Savanna browse production. 1: Determinants and measurement

References

• Archibald S, Bond WJ. 2003. Growing tall vs growing wide: tree architecture and allomtery of Acacia karroo in forest, savanna, and arid environments. Oikos 102: 3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibald S, Scholes RJ. 2007. Leaf green-up in a semi-arid African savanna - separating tree and grass responses to environmental cues. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 583–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aucamp AJ, Howe LG, Smith DWWQ, Mostert JM. 1978. The browse value of the Eastern Cape Valley Bushveld. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 13: 91–93.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes DL. 1976. A review of plant-based methods of estimating food consumption, percentage utilisation, species preferences and feeding patterns of grazing and browsing animals. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 11: 65–71.
   Google Scholar
• Bergström R. 1992. Browse characteristics and impact of browsing on trees and shrubs in African savannas. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 315–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowland AE. 1990. The response of red diukers Cephalophus natalensis to drive counts. Koedoe 33: 47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. 1984. Classification and regression trees. New York: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Breiman L. 2001. Random forests. Machine Learning 45: 5–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chebrolu S, Abraham A, Thomas JP. 2005. Feature deduction and ensemble design of intrusion detection systems. Computers and Security 24: 295–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choat B, Ball MC, Luly JG, Holtum JAM. 2005. Hydraulic architecture of deciduous and evergreen dry rainforest tree species from north-eastern Australia. Trees 19: 305–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cissé MI. 1980. The browse production of some trees of the Sahel: relationships between maximum foliage biomass and various physical parameters. In: Le Houérou HN (ed.), Browse in Africa: the current state of knowledge. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp 205–210.
   Google Scholar
• Cook NR, Zee RY, Ridker PM. 2004. Tree and spline based association analysis of gene–gene interaction models for ischemic stroke. Statistics in Medicine 23: 1439–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming DHM. 1982. The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa. In: Huntley BJ, Walker BH (eds), Ecology of tropical savannas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp 217–245.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler A, Cutler DR, Stevens JR. 2009. Tree-based methods. In: Li X ,Xu R (eds), High-dimensional data analysis in cancer research. New York: Springer. pp 89–109.
   Google Scholar
• Dayton BT. 1978. Standing crop of dominant Combretum species at three browsing levels in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 21: 67–76.
   Google Scholar
• De'Ath D, Fabricus K. 2000. Classification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for the analysis of complex ecological data. Ecology 81: 3178–3192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye PJ, Spear PT. 1982. The effects of bushclearing and rainfall variability on grass yield and composition in southwest Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Research 20: 103–118.
   Google Scholar
• Dziba LE, Scogings PF, Raats JG, Gordon IJ. 1999. Seasonal intake of savanna woody plant species by two goat breeds in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. In: Eldridge D, Freudenberger D (eds), People and rangelands: building the future: proceedings of the VIth International Rangeland Congress, vol. 1. Aitkenvale: VI International Rangeland Congress. pp 517–518.
   Google Scholar
• Dziba LE, Scogings PF, Gordon IJ, Raats JG. 2002. Effects of season and breed on browse species intake rates and diet selection by goats in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Small Ruminant Research 47: 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eamus D, Prior L. 2001. Ecophysiology of trees of seasonality dry tropics: Comparisons among phenologies. Advanced Ecological Research 32: 113–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fey M. 2010. Soils of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fornara DA, du Toit JT. 2007. Browsing lawns? Responses of Acacia nigrescens to ungulate browsing in an African savanna. Ecology 88: 200–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankie GW, Baker HG, Olper PA. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 62: 881–919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost PGH. 1985. Organic matter and nutrient dynamics in a broadleafed African savanna. In: Tothill JC, Mott JJ (eds), Ecology and management of the world's savannas. London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. pp 200–206.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman PS. 1975. The relation between vegetation structure and its use by wild herbivores in a riverine habitat. MSc thesis, University of Rhodesia, Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon IJ, Illius AW. 1996. The nutritional ecology of African ruminants: a reinterpretation. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 18–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhouse SW, Geisser S. 1959. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24: 95–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson J. 2001. Differential shading of branches or whole trees: survival, growth and reproduction. Oecologia 126: 482–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochachka WM, Caruana R, Fink D, Munson A, Riedewald M, Sorokina D, Kelling S. 2007. Data-mining discovery of pattern and process in ecological systems. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann MT. 1989. A preliminary investigation of the phenology of subtropical thicket and karroid shrubland in the lower Sundays River Valley, SE Cape. South African Journal of Botany 55: 586–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly RD. 1973. A comparative study of primary production under different kinds of land use in south-eastern Rhodesia. PhD thesis, University of London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly RD, Walker BH. 1976. The effects of different forms of land use on the ecology of a semi-arid region in south-eastern Rhodesia. Journal of Ecology 64: 553–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamprey HF, Herlocker DJ, Field CR. 1980. Report on the state of knowledge on browse in East Africa in 1980. In: Le Houérou HN (ed.), Browse in Africa: the current state of knowledge. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Le Houérou HN. 1980. Browse in North Africa. In: Le Houérou HN (ed.), Browse in Africa: the current state of knowledge. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp 55–82.
   Google Scholar
• Lobão Tello JLP, van Gelder RG. 1975. The natural history of nyala Tragelaphus angasi (Mammalia, Bovidae) in Mozambique. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 155: 319–386.
   Google Scholar
• Martin R. 1974. Structure, biomass and utilization of vegetation in the Mopane and Miombo woodlands of the Sengwa wildlife research area. Certificate in Field Ecology report, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews WS. 2005. Contribution to the ecology of Maputaland, southern Africa, with emphasis on Sand Forest. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Milton SJ. 1987. Phenology of seven Acacia species in South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 17: 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris C, Fynn R. 2003.Regression tree models for management of tall grassveld, South Africa. In: Allsopp N, Palmer AR, Milton SJ, Kirkman KP, Kerley GIH, Hurt CR, Brown CJ (eds), Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress, 26 July–1August 2003, Durban, South Africa. Grahamstown: Grassland Society of Southern Africa. pp 729–732.
   Google Scholar
• Mucina L, Rutherford MC (eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitizia 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Novoplansky A. 2003. Ecological implications of the determination of branch hierarchies. New Phytologist 160: 111–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsyina RM, McKell CM. 1985. Browse in the nutrition of livestock: a review. World Animal Review 53: 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith N. 1979. Assessing the foraging efficiency of a large herbivore, the kudu. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 9: 102–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith N. 1982. Factors influencing the consumption of plant products by large herbivores. In: Huntley BJ, Walker BH (eds), Ecology of tropical savannas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp 359–404.
   Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith N, Cooper SM. 1983. Aspects of the feeding ecology of a browsing ruminant: the kudu. South African Journal of Animal Science 13: 35–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith N, Cooper SM. 1985. Comparative consumption of vegetation components by kudus, impalas and goats in relation to their commercial potential as browsers in savanna regions. South African Journal of Science 81: 72–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith N, Cooper SM. 1987. Assessing food preferences of ungulates by acceptability indices. Journal of Wildlife Management 51: 372–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne RW, Harding SA, Murray DA, Soutar DM, Baird DB, Welham SJ, Kane AF, Gilmour AR, Thompson R, Webster R, Tunnicliffe WG. 2006. GenStat release 9 reference manual. Hemel Hempstead: VSN International.
   Google Scholar
• Pellew RA. 1981. The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi Matschie) and its Acacia food resource in the Serengeti National Park. PhD thesis, University of London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Pellew RA. 1983. The giraffe and its food resource in the Serengeti. 1. Composition, biomass and production of available browse. African Journal of Ecology 21: 241–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penderis CA. 2012. Browse: quantity and nutritive value of evergreen and deciduous tree species in semi-arid savannas. PhD thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermartizburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Penderis CA, Kirkman KP. 2013. Using partial volumes to estimate fine browse biomass in southern African semi-arid savannas. Applied Vegetation Science. DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penderis CA, Kirkman KP. 2014. Savanna browse production II. Prediction. African Journal of Range and Forage Science. DOI: 10.2989/10220119.2013.854834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooley E. 1997. The complete guide to trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Durban: Natal Flora Publications Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford M. 1978. Primary production ecology in southern Africa. In: Werger MJA (ed.), Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. The Hague: Dr W Junk. pp 621–659.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford M, Westfall R. 1994. Biomes of southern Africa: an objective categorization. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa no. 63. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford MC. 1979. Plant-based techniques for determining available browse and browse utilization: a review. Botanical Review 45: 203–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford MC, Panagos MD. 1982. Seasonal woody plant shoot growth in Burkea africana-Ochna pulchra savanna. South African Journal of Botany 1: 104–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer JJC, Theron GK, Skinner JD. 1977. Food preferences of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis in the arid bushveld of the Western Transvaal. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7: 53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholes RJ, Walker BH. 1993. An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scholes RJ. 1997. Savanna. In: Cowling R, Richardson D, Pierce S (eds), Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 258–277.
   Google Scholar
• Scogings PF, Dziba LE, Gordon IJ. 2004. Leaf chemistry of woody plants in relation to season, canopy retention and goat browsing in a semiarid subtropical savanna. Austral Ecology 29: 278–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton CM. 1999. Rainfall and topo-edaphic influences on woody community phenology in South African savannas. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8: 125–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit GN. 1996. BECVOL: Biomass Estimates from Canopy VOLume (version 2): users guide. Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.
   Google Scholar
• Smit GN, Rethman NFG, Moore A. 1996. Vegetative growth, reproduction, browse production and response to tree clearing of woody plants in African savanna. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 13: 78–88.
   Google Scholar
• Smits CMM. 1986. Diet composition and habitat use of the West African bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus scriptus (Pallas, 1776) during the first half of the dry season. South African Journal of Zoology 21: 89–93.
   Google Scholar
• Snyman HA, Fouche HJ. 1991. Production and water-use efficiency of semi-arid grasslands of South Africa as affected by veld condition and rainfall. Water SA 17: 263–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni S. 2010. Implementation of multivariate data set by CART algorithm. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management 2: 455–459.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Colla P. 1997. CART: classification and regression trees. San Diego: Salford Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Vassières MP, Plant RE, Allen-Diaz BH. 2000. Classification trees: an alternative non-parametric approach for predicting species distributions. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 679–694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker BH. 1980. A review of browse and its role in livestock production in southern Africa. In: Le Houérou HN (ed.), Browse in Africa: the current state of knowledge. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp 7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Watson LH, Owen-Smith N. 2002. Phenological influences on the utilization of woody plants by eland in semi-arid shrubland. African Journal of Ecology 40: 65–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zietsman PC, van Wyk AE, Botha FC. 1989. Vegetative and reproductive phenology of Ziziphus mucronata subsp. mucronata (Rhamnaceae). South African Journal of Botany 55: 564–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar