Effects of defoliation on growth and N fixation in Alnus tenuifolia: Consequences for changing disturbance regimes at high latitudesFootnote

1 Associate Editor: Robert L. Jefferies.

Literature cited

• Anderson, M. D., R. W. Ruess, D. D. Uliassi & J. S. Mitchell, 2004. Estimating N2 fixation in two species of Alnus in interior Alaska using acetylene reduction and 15N2 uptake. Écoscience, 11: 102–112.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. M. & L. B. Brubaker, 1994. Vegetation history of north-central Alaska: A mapped summary of late-Quaternary pollen data. Quaternary Science Review, 13: 71–92.
   Google Scholar
• Arnone, J. A., III & J. C. Gordon, 1990. Effect of nodulation, nitrogen fixation and CO2 enrichment on the physiology, growth and dry mass allocation of seedlings of Alnus rubra Bong. New Phytologist, 116: 55–66.
   Google Scholar
• Belanger, G. & J. E. Richards, 2000. Dynamics of biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa under three N fertilization rates. Plant and Soil, 219: 177–185.
   Google Scholar
• Benamar, S., G. Thiery & G. Pizelle, 1995. Nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities in young Alnus glutinosa, relationship and effect of light/dark treatments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 33: 735–740.
   Google Scholar
• Binkley, D., R. Senock & K. Cromack, 2003. Phosphorus limitation on nitrogen fixation by Facaltaria seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 186: 171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Buttler, L. G., 2003. The role of mammalian herbivores in primary succession of the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska. M.Sc. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, F.S., III, G. R. Shaver, A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer & J. A. Laundre, 1995. Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology, 76: 694–711.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, A. D. McGuire, J. Randerson, R. Pielke Sr., D. Baldocchi, S. E. Hobbie, N. Roulet, W. Eugster, E. Kasischke, E. B. Rastetter, S. A. Zimov & S. W. Running, 2000. Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology, 6:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., M. Sturm, M. C. Serreze, J. P. McFadden, J. R. Key, A. H. Lloyd, A. D. McGuire, T. S. Rupp, A. H. Lynch, J. P. Schimel, J. Beringer, W. L. Chapman, H. E. Epstein, E. S. Euskirchen, L. D. Hinzman, G. Jia, C.-L. Ping, K. D. Tape, C. D. C. Thompson, D. A. Walker & J. M. Welder, 2005. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science, 310: 657–660.
   Google Scholar
• Cralle, H. T. & G. H. Heichel, 1981. Nitrogen fixation and vegetative regrowth of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil after successive harvests or floral debudding. Plant Physiology, 67: 898–905.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, I. A., R. A. Culvenor & R. J. Simpson, 1990. Effect of previous defoliation regime and mineral nitrogen on regrowth in white clover swards: Photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogenase activity and growth. Annals of Botany, 65: 665–677.
   Google Scholar
• Engstrom, D. R., S. C. Fritz, J. E. Almendinger & S. Juggins, 2000. Chemical and biological trends during lake evolution in recently deglaciated terrain. Nature, 408: 161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Gentili, F. & K. Huss-Danell, 2003. Local and systemic effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on nodulation and nodule function in Alnus incana. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 2757–2767.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, C. R., 1961. The contribution of alder trees (Alnus tenuifolia) to the primary productivity of Castle Lake, California. Ecology, 42: 282–288.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. J. & W. Kessler, 1990. Defoliation-induced stress in nodules of white clover. II. Immunological and enzymic measurements of key proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41: 1255–1262.
   Google Scholar
• Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2004. Flora of North America. Online [URL] http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/fna.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, F. S., B. P. Finney & L. B. Brubaker, 2001. Effects of Holocene Alnus expansion on aquatic productivity, nitrogen cycling, and soil development in southwestern Alaska. Ecosystems, 4: 358–368.
   Google Scholar
• Huss-Danell, K. 1997. Actinorhizal symbiosis and their N2 fixation. New Phytologist, 136: 375–404.
   Google Scholar
• Huss-Danell, K. & A. Sellstedt, 1985. Nitrogenase activity in response to darkening and defoliation of Alnus incana. Journal of Experimental Botany, 36: 1352–1358.
   Google Scholar
• Huss-Danell, K., F. Gentili, C. Valverde, L. Wall & A. Wiklund, 2002. Phosphorus is important in nodulation of actinorhizal plants and legumes. Pages 163–166 in T. Finan, N. O’Brian, D. Layzell, K. Vessey & W. Newton (eds.). Nitrogen Fixation: Global Perspectives. CAB International, Wallingford.
   Google Scholar
• Index Fungorum Partnership, 2004. Index Fungorum. Online [URL] http://www.speciesfungorum.org/names/names.asp
   Google Scholar
• Kielland, K., J. P. Bryant & R. Ruess, 1997. Mammalian herbivory and carbon turnover in early successional stands in interior Alaska. Oikos, 80: 25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, T. H., A. Ourry, J. Boucaud & G. Lemaire, 1993. Partitioning of nitrogen derived from N2 fixation and reserves in nodulated Medicago sativa L. during regrowth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 44: 555–562.
   Google Scholar
• Louahlia, S., P. Laine, B. Thornton, A. Ourry & J. Boucaud, 2000. The role of N-remobilisation and the uptake of NH4 + and NO3- by Lolium perenne L. in laminae growth following defoliation under field conditions. Plant and Soil, 220: 175–187.
   Google Scholar
• Lundquist, P.-O. & K. Huss-Danell, 1991. Nitrogenase activity and amounts of nitrogenase proteins in a Frankia–Alnus incana symbiosis subjected to darkness. Plant Physiology, 95: 808–813.
   Google Scholar
• Lundquist, P.-O., T. Nasholm & K. Huss-Danell, 2003. Nitrogenase activity and root nodule metabolism in response to O2 and short-term N2 deprivation in dark-treated Frankia–Alnus incana plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 119: 244–252.
   Google Scholar
• Mack, M. C., E. A. G. Schuur, M. S. Bret-Harte, G. R. Shaver & F. S. Chapin III, 2004. Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization. Nature, 431: 440–443.
   Google Scholar
• Malmstrom, C. M. & K. F. Raffa, 2000. Biotic disturbance agents in the boreal forest: Considerations for vegetation change models. Global Change Biology, 6: 35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Myrold, D. D. & K. Huss-Danell, 2003. Alder and lupine enhance nitrogen cycling in a degraded forest soil in northern Sweden. Plant and Soil, 254: 47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Nygren, P., V. Vaillant, L. Desfontaines, P. Cruz & A. M. Domenach, 2000. Effects of nitrogen source and defoliation on growth and biological dinitrogen fixation of Gliricidia sepium seedlings. Tree Physiology, 20: 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Oswald, W. W., L. B. Brubaker & P. M. Anderson, 1999. Late quaternary vegetational history of the Howard Pass area, northwestern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77: 570–581.
   Google Scholar
• Ourry, A., T. J. Kim & J. B. Boucaud, 1994. Nitrogen reserve mobilization during regrowth of Medicago sativa L. Relationships between availability and regrowth yield. Plant Physiology, 105: 831–837.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, R. & R. J. Sunley, 2001. Nitrogen nutrition and the role of root-shoot nitrogen signalling particularly in symbiotic systems. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52: 435–443.
   Google Scholar
• Read, D. J., R. R. Leake & J. Perez-Moreno, 2004. Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82: 1243–1263.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, C., H. Oskarsson, D. Binkley & B. Stottlemyer, 2001. Alder (Alnus crispa) effects on soils in ecosystems of the Agashashok River valley, northwest Alaska. Écoscience, 8: 89–95.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute, 2002. The SAS System for Windows. Version 8.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R., M. S. Bret-Harte, M. H. Jones, J. Johnstone, L. Gough, J. Laundre & F. S. Chapin III, 2001. Species composition interacts with fertilizer to control long-term change in tundra productivity. Ecology, 82: 3163–3181.
   Google Scholar
• Silapaswan, C. S., D. D. Verbyla & A. D. McGuire, 2001. Land cover change on the Seward Peninsula: The use of remote sensing to evaluate potential influences of climate warming on historical vegetation dynamics. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 27: 542–554.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. C., M. L. Decau, J. C. Avice, A. Jacquet, F. Meuriot & J. M. Allirand, 2004. Effects of initial N reserve status and residual leaf area after cutting on leaf area and organ establishment during regrowth of alfalfa. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 84: 1059–1066.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., C. Racine & K. Tape, 2001. Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411: 545–547.
   Google Scholar
• Ta, T. C., F. D. H. MacDowall & M. A. Faris, 1990. Utilization of carbon and nitrogen reserves of alfalfa roots in supporting N2-fixation and shoot regrowth. Plant and Soil, 127: 231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Temperton, V. M., S. J. Grayston, G. Jackson, C. V. M. Barton, P. Millard & P. G. Jarvis, 2003. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on growth and nitrogen fixation in Alnus glutinosa in a long-term field experiment. Tree Physiology, 23: 1051–1059.
   Google Scholar
• Tjepkema, J. D., 1985. Utilization of photosynthate for nitrogen fixation in seedlings of Myrica gale and Alnus rubra. Pages 183–192 in P. W. Ludden & J. E. Burris (eds.). Nitrogen Fixation and CO2 Metabolism. Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Uliassi, D. D. & R. W. Ruess, 2002. Limitations to symbiotic nitrogen fixation in primary succession on the Tanana River floodplain, Alaska. Ecology, 83: 88–103.
   Google Scholar
• USDA, 2001. Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests. Online [URL] http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp/idbook/
   Google Scholar
• USDA, 2005. Forest Health Conditions in Alaska – 2004. Protection Report R10-PR-3. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Valverde, C., A. Ferrari & L. G. Wall, 2002. Phosphorus and the regulation of nodulation in the actinorhizal symbiosis between Discaria trinervis (Rhamnaceae) and Frankia BCU110501. New Phytologist, 153: 43–51.
   Google Scholar
• Valverde, C. & L. G. Wall, 2003. The regulation of nodulation, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimulation under a carbohydrate shortage stress in the Discaria trinervis–Frankia symbiosis. Plant and Soil, 254: 155–165.
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P. M., K. Cassman, C. Cleveland, T. Crews, C. B. Field, N. B. Grimm, R. W. Howarth, R. Marino, L. Martinelli, E. B. Rastetter & J. I. Sprent, 2002. Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry, 57/58: 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, J. G. & S. T. Gower, 1998. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of boreal jack pine stands with and without a green alder understory. Ecosystems, 1: 386–400.
   Google Scholar
• Voisin, A. S., C. Salon, C. Jeudy & F. R. Warembourg, 2003. Symbiotic N2 fixation activity in relation to C economy of Pisum sativum L. as a function of plant phenology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 2733–2744.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, L. G., 2000. The actinorhizal symbiosis. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 19: 167–182.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, L. G., C. Valverde & K. Huss-Danell, 2003. Regulation of nodulation in the absence of N2 is different in actinorhizal plants with different infection pathways. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 1253–1258.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, B., K. Nara & T. Hogetsu, 2002. Spatiotemporal transfer of carbon-14-labelled photosynthate from ectomycorrhizal Pinus densiflora seedlings to extraradical mycelia. Mycorrhiza, 12: 83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Yamanaka, T., C.-Y. Li, B. T. Bormann & H. Okabe, 2003. Tripartite associations in an alder: Effects of Frankia and Alpova diplophloeus on the growth, nitrogen fixation and mineral acquisition of Alnus tenuifolia. Plant and Soil, 254: 179–186.
   Google Scholar