–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, G.; Mills, B.; Gilbert, E.; Sompo-Ceesay, M. S.; and Rowe, J. 1989. Analysis of agricultural research priorities in The Gambia. Manuscript. Banjul: Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Norton-Staal, S. 1991. Women and their role in the agriculture and natural resource sector in The Gambia. Banjul: U.S. Agency for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe, P.; Westgate, K.; and Wisner, B. 1976. Taking the naturalness out of natural disaster. Nature 260: 566–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe, P., and Wisner, B. 1977. Land use and development. London: International African Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, E. 1989. Tree tenure: The distribution of rights and responsibilities in two Mandinka villages. Master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Posner, J., and Gilbert, E. 1987. District agricultural profile of Central Baddibu, North Bank Division. Gambian Agricultural Research Papers No. 2. Banjul: Department of Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Pred, A. 1989. The locally spoken word and local struggles. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7: 211–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pred, A. 1990. In other wor(l)ds: Fragmented and integrated observations on gendered languages, gendered spaces and local transformation. Antipode 22: 33–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, P. 1979. “The integration of women into the development process”: Some conceptual problems. IDS Bulletin 10 (3): 60–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, P. 1988. Rural women's access to labor in West Africa. In Patriarchy and class, ed. S. Stichter and J. Parpart, 97–114. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Runyan, A. S. 1992. The “state” of nature: A garden unfit for women and other living things. In Gendered states: Feminist (re)visions of international relations theory, ed. V. S. Peterson, 123–40. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Schoepf, B. G., and Schoepf, C. 1988. Land, gender and food security in Eastern Kivu, Zaire. In Agriculture, women and land, ed. J. Davison, 106–30. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. 1993. Shady practice: Gender and the political ecology of resource stabilization in Gambian garden/orchards. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R., and Watts, M. 1991. Struggling over strategies, fighting over food: Adjusting to food commercialization among Mandinka peasants in The Gambia. In Research in rural sociology and development. Vol. 5, Household strategies, ed. H. Schwarzweller and D. Clay, 45–72. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh, A.; Arnould, E.; Christophersen, K.; Hagen, R.; Tabor, J.; and Warshall, P. 1988. Opportunities for sustained development, successful natural resources management in the Sahel. Vols. 1 and 2. Washington, D.C.: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva, V. 1988. Staying alive: Women, ecology and development. London: Zed Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thiesen, A.; Jallow, S.; Nittler, J.; and Philippon, D. 1989. African food systems initiative, project document. The Gambia: U.S. Peace Corps.
   Google Scholar
• Thoma, W. 1989. Possibilities of introducing community forestry in The Gambia, pt. 1. Gambia-German Forestry Project, Deutsche Gesellschaft for Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). Feldkirchen, Germany: Deutsche Forstservice.
   Google Scholar
• Torry, W. 1979. Hazards, hazes and holes: A critique of Environment as Hazard and general reflections on disaster research. Canadian Geographer 23: 368–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO Courier. 1992. Women speak out on the environment (special issue). March.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) 1991. Agricultural and natural resource program, program assistance initial proposal. Banjul.
   Google Scholar
• Waddell, E. 1977. The hazards of scientism: A review article. Human Ecology 3 (4): 249–73.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 1983a. On the poverty of theory: Natural hazards research in context. In Interpretations of calamity, ed. K. Hewitt, 231–62. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 1983b. Silent violence: Food, famine and peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 1990. Review of Harold Brookfield and Piers Blaikie, Land degradation and society. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 4: 123–31.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 1991. The agrarian crisis in Africa: Debating the crisis. Progress in Human Geography 13 (1): 1–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 1992. Idioms of land and labor. In Land tenure in Africa, ed. T. Bassett, 159–96. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, G., ed. 1974. Natural hazards: Local, national, global. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead, A. 1981. “I'm hungry mum”: The politics of domestic budgeting. In Of marriage and the market, ed. K. Young, C. Wolkowitz, and R. McCullagh, 88–111. London: CSE Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wittfogel, K. 1957. Oriental despotism: A comparative study of total power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. 1972. Ownership and political ecology. Anthropological Quarterly 45 (3): 201–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worldview International Foundation. 1990. WIF Newsletter 3 (1): 4.
   Google Scholar
• Worster, D. 1985. Rivers of empire: Water, aridity and the growth of the American West. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerer, K. Forthcoming. Ecology. In Conceptual thinking in human geography, ed. C. Earle and M. Kinzer. Boston: Routledge.
   Google Scholar