References

• Adams NJ, Seddon PJ, Van Heezik YM. 1992. Monitoring of seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system: can seabirds be used as indicators and predictors of change in the marine environment? South African Journal of Marine Science 12: 959–974. https://doi.org/10.2989/02577619209504755
   Google Scholar
• Berry HH. 1976. Physiological and behavioural ecology of the Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis. Madoqua 9: 5–55.
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife International. 2018a. Phalacrocorax capensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22696806A132594943. www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696806/132594943 [accessed 22 November 2021].
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife International. 2018b. Leucocarbo onslowi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22696861A131116322. www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696861/131116322 [accessed 30 November 2022].
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife International. 2021a. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Robben Island. https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/robben-island-iba-south-africa [accessed 9 May 2021].
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife International. 2021b. Important Bird Areas factsheet: West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands. https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/7159 [accessed 5 May 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Chilvers BL, Battley PF. 2019. Species prioritization index for oiled wildlife response planning in New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149: article 110529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook TR, Martin R, Roberts J, Häkkinen H, Botha P, Meyer C, et al. 2020. Parenting in a warming world: thermoregulatory responses to heat stress in an endangered seabird. Conservation Physiology 8: 1–13. doi: 10.1093/conphys/coz109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM. 2007. Food, fishing and seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system. Journal of Ornithology 148: 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0228-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM. 2013. Long-term change in the population sizes and conservation status of South Africa’s seabirds. Ostrich 84: 37–41. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.819661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Dyer BM. 1995. Responses by four seabird species to a fluctuating availability of Cape Anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa. Ibis 137: 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb08029.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Shelton P. 1978. Pelagic fish and seabird interrelationships off the coasts of South West and South Africa. Biological Conservation 14: 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(78)90026-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Allwright D, Heÿl CW. 1992. High mortality of Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) off western South Africa in 1991 caused by Pasteurella multocida. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 236–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/1521458
   Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Brooke RK. 1994. Breeding nomadism in southern African seabirds – constraints, causes and conservation. Ostrich 65: 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1994.9639687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Upfold L. 1999. Seasonal pattern of breeding by Cape and Crowned Cormorants off western South Africa. Ostrich 70: 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1999.9634234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Davis SA, Harding RT, Jackson LF, Leshoro TM, Meÿer MA, et al. 2000. Initial impact of the Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 157–176. https://doi.org/10.2989/025776100784125645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Upfold L, Ward VL. 2001. Age at first breeding of Bank Cormorants, Phalacrocorax neglectus, and Cape cormorants, P. capensis. Ostrich 72: 145–148. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306520109485306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Kemper J, Simmons RE, Upfold L. 2007. Trends in numbers of Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) over a 50-year period, 1956–1957 to 2006–2007. Emu 107: 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1071/MU07015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Makhado AB, Waller LJ, Whittington PA. 2014. Winners and losers – responses to recent environmental change by South African seabirds that compete with purse-seine fisheries for food. Ostrich 85: 111–117. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2014.955141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Makhado AB, Whittington PA, Randall RM, Oosthuizen WH, Waller LJ. 2015. A changing distribution of seabirds in South Africa: the possible impact of climate and its consequences. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford RJM, Randall RM, Cook TR, Ryan PG, Dyer BM, Fox Rn, et al. 2016. Cape cormorants decrease, move east and adapt foraging strategies following eastward displacement of their main prey. African Journal of Marine Science 38: 373–383. https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2016.1202861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEFF (Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries). 2020. Status of the South African marine fishery resources 2020. Cape Town, South Africa: DEFF.
   Google Scholar
• Dias MP, Martin R, Pearmain EJ, Burfield IJ, Small C, Phillips RAN, et al. 2019. Threats to seabirds: a global assessment. Biological Conservation 237: 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerr RS, Klasing KC. 2015. Tissue component and organ mass changes associated with declines in body mass in three seabird species received for rehabilitation in California. Marine Ornithology 43: 11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Duerr RS, Ziccardi MH, Massey JG. 2016. Mortality during treatment: factors affecting the survival of oiled, rehabilitated common murres (Uria aalge). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52: 495–505. https://doi.org/10.7589/2015-03-054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartrell BD, Battley PF, Clumpner C, Dwyer W, Hunter S, Jensen M, et al. 2019. Captive husbandry and veterinary care of seabirds during the MV Rena oil spill response. Wildlife Research 46: 610–621. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green AJ. 2001. Mass/length residuals: measures of body condition or generators of spurious results? Ecology 82: 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1473:MLRMOB]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann MH, Grémillet D, Ryan PG, Bonadonna F, van der Lingen CD, Pichegru L. 2012. A hard-knock life: the foraging ecology of Cape cormorants amidst shifting prey resources and industrial fishing pressure. African Journal of Marine Science 34: 233–240. https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.709960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb J, Callahan B. 2003. Management of the Treasure oiled wildlife response, Cape Town, South Africa, 2000. Proceedings of the 7th International Effects of Oil on Wildlife Conference, 14–16 October 2003, Hamburg, Germany. International Bird Rescue Research Center and International Fund for Animal Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Klusener R, Hurtado R, Parsons NJ, Vanstreels RET, Stander N, van der Spuy S, Ludynia K. 2018. From incubation to release: hand-rearing as a tool for the conservation of the endangered African penguin. PLoS ONE 13: e0205126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbe A, Underhill LG, Waller LJ, Veen J. 2014. A condition index for African penguins Spheniscus demersus chicks. African Journal of Marine Science 36: 143–154. https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2014.915232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhado AB, Crawford RJM, Waller LJ, Underhill LG. 2013. An assessment of the impact of predation by Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus on seabirds at Dyer Island, South Africa. Ostrich 84: 191–198. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.863234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins AM, Silva Filho RP, Xavier MO, Meireles MCA, Robaldo RB. 2015. Blood parameters and measurements of weight in the rehabilitation of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus, Foster 1781). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67: 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-López RA, Casal J, Darwich L. 2015. Prognostic indicators associated with early mortality of wild raptors admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Spain. Veterinary Quarterly 35: 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2014.985856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molony SE, Baker PJ, Garland L, Cuthill IC, Harris S. 2007. Factors that can be used to predict release rates for wildlife casualties. Animal Welfare 16: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600027172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morten JM, Parsons NJ, Schwitzer C, Holderied MW, Sherley RB. 2017. Body condition as a quantitative tool to guide hand-rearing decisions in an endangered seabird. Animal Conservation (South Mimms, England) 20: 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons NJ, Underhill LG. 2005. Oiled and injured African penguins Spheniscus demersus and other seabirds admitted for rehabilitation in the Western Cape, South Africa, 2001 and 2002. African Journal of Marine Science 27: 289–296. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons NJ, Vanstreels RE, Schaefer AM. 2018. Prognostic indicators of rehabilitation outcomes for adult African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 54: 54–65. https://doi.org/10.7589/2017-06-146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peig J, Green AJ. 2009. New perspectives for estimating body condition from mass/length data: the scaled mass index as an alternative method. Oikos 118: 1883–1891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17643.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana F, Uhart MM, Gallo L, Mattera MB, Rimondi A, Gómez-Laich A. 2022. Heat-related massive chick mortality in an Imperial Cormorant Leucocarbo atriceps colony from Patagonia, Argentina. Polar Biology 45: 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02982-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues SC, Adornes AC, Santos Filho EA, Silva Filho RP, Colares EP. 2010. Surviving probability indicators of landing juvenile Magellanic penguins arriving along the southern Brazilian coast. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53: 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000200021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon L, Waller LJ. 2021. A cursory look at the fishmeal/oil industry from an ecosystem perspective. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: article 645023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.645023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons RE, Sakko A, Paterson J, Nzuzi A. 2006. Birds and conservation significance of the Namib Desert’s least known coastal wetlands: Baia and Ilha dos Tigres, Angola. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 713–717. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320609504220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanstreels RE, Adornes AC, Canabarro PL, Ruoppolo V, Amaku M, da Silva-Filho RP, Catão-Dias JL. 2013. Female-biased mortality of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) on the wintering grounds. Emu – Austral Ornithology 113: 128–134. doi: 10.1071/MU12060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanstreels RE, Parsons NJ, Pistorius PA, Schaefer AM. 2019. Prognostic indicators of immature rehabilitated African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) in South Africa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55: 758–769. https://doi.org/10.7589/2018-05-134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wilgen NJ, Goodall V, Holness S, Chown SL, McGeoch MA. 2016. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns in South Africa’s national parks. International Journal of Climatology 36: 706–721. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorbergen A, de Boer WF, Underhill LG. 2012. Natural and human-induced predation on Cape Cormorants at Dyer Island. Bird Conservation International 22: 82–93. doi: 10.1017/S0959270912000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller LJ, Underhill LG. 2007. Management of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida outbreaks on Dyer Island, South Africa, 2002–2005. African Journal of Marine Science 29: 105–111. https://doi.org/10.2989/AJMS.2007.29.1.9.74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western Cape Government. 2021. Veterinary Services Animal health – Epidemiology Report 2021, vol.13, issue 12: 2021 in review. Cape Town, South Africa: Western Cape Government Department of Agriculture. https://www.elsenburg.com/vetepi/epireport_pdf/2021Bundle.pdf [accessed 30 November 2022].
   Google Scholar