Stream Channel Enlargement Response to Urban Land Cover in Small Coastal Plain Watersheds, North Carolina

References

• Alexander, R. B., Boyer, E. W., Smith, R. A., Schwarz, G. E., and Moore, R. B. (2007) The role of headwater streams in downstream water quality. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 43, 41-59.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, D. B. (1990) Stream-channel incision following drainage basin urbanization. Water Resources Bulletin , Vol. 26, 407-417.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, D. B. and Jackson, C. R. (1997) Urbanization of aquatic systems: Degradation thresholds, stormwater detection, and the limits of mitigation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 33, 1077-1090.
   Google Scholar
• Brookes, A. (1988) Channelized Rivers: Perspectives for Environmental Management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, A. (2006) Urban transformation of river landscapes in a global context. Geomorphology , Vol. 79, 460-487.
   Google Scholar
• Cianfrani, C. M., Hession, W. C., and Rizzo, D. M. (2006) Watershed imperviousness impacts on stream channel condition in southeastern Pennsylvania. Journal of American Water Resources Association , Vol. 42, 941-956.
   Google Scholar
• Conover, W. J. (1999) Practical Nonparametric Statistics , 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Copeland, R. R., Biedenharn, D. S., and Fischenich, J. C. (2001) Channel-Forming Discharge. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Report ERDC/CHL CHETN-VIII-5.
   Google Scholar
• Crowder, D. W. and Knapp, V. H. (2005) Effective discharge recurrence intervals of Illinois streams. Geomorphology , Vol. 64, 167-184.
   Google Scholar
• DeLoatch, J. (2009) Urban Channel Incision Effects on Stream-Groundwater Interactions in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Doll, B. A., Wise-Frederick, D. E., Buckner, C. M., Wilkerson, S. D., Harman, W. A., Smith, R. E., and Spooner, J. (2002) Hydraulic geometry relationships for urban streams throughout the Piedmont of North Carolina. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 38, 641-651.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. W., Harbor, J. M., Rich, C. F., and Spacie, A. (2000) Examining the effects of urbanization on streams using indicators of geomorphic stability. Physical Geography , Vol. 21, 155-181.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. W., Shields, D., Boyd, K. F., Skidmore, P. B., and Dominick, D. (2007) Channel-forming discharge selection in river restoration design. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Vol. 133, No. 7, 831-837.
   Google Scholar
• Elmore, A. J. and Kaushal, S. S. (2008) Disappearing headwaters: Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , Vol. 6, 308-312.
   Google Scholar
• Exum, L. R., Bird, S. L., Harrison, J., and Perkins, C. A. (2005) Estimating and Projecting Impervious Cover in the Southeastern United States. Athens, GA: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA/600/R-05/061.
   Google Scholar
• Folk, R. L. (1980) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin, TX: Hemphill Publishing Company, 73 p.
   Google Scholar
• Fonseca, J. W. and Wong, D. W. (2000) Changing patterns of population density in the United States. The Professional Geographer , Vol. 52, 504-517.
   Google Scholar
• Gillette, R. (1972) Stream channelization: Conflict between ditchers, conservationists. Science , Vol. 176, 890-894.
   Google Scholar
• Grable, J. L. and Harden, C. P. (2006) Geomorphic response of an Appalachian Valley and Ridge stream to urbanization. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , Vol. 31, 1707-1720.
   Google Scholar
• Groffman, P. M., Bain, D. J., Band, L. E., Belt, K. T., Brush, G. S., Grove, J. M., Pouyat, R. V., Yesilonis, I. C., and Zipperer, W. C (2003) Down by the riverside: Urban riparian ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , Vol. 1, 315-321.
   Google Scholar
• Hadish, G., Braster, M., Lohnes, R., and Baumel, C. (1994) Stream Stabilization in Western Iowa. Oakland, IA: Golden Hills Resource Conservation and Development, Final Report—Iowa DOT HR-352 to Iowa Department of Transportation, Highway Division.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, T. R. (1972) Stream channel enlargement due to urbanization. Water Resources Research , Vol. 8, 1530-1540.
   Google Scholar
• Hamza, M. A. and Anderson, W. K. (2005) Soil compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes, and possible solutions. Soil & Tillage Research , Vol. 82, 121-145.
   Google Scholar
• Hardison, E. C., O'Driscoll, M. A., DeLoatch, J. P., and Brinson, M. M. (2009) Urban land-use, channel incision, and riparian water table decline along Inner Coastal Plain streams, North Carolina. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 45, 1032-1046.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, W. A., Jennings, G. D., Patterson, J. M., Clinton, D. R., Slate, L. O., Jessup, A. G., Everhart, J. R., and Smith, R. E. (1999) Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships for North Carolina streams. In D. S. Olsen and J. P. Potyondy, eds., Wildland Hydrology Proceedings. Middleburg, VA: American Water Resources Association, 401-408.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, W. A., Wise, D. E., Walker, M. A., Morris, R., Cantrell, M. A., Clemmons, M., Jennings, G. D., Clinton, D., and Patterson, J. (2000) Bankfull regional curves for North Carolina mountain streams. In D. L. Kane, ed., Water Resources in Extreme Environments Proceedings. Middleburg, VA: American Water Resources Association, 185-190.
   Google Scholar
• Harrelson, C. C., Rawlins, C. L., and Potyondy, J. P. (1994) Stream Channel Reference Sites: An Illustrated Guide to Field Technique. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-245.
   Google Scholar
• Henshaw, P. C. and Booth, D. B. (2000) Natural restabilization of stream channels in urban watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 36, 1219-1236.
   Google Scholar
• Hession, W. C., Pizzuto, J. E., Johnson, T. E., and Horwitz, R. J. (2003) Influence of bank vegetation on channel morphology in rural and urban watersheds. Geology , Vol. 31, 147-150.
   Google Scholar
• Hupp, C. R. (1999) Relations among riparian vegetation, channel incision processes and forms, and large woody debris. In S. E. Darby and A. Simon, eds., Incised River Channels: Processes, Forms, Engineering, and Management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 219-246.
   Google Scholar
• Hupp, C. R. (2000) Hydrology, geomorphology, and vegetation of Coastal Plain rivers in the south-eastern USA. Hydrological Processes , Vol. 14, 2991-3010.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. E., Thomas, W. O., Jr., and Riggs, H. C. (1994) Nationwide Summary of U.S. Geological Survey Regional Regression Equations for Estimating Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Ungaged Sites. 1993 . Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 94-4002.
   Google Scholar
• Lecce, S. A. (1997) Spatial patterns of historical overbank sedimentation and flood-plain evolution, Blue River, Wisconsin. Geomorphology , Vol. 18, 265-277.
   Google Scholar
• Lecce, S. A. and Kotecki, E. S. (2008) The 1999 flood of the century in eastern North Carolina: Extraordinary hydro-meteorological event or human-induced catastrophe? Physical Geography , Vol. 29, 101-120.
   Google Scholar
• Leopold, L. B. (1973) River channel change with time. Geological Society of America Bulletin , Vol. 84, 1845-1860.
   Google Scholar
• LINC (2007) Log into North Carolina—North Carolina census data. Retrieved May 20, 2007 from the LINC website at http://linc.state.nc.us/
   Google Scholar
• Morisawa, M. and LaFlure, G. (1979) Hydraulic geometry, stream equilibrium, and urbanization. In D. D. Rhodes, and G. P. Williams, eds., Adjustments of the Fluvial System. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 333-350.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, D. B. (1994) Effective sediment-transport discharge from magnitude-frequency analysis. The Journal of Geology , Vol. 102, 79-95.
   Google Scholar
• NCDENR (2001) North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality). Tar-Pamlico stormwater rule, 15A NCAC 2B .0258. Retrieved June 12, 2009 from the Tar-Pamlico Local Stormwater Programs website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/nps/Rul0258-OAHFinal-prn.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NCDENR (2004) Basinwide Planning Program: (2004) Tar-Pamlico River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. Raleigh, NC: Division of Water Quality, Water Quality Section, Environmental Sciences Branch.
   Google Scholar
• NCDENR (2005) Nonpoint Source Pollution Reduction Report: 2005 Annual NPS Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Niezgoda, S. L. and Johnson, P. A. (2005) Improving the urban stream restoration effort: Identifying critical form and processes relationships. Environmental Management , Vol. 35, 579-592.
   Google Scholar
• NLCD (2001) National Land Cover Dataset. Retrieved April 5, 2007 from the US Environmental Protection Agency Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) webpage at http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/nlcd-2001.html
   Google Scholar
• NRCS (2007) 2003 Annual National Resources Inventory—Land Use. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connell, E., Ewen, J., O'Donnell, G., and Quinn, P. (2007) Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , Vol. 11, No. 1, 96-107.
   Google Scholar
• Odemerho, F. O. (1992) Limited downstream response of stream channel size to urbanization in a humid tropical basin. Professional Geographer , Vol. 44, 332-339.
   Google Scholar
• Opperman, J. J. and Merenlender, A. M. (2007) Living trees provide stable large wood in streams. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , Vol. 32, 1229-1238.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. (1997) A short history of a flat place: Three centuries of geomorphic change in the Croatan National Forest. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 87, 197-216.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. D. and Slattery, M. C. (2007) Downstream trends in discharge, slope, and stream power in a lower coastal plain river. Journal of Hydrology , Vol. 334, 290-303.
   Google Scholar
• Pitlick, J. (1997) A regional perspective of the hydrology of the 1993 Mississippi River basin floods. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 87, 135-151.
   Google Scholar
• Pizzuto, J. E., Hession, W. C., and McBride, M. (2000) Comparing gravel-bed rivers in paired urban and rural catchments of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Geology , Vol. 28, 79-82.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A. M. (1976) The effects of urbanization on stream channel morphology. In National Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Sediment Control. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 115-127.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A. (1989) A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , Vol. 14, 11-26.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A. and Darby, S.E. (1999) The nature and significance of incised river channels. In S.E. Darby and A. Simon, eds., Incised River Channels: Processes, Forms, Engineering, and Management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 3-19.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A., Dickerson, W., and Heins, A. (2004) Suspended-sediment transport rates at the 1.5-year recurrence interval for ecoregions of the United States: Transport conditions at the bankfull and effective discharge? Geomorphology , Vol. 58, 243-262.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A. and Hupp, C. R. (1986) Channel evolution in modified Tennessee channels. In Proceedings, Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Las Vegas, NV , p. 5/71-5/82.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A., and Rinaldi, M. (2000) Channel instability in the loess area of the midwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 36, 133-150.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, A. and Rinaldi, M. (2006) Disturbance, stream incision, and channel evolution: The roles of excess transport capacity and boundary materials in controlling channel response. Geomorphology , Vol. 79, 361-383.
   Google Scholar
• Soban, J. (2007) Stream Channel Response to Urban Land Use in the Inner Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Steahr, T. E. (1973) North Carolina's Changing Population. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, K. C., Sommers, R. C., Williams, G. H., and Hawkins, D. E. (1992) Implementation of water table management in the eastern Coastal Plain. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , Vol. 47, 47-51.
   Google Scholar
• Sweet, W. and Geratz, J. (2003) Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships and recurrence intervals for North Carolina's Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , Vol. 39, 861-871.
   Google Scholar
• Trimble, S. W. (1997) Contribution of stream channel erosion to sediment yield from an urbanizing watershed. Science , Vol. 278, 1442-1444.
   Google Scholar
• USACE (1975) Flood Hazard Information, Greenville, North Carolina. Wilmington, NC: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report Prepared for the City of Greenville by the Department of the Army, Wilmington District Corps of Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census (2009) Cumulative estimates of population change for the United States, regions, states, and Puerto Rico, and region and state rankings: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-02). Retrieved January 21, 2009 from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates webpage at http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-02.xls
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, C., Roy, A., Feminella, J., Cottingham, P., Groffman, P., and Morgan, R. (2005) The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society , Vol. 24, 706-723.
   Google Scholar
• Winner, M. D., Jr., and Coble, R. W. (1996) Hydrogeologic Framework of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1401-1.
   Google Scholar
• Wohl, E. E. (2004) Disconnected Rivers: Linking Rivers to Landscapes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolman, M. G. (1967) A cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urban river channels. Geografiska Annaler , Vol, 49, 385-395.
   Google Scholar
• Yagow, G., Hession, W. C., Wynn, T., and Bezak, B. (2008) Developing Strategies for Urban Channel Erosion Quantification in Upland Coastal Zone Streams. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Final Report VT-BSE, Document No. 2008-0005 to Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program.
   Google Scholar