Technological Change and the Concentration of the U.S. General Cargo Port System: 1970–88

References

• Auerbach, S. 1988. Fighting for shipping superiority: Upstart Norfolk and mighty Baltimore square off in battle of the ports. The Washington Post, Washington Business, 24 October.
   Google Scholar
• Bonney, J. 1992a. ‘Advanced maturity’ for liner trades. American Shipper, January, 69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Bonney, J. 1992b. Singapore's strategy. American Shipper, May, 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, J. 1991. The future of world trade and its implications for West Coast ports. Paper presented at the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Western Regional Conference, San Francisco, October.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. 1992. Throughports called key to capture short-haul freight by double-stacks. Traffic World, 27 April, 27–28.
   Google Scholar
• Collison, F. 1990. Liner shipping and the U.S. international trades. Journal of Transportation Management 1:1–30.
   Google Scholar
• C&NW, NS likely haulers of Chicago trash. 1992. Traffic World, 27 April, 61.
   Google Scholar
• Draine, E. H. 1963. Import traffic of Chicago and its hinterland. Department of Geography Research Papers no. 81. Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M. G., and Hughes, D. O. 1985. Containerisation in the eighties. London: Lloyd's of London Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, D. A., and Amrhein, C. 1991. Statistical analysis for geographers. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hanelt, R., and Smith, D. 1987. The dynamics of West Coast container port competition. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum 28:82–91.
   Google Scholar
• Hayuth, Y. 1988. Rationalization and deconcentration of the U.S. container port system. The Professional Geographer 40:279–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, P., ed. 1989. Jane's containerisation directory, 1988–89. Surrey: Jane's Information Group.
   Google Scholar
• Hoare, A. G. 1986. British ports and their export hinterlands: A rapidly changing geography. Geografiska Annuler 68B:29–40.
   Google Scholar
• Janelle, D. 1991. Global interdependence and its consequences. In Collapsing space and time: Geographic aspects of communications and information, ed. S. Brunn and T. Leinbach, 49–81. London: Harper Collins Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon, J. 1970. Elements in interport competition in the United States. Economic Geography 46:1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C. K. 1987. An innovation in liner shipping: The round-the-world service as a global strategy. Bremen: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics.
   Google Scholar
• King, E. 1991. EDI slowly steps into the limelight. Global Trade, November, 19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Knee, R. 1989. Far East sea-air crunch. American Shipper, October, 82.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. R., ed. 1988. Baltimore opens an intermodal gateway. In Containerisation international yearbook, 69–73. London: National Magazine Co.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. R. 1989. Containerisation international yearbook. London: National Magazine Co.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, D.; North, M.; and Smith, D. 1990. Intermodal transportation: The whole story. Omaha: Simmons-Boardman Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, H. M. 1957. The Port of Chicago and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Department of Geography Research Papers no. 49. Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, H. M. 1978. Current trends in Great Lakes shipping. GeoJournal 2:117–22.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, H. E., and Grier, D. V. 1990. Impact of technological change on foreign trade: comparative analysis of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Panama Canal. Transportation Research Record 1263:83–100.
   Google Scholar
• Port of Oakland Research Department. 1988. Trade analysis—Pacific Basin, calendar year 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Rimmer, P. J. 1967. The changing status of New Zealand seaports, 1853–1960. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 57:88–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, J. R. 1991. Developments cut costs, speed shipments. Global Trade, November, 14–18.
   Google Scholar
• Saporta, M. 1988. Two ‘Atlanta’ ports battle it out for no. 1. Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 10 April.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, R. 1989. EDI: The competitive advantage for the future. Global Trade, November, 12–14.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, B. 1990. Intermodal transportation in North America and the development of inland load centers. Professional Geographer 42:72–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr, J. T. 1991. The Port of Baltimore: Off the beaten track. Maritime Policy and Management 18:171–81.
   Google Scholar
• Taaffe, E.; Morrill, R.; and Gould, P. 1963. Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries. Geographical Review 53:503–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1972. Domestic and international transportation of U.S. foreign trade: 1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1979. Domestic and international transportation of U.S. foreign trade: 1976, part A(B) exports (imports). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1988. U.S. foreign trade, classification of customs districts and ports, schedule D. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1970a, 1988b. U.S. waterborne exports and general imports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1970b, 1975, 1985, 1988c. U.S. waterborne general imports (exports) and inbound (outbound) intransit shipments. SA 305 (705) IT Annual. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• Vandeveer, D. 1991. Planning facilities to accommodate advanced technologies in handling systems. Paper presented at the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Western Regional Conference, San Francisco, October.
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, M. 1991. The effects of future vessel design on port infrastructure. Paper presented at the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Western Regional Conference, San Francisco, October.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, W., and Beargie, T. 1992. The ghost of ‘Svenska’ returns. American Shipper, January, 40/16.
   Google Scholar
• Weigend, G. 1958. Some elements in the study of port geography. Geographical Review 48: 185–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslow, T. 1991. Future vessel technology. Paper presented at the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Western Regional Conference, San Francisco, October.
   Google Scholar