Exploring the Impact of Non-normality on Spatial Non-stationarity in Geographically Weighted Regression Analyses: Tobacco Outlet Density in New Jersey

References

• Anselin, L., 1988, Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models , Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Bivand, R. and D. Yu, 2007, " SPGWR: Geographically Weighted Regression" http://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/contrib/r-release/spgwr_0.4-6.zip
   Google Scholar
• Box, G. E. P. and D. R. Cox, 1964, "An Analysis of Transformations," Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B , 26:211-246.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsdon, C., Fotheringhan, A. S., and M. Charlton, 1996, "Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity," Geographic Analysis , 28:281-298.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., and M. Charlton, 1999, "Some Notes on Parametric Significance Tests for Geographically Weighted Regression," Journal of Regional Science , 39(3):497-524.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane, D. and Orcutt, G. H., 1949, "Application of Least Squares Regression to Relationships Containing Autocorrelated Error Terms," Journal of the American Statistical Association , 44(1):32-61.
   Google Scholar
• Congdon, P., 2003, "Modelling Spatially Varying Impacts of Socioeconomic Predictors on Mortality Outcomes," Journal of Geographic Systems , 5:161-184.
   Google Scholar
• Congdon, P., 2006, "A Model for Non-parametric Spatially Varying Regression Effects," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis , 50:422-445.
   Google Scholar
• Faraway, J., 2002, "Practical Regression and ANOVA Using R" [URL: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Faraway-PRA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Farber, S. and A. Páez, 2007, "A Systematic Investigation of Cross-Validation in GWR Model Estimation: Empirical Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations," Journal of Geographical Systems , 9:371-396.
   Google Scholar
• Foody, G. M., 2003, "Geographical Weighting as a Further Refinement to Regression Modelling: An Example Focused on the NDVI-Rainfall Relationship," Remote Sensing of Environment , 88:283-293.
   Google Scholar
• Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C. F., and M. E. Charlton, 1998, "Geographically Weighted Regression: A Natural Evolution of the Expansion Method for Spatial Data Analysis," Environment and Planning A , 30:1095-1927.
   Google Scholar
• Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C., and M. Charlton, 2002, Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships , Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., 1997, Applied Regression Analysis, Linear Models, and Related Methods , Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., 2002, An R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression , Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., 2007, "CAR: Companion to Applied Regression" http://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/contrib/r-release/car_1.2-7.zip
   Google Scholar
• Getis, A. and D. A. Griffith, 2002, Comparative Spatial Filtering in Regression Analysis," Geographical Analysis , 34:130-140.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, D. A. and D. W. Wong, 2007, "Modeling Population Density Across Major U.S. Cities: A Polycentric Spatial Regression Approach," Journal of Geographical Systems , 9:53-75.
   Google Scholar
• Hyland, A., Travers, M. J., Cummings, K. M., Bauer, J., Alford, T., and W. F. Wieczorek, 2003, "Tobacco Outlet Density and Demographics in Erie County, New York," American Journal of Public Health , 93:1075-1076.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., 2003, "Long-Term Appreciation of Owner-Occupied Single-Family House Prices in Milwaukee Neighborhoods," Urban Geography , 24:212-231.
   Google Scholar
• LeSage, J. and K. R. Pace, 2009, Introduction to Spatial Econometrics , New York, NY: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, Y., Mei, C. L., and W. X. Zhang, 2000, "Statistical Tests for Spatial Nonstationarity Based on the Geographically Weighted Regression Model," Environment and Planning A , 32:9-32.
   Google Scholar
• Li., W., Land, T., Zhang, Z., Keithly, L., and J. L. Kelsey, 2009, "Small-Area Estimation and Prioritizing Communities for Tobacco Control Efforts in Massachusetts," American Journal of Public Health , 99(3):470-479.
   Google Scholar
• Maddala, G. S., 2005, Introduction to Econometrics , Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• McMillen, D. P., 1996, "One Hundred Fifty Years of Land Values in Chicago: A Nonparametric Approach," Journal of Urban Economics , 40:100-124.
   Google Scholar
• McMillen, D. P. and J. F. McDonald, 1997, "A Nonparametric Analysis of Employment Density in a Polycentric City," Journal of Regional Science , 37:591-612.
   Google Scholar
• Nakaya, T., Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon C., and M. Charlton, 2005, "Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression for Disease Association Mapping," Statistics in Medicine , 24:2695-2717.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, A., Oberthür, T., and S. Cook, 2007, "Multi-scale Correlations between Topography and Vegetation in a Hillside Catchment of Honduras," International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences , 21:145-174.
   Google Scholar
• Páez, A., Long, F., and S. Farber, 2008, "Moving Window Approaches for Hedonic Price Estimation: An Empirical Comparison of Modeling Techniques," Urban Studies , 45(8):1565-1581.
   Google Scholar
• Páez, A., Uchida, T., and K. Miyamoto, 2002, "A General Framework for Estimation and Inference of Geographically Weighted Regression Models: 1. Location-Specific Kernel Bandwidths and a Test for Local Heterogeneity," Environment and Planning A , 34:733-754.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., and R. J. Reid, 2005, "Tobacco Outlet Density, Cigarette Smoking Prevalence, and Demographics at the County Level of Analysis," Substance Use & Misuse , 40:1627-1635.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team, 2009, "R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing," http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Reid, R. J., Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., and J. Hughey, 2005, "Tobacco Outlet Density and Smoking Prevalence: Does Racial Concentration Matter?" Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 12:233-238.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, J. E., Reid, R. J., Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., and J. Hughey, 2005, "Tobacco Outlet Density and Demographics at the Tract Level of Analysis in Iowa: Implications for Environmentally Based Prevention Initiatives," Prevention Science , 6:319-325.
   Google Scholar
• Stillwell, J. and G. Clarke, 2005, Applied GIS and Spatial Analysis , Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Waller, L. A., Zhu, L., Gotway, C. A., Gorman, D. M., and P. J. Gruenewald, 2007, "Quantifying Geographic Variations in Associations between Alcohol Distribution and Violence: A Comparison of Geographically Weighted Regression and Spatially Varying Coefficient Models," Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment , 21:573-588.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, D. and C. Calder, 2007, "An Assessment of Coefficient Accuracy in Linear Regression Models with Spatially Varying Coefficients," Journal of Geographical Systems , 9(1):145-166.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, D. and M. Tiefelsdorf, 2005, "Multicollinearity and Correlation among Local Regression Coefficients in Geographically Weighted Regression," Journal of Geographical Systems , 7(2):161-187.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D. L., 2006, "Spatially Varying Development Mechanisms in the Greater Beijing Area: A Geographically Weighted Regression Investigation," Annals of Regional Science , 40:173-190.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D., 2007, "Modeling Owner-Occupied Single-Family House Values in the City of Milwaukee: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach," GIScience and Remote Sensing , 44:267-282.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D., Wei, Y. H. D., and C. Wu, 2007, "Modeling Spatial Dimensions of Housing Prices in Milwaukee, WI," Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , 34:1085-1102.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D. and C. Wu, 2004, "Understanding Population Segregation from Landsat ETM+ Imagery: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach," GIScience and Remote Sensing , 41:145-164.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, D. and C. Wu, 2006, "Incorporating Remote Sensing Information in Modeling House Values: A Regression Tree Approach," Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 72(2):129-138.
   Google Scholar