Remapping China's Regional Inequalities, 1990-2006: A New Assessment of de Facto and de Jure Population Data

References

• Bao, Shuming, Gene Chang, Jeffery Sachs, and Wing T. Woo, "Geographic Factors and China's Regional Development under Market Reforms, 1978-1998," China Economic Review , 13 , 1:89-111, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, Dwayne, Loren Brandt, John Giles, and Sangui Wang, "Income Inequality in the Transition Period," in Thomas Rawski and Loren Brandt, eds., China's Great Transformation: Origins, Mechanisms, and Consequences of the Post-Reform Economic Boom . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008 (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Fang, Dewen Wang and Yang Du, "Laodongli shichang niuqu dui quyu chaju de yingxiang (Impact of Labor Market Distortion on Regional Disparities)," Zhongguo shehui kexue , 2 , 4-14, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Fang and Meiyan Wang, "Huji zhidu gaige: kaiqi chengshi jingji de yuantou huoshui (Household Registration System Reform: Opening up the Source for Urban Economy)," Guihuashi (Planners) , 18 , 10:5-7, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• "Caizhengbu: Jiada dui jinzhi he xianzhi kaifa quyu zhuanyi zhifu lidu (The Ministry of Finance: Accelerate the Transfer of Payment of Constraints on Regional Development)," china.com.cn , December 12, 2007 [ http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2007-12/15/content9387092.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, Cities with Invisible Walls: Reinterpreting Urbanization in Post-1949 China . Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, "Recent Migration in China: Patterns, Trends, and Policies," Asian Perspectives , 25 , 4:127-155, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, "Chinese Census 2000: New Opportunities and Challenges," The China Review , 3 , 2: 1-12, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, "Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 48 , 4:382-412, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, "Fundamentals of China's Urbanization and Policy," The China Review , 2008a (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, "Internal Migration and Rural Migrant Labor: Trends, Geography, and Policies," mimeo, 2008b.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing and Will Buckingham, "Is China Abolishing the Hukou System?," The China Quarterly , 195 , 2008 (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, Vernon Henderson, and Kai Yuen Tsui, "Spatial Dimensions of Chinese Economic Development," in Thomas Rawski and Loren Brandt, eds., China's Great Transformation: Origins, Mechanisms, and Consequences of the Post-Reform Economic Boom . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008 (forthcoming).
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing, Ta Liu, and Yunyan Yang, "Hukou and Non-hukou Migrations: Comparisons and Contrasts," International Journal of Population Geography , 5 , 6:425-448, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing and Kai Yuen Tsui, "Agricultural" and "Non-agricultural" Population Statistics of the People's Republic of China: Definitions, Findings and Comparisons . Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Department of Geography and Geology, Occasional Paper, No. 1, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing and Xueqiang Xu, "Urban Population Growth and Urbanization in China Since 1949: Reconstructing a Baseline," The China Quarterly , 104 , 583-613, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, Kam Wing and Li Zhang, "The Hukou System and Rural-urban Migration: Processes and Changes," The China Quarterly , 160 , 818-855, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• "China, Beware: The Leaders Meet, the Cities Grow, The Peasants Are Left Behind," The Economist , 385 , 8550:15, October 13-19, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, Ron and Xiaowen Tian, "China's Inter-Provincial Disparities: An Explanation," Communist and Post-communist Studies , 32 , 2:211-224, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. Cindy, "Of Belts and Ladders: State Policy and Uneven Regional Development in Post-Mao China," Annals of Association of American Geographers , 85 , 3:421-449, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. Cindy, "Migration and Labor-Market Returns in Urban China: Results from a Recent Survey in Guangzhou," Environment and Planning A , 33 , 479-508, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. Cindy, "Modeling Interprovincial Migration in China, 1985-2000," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 46 , 3:165-184, 2005a.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. Cindy, "Interprovincial Migration, Population Distribution, and Regional Development in China: 1990 and 2000 Census Comparisons," The Professional Geographer , 57 , 2:295-311, 2005b.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, C. Cindy and Mingjie Sun, "Regional Inequality in China, 1978-2006," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 49 , 1:1-20, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• "Fuhao jiatingshu quanqiu diwuduo (Number of Rich Families Ranks Fifth in the World)," Sing Tao Daily , October 31, 2007, A11.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita, Masahisa and Dapeng Hu, "Regional Disparity in China, 1985-1994: The Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization," The Annals of Regional Science , 35 , 3:3-37, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• He, Canfei, Y. H. Dennis Wei, and Fenghua Pan, "Geographical Concentration of Manufacturing Industries in China: The Importance of Spatial and Industrial Scales," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 48 , 5:603-625, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Jr-Tsung, Chun-Chien Kuo, and An-Pang Kao, "The Inequality of Regional Economic Development in China between 1991 and 2001," Journal of Economic and Business Studies , 1 , 3:273-285, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Holz, Carsten, "Institutional Constraints on the Quality of Statistics in China," China Information , 16 , 1:25-67, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Holz, Carsten, "Deconstructing China's GDP Statistics," China Economic Review , 15 , 2:164-202, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Jintao, "Report at the 17 th Chinese Communist Party National Congress," October 15, 2007 [ http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/24/content_6938568_3.htm
   Google Scholar
• "Jinnian kaishi dui diqu GDP jisuan fangfa he zhongwen yiming gaijin he guifan (Starting This Year, the Calculation of Regional GDP and Chinese Translation Will Be Improved and Standardized)," Sina.com , January 20, 2004 [ http://news.sina.com.cn/c/20040120/42681228.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Gale D., "Economic Reforms in the People's Republic of China," Economic Development and Cultural Change , 36 , 3, supplement: S225-S245, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Gale D., "Provincial Migration in China," China Economic Review , 14 , 1:22-31, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Keidel, Albert, China's Social Unrest: The Story Behind the Stories . Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, Policy Brief No. 48, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kanbur, Ravi and Xiaobo Zhang, "Fifty Years of Regional Inequality in China: A Journey Through Central Planning, Reform, and Openness," Review of Development Economics , 9 , 1:87-106, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Azizur Rahman, Keith Griffin, Carl Riskin, and Renwei Zhao, "Sources of Income Inequality in Post-reform China," China Economic Review , 4 , 1:19-35, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, Hanson C. K. and Kam Wing Chan, "Chinese Regional Development Policies: A Comparative Reassessment." Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Canadian Asian Studies Association, Winnipeg, Canada, June 4-6, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Lardy, Nicholas, Economic Growth and Income Distribution in the People's Republic of China . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Chunling, "Shehui qunti de shouru chayi: Liangji fenhua haishi duoceng fenhua? (Income Disparities among Social Groups: Bi-polar or Multi-polar?)," Zhanlu yu guanli (Strategy and Management) , 3 , 1:68-79, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Yi, Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification . Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Justin, Gewei Wang, and Yaohui Zhao, "Regional Inequality and Labor Transfers in China," Economic Development and Cultural Change , 52 , 3:587-603, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Yi Fu, Fang Cai, and Zhou Li, "Zhongguo jingji zhuanxing shiqi de diqu fenyi yanjiu (Analysis of Regional disparities in transitional China)," Jingji Yanjiu (Economics Research) , 6 , 3-10, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Hui, "Changing Regional Rural Inequality in China, 1980-2002," Area , 38 , 4:377-389, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Ta and Kam Wing Chan, "National Statistics on Internal Migration in China: Comparability Problems," China Information , 15 , 2:75-113, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Max and Enru Wang, "Forging Ahead and Falling Behind: Changing Regional Inequalities in Post-Reform China," Growth and Change , 33 , 1:42-71, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, Thomas, "Interprovincial Disparities in China: Output and Consumption," Economic Development and Cultural Change , 39 , 3:471-506, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, Thomas, "Intraprovincial Disparities in Post-Mao China: A Multi-dimensional Analysis of Fujian Province," The Journal of Developing Areas , 32 , 1:1-28, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Zhongdong, Weimin Zhang, Zai Liang, and Hongyan Cui, "Laodongli liudong: Zhongguo nongcun shouru zengzhang de xin yinsu (Labour Mobility: A New Factor Behind China's Rural Income Growth)," Renkou yanjiu ( Population Research ), 28 , 3:2-10, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• MPS (Ministry of Public Security), Zhonghua renmin gongheguo quanguo fenxianshi renkou tongji ziliao (Statistical Materials on the Populations of Counties and Cities of the People's Republic of China) . Beijing, China: Qunzhong Press, 1990-2006 (annual).
   Google Scholar
• Naughton, Barry, "Provincial Economic Growth in China: Causes and Consequences of Regional Differentiation," in Mary-Françoise Renard, ed., China and Its Regions: Economic Growth and Reform in Chinese Provinces . Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: E. Elgar, 2002, 57-86.
   Google Scholar
• Naughton, Barry, "The Western Development Program," in Barry Naughton and Dali Yang, eds., Holding China Together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 253-296.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1996 (China Statistical Yearbook 1996) . Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), Zhongguo tongji nianjian 2001 (China Statistical Yearbook 2001) . Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), Zhongguo tongji nianjian 2006 (China Statistical Yearbook 2006) . Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2006a.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), "Announcement on Revised Result about Historical Data of China's Gross Domestic Products," January 10, 2006b, [ http://www.stats.gov.cn/was40/gjtjj_en_detail.jsp?channelid=1175&record=227
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), Zhonguo tongji zhaiyao, 2007 (China Statistical Abstract, 2007) . Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2007a.
   Google Scholar
• NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), "Woguo jichu chanye he jichu sheshi jianshe chengxiao xianzhu (Investment in Basic Industries and Infrastructure Created Significant Effects)," September 21, 2007b [ http://news.xinhuannet.com/newscenter/2007-09/21/content_6765823.htm]
   Google Scholar
• NPSSO (National Population Sample Survey Office), 1995 quanguo 1% renkou chouyang diaocha ziliao (Data on the Sample Survey of 1% of the National Population in 1995) . Beijing, China: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Pei, Minxin, China's Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Piech, Tony, "Wealth Gap May Slow Economy: Unrest Unlikely," Asia Times , July 23, 2004 [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/printN.html], accessed August 2, 2005. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/printN.html
   Google Scholar
• Qiao, Xiaochun, "Cong ‘zhuyao shuju gongbao’ kan diwuci renkou pucha cunzai de wenti (The Problems of the 5 th Population Census as Revealed by the ‘Report on Main Indicators’)," Zhongguo renkou kexue (China's Population Science) , 4 , 48-56, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Rawski, Thomas, "What Is Happening to China's GDP Statistics?," China Economic Review , 12 , 4:347-354, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• "Renjun GDP jiangan changzhu renkou jisuan (Per Capita GDP to Be Calculated Based on the Resident Population)," Beijing Qingnian Bao (Beijing Youth News) , December 24, 2003 [ http://www.china.com.cn
   Google Scholar
• "Renjun GDP liying baokuo ‘changzhu wailai renyuan’ (Per Capita GDP Should Include ‘Resident Outsiders’)," Xinjing Bao , January 5, 2007 [ http://www1.cfi.net.cn/
   Google Scholar
• "Sanzhong quanhui yan shouzhai pingfu chaju (The Third Plenary Session of the 16 th CPC Discussed Narrowing the Gap between the Rich and the Poor)," Sing Tao Daily , October 11, 2003, A7.
   Google Scholar
• SC and NBS (State Council, Population Census Office, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau), Zhongguo 1990 nian renkou pucha ziliao (Tabulation of the 1990 Census of the People's Republic of China) , 4 vols. Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• SC and NBS (State Council, Population Census Office, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau), Zhongguo 2000 nian renkou pucha ziliao (Tabulation of the 2000 Census of the People's Republic of China) , 3 vols. Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• SC and NBS (State Council, Population Census Office, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau), 2005 nian quanguo 1% renkou chouyang diaocha ziliao (Data of the Sample Survey of 1% of the National Population in 2005) . Beijing, China: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• "‘Shizhen’ yanzhong tongji fengbao bijin (Statistics Seriously ‘Inaccurate’, A Storm Imminent)," Sing Tao Daily , December 3, 2004, A14.
   Google Scholar
• "Shouya guanyuan fubai yu pingfu bujun, wujia cheng zuida shehui wenti (Attack Official Corruption and Disparities between the Rich and the Poor: Consumer Price Becomes No. 1 Social Issue)," Sing Tao Daily , December 13, 2007, A10.
   Google Scholar
• Sicular, Terry, Ximing Yue, Bjorn Gustatfsson, and Shi Li, "The Urban-Rural Income Gap and Inequality in China," Review of Income and Wealth , 53 , 1:93-126, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Christopher J. and Katie M. G. Himmelfarb, " Restructuring Beijing's Social Space: Observations on the Olympic Games in 2008," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 48 , 5:543-554, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• State Council, "Zhonghua renmin gongheguo guowuyuan ling, di 277 hao (Decree of State Council, People's Republic of China, No. 277), January 10, 2000, in State Council, Population Census Office, and Department of Population Statistics, State Statistical Bureau, Zhongguo 2000 nian renkou pucha ziliao (Tabulation of the 2000 Population Census of the People's Republic of China) , vol. 3 . Beijing, China: China Statistics Press, 2002, 1889-1892.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Mingjie and C. Cindy Fan, "Regional Inequality in the Pan-Pearl River Delta Region," in Yueman Yeung and Jianfa Shen, eds., The Pan-Pearl River Delta: An Emerging Regional Economy in Globalizing China . Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2008 (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, Kai-yuen, "China's Regional Inequality, 1952-1985," Journal of Comparative Economics , 15 , 1:1-21, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, Kai-yuen, "Forces Shaping China's Interprovincial Inequality," Review of Income and Wealth , 53 , 1:60-92, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), China Human Development Report 1999: Transition and the State [ http://www.undp.org.cn/downloads/nhdr/nhdr1999.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), China Human Development Report 2002: Making Green Development a Choice [ http://www.undp.org.cn/downloads/nhdr/nhdr2002.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), China Human Development Report 2005: Development with Equity [ http://www.undp.org.cn/downloads/nhdr2005/NHDR2005_complete.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wan, Guanghua, "Understanding Regional Poverty and Inequality Trends in China: Methodological Issues and Empirical Findings," Review of Income and Wealth , 53 , 1:25-34, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, De, Zhu Wei, and Yan Hui, "1985-2000 nian woguo renkou qianyi dui quyu jingji chayi de junheng zuoyong yanjiu (Equilibrium Effects of Population Migration on Regional Economic Difference in China from 1985 to 2000)," Renkou yu jingji (Population and Economics), 6:1-9, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Donggen and Li Zhang, "Knowledge Disparity and Regional Inequality in Post-Reform China," Post-Communist Economies , 15 , 3:383-399, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Enru and Kam Wing Chan, "Tilting Scoreline: Geographical Inequalities in Admission Scores to Higher Education in China," in Cai Fang and Zhang Zhanxin, eds., Labor Market in China's Transition . Beijing, China: China Population Publishing House, 2005, 237-266 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Fahui, "The Geography of Wages: Chinese Cities 1989 and 1997," Asia Pacific Viewpoint , 42 , 2:237-252, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Fei-Ling, Organizing Through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Shaoguang and Angang Hu, The Political Economy of Uneven Development . New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Zheng, "Regional Divergence of Per Capita GDP in China: 1991-1999," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies , 2 , 1:39-53, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, Yehua Dennis, Regional Development in China: States, Globalization and Inequality . London, UK: Routledge, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Whalley, John and Shunming Zhang, Inequality Change in China and (Hukou) Labor Mobility . Washington, DC: NBER, Working Paper, No. 10683, August 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Whiting, Susan H., Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, Jeffery G., "Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns," Economic Development and Cultural Change , 13 , 4:1-84, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Christine, ed., Financing Local Government in the People's Republic of China . Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Christine, Can China Change Development Paradigm for the 21st Century: Fiscal Policy Options for Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao after Two Decades of Muddling Through . Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politk, January 2005.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank, World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development . New York: NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Guoqing, "Xibu kaifa zhong de Nei Mongol xianxiang (The ‘Nei Mongol Phenomenon’ in Western Development)," China Finance News , August 9, 2005 [www.cfen.cn], accessed December 13, 2007. http://www.cfen.cn
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua Net, "Nei Mongol zizhiqu zhuxi yangjing zongtan Nei Mongol xianxiang (A Discussion with Yangjing, the Chairman of Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, on the ‘Nei Mongol Phenomenon’)," April 25, 2004 [ http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-04/25/content_4471558.htm
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua Net, "Tongji juzhang chi lishi wanzheng qunian difang GDP zengsu jing chao quanguo (Claims that Local GDP Last Year Exceeded National Level Were Reprimanded by Statistical Bureau Chief as Historical Chronic Disease)" [ http://china.com.cn/chinese/2005/Mar/804540.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Xianfu, "Jumin goumai li xiang shaoshu ren guodu jizhong (People's Purchasing Power is Tilting Excessively Toward a Small Number of People)," Jingji daobao , 2750 , 32-33, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Dennis Tao and Cai Fang, "The Political Economy of China's Rural-Urban Divide," in N. Hope, D. T. Yang, and M. Y. Li, eds., How Far Across the River? Chinese Policy Reform at the Millennium . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Yunyan, "Urban Labour Market Segmentation: Some Observations Based on Wuhan Census Data," The China Review , 3 , 2:85-98, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Ying, Longgen, "China's Changing Regional Disparities during the Reform Period," Economic Geography , 75 , 1:59-70, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Danlin and Yehua Dennis Wei, "Analyzing Regional Inequality in Post-Mao China in a GIS Environment," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 44 , 7:514-534, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Xiao Bin and S. P. Tong, "Unequal Economic Development in China: Spatial Disparities and Regional Policy Reconsideration, 1985-1995," Regional Studies , 34 , 6:549-561, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Yixing and Laurence J. C. Ma, "China's Urban Population Statistics: A Critical Evaluation," Eurasian Geography and Economics , 46 , 4:272-289, 2005.
   Google Scholar