Seasonal dry matter production, botanical composition and forage quality of kikuyu over-sown with annual or perennial ryegrass

References

• AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2000a. Method 988.05: Protein (crude) in animal feed and pet food. In: Horwitz W (ed.), Official methods of analysis, vol. 1 (17th edn). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
   Google Scholar
• AOAC. 2000b. Method 965.17: Phosphorus in animal feed and pet food. In: Horwitz W (ed.), Official methods of analysis, vol. 1 (17th edn). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
   Google Scholar
• ARC (Agriculture Research Council). 1984. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Lavenham: Lavenham Press.
   Google Scholar
• ARC-ISCW (Agricultural Research Council–Institute for Soil Climate and Water). 2010. Agro-climatology database. Pretoria: ARC-ISCW.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew PW. 2005. Comparison of conventional and minimal tillage for low-input pasture improvement. Forage and Grazinglands3: DOI:10.1094/FG-2005-0913-01-RV.
   Google Scholar
• Beyers CP. 1973. Bemesting van aangeplante weidings. Winterreën Spesiale Uitgawe 5: 54–59.
   Google Scholar
• Bell MJ, Cullen BR, Eckard RJ. 2011. The production of perennial ryegrass and kikuyu pastures in south eastern Australia under warmer and drier future climate scenarios. In: Chan F, Marinova D, Anderssen RS (eds), MODSIM2011: 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia, 12–16 December 2011. Perth: Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. pp 753–759.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR. 2002. Die gebruik van vogspanningmeters vir besproeiingskedulering by weidings. In: Weidingskursus 2002 Inligtingsbundel. George: Suid-Kaap Landbouontwikkelinsentrum, Departement Landbou Wes-Kaap. pp 141–149.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR. 2003. Die produksiepotensiaal van oorgesaaide kikoejoeweiding in die gematigde kusgebied van die Suid-Kaap. PhD thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR. 2008. Factors influencing the persistence and production potential of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) over-sown with different ryegrass and clover species in the Southern Cape. In: Proceedings of the Outeniqua Research Farm Information Day 2008. George: Department of Agriculture Western Cape. pp 30–40.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR. 2009. Kikuyu over-sown with different ryegrass species or clover: Recent research. In: Proceedings of the Outeniqua Research Farm Information Day 2009. George: Department of Agriculture Western Cape. pp 56–68.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR, Gerber HS, Zulu B. 2008c. Die seisoenale droëmateriaalproduksie van Kropaargras, Swenkgras en verskillende meeren eenjarige raaigrasspesies. In: Proceedings of Outeniqua Research Farm Information Day 2008. George: Western Cape Department of Agriculture. pp 12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR, Meeske R, Muller CJC, Cloete SWP, Brand TS, de Lange DH, Grwambi B, Monaren N, Burger W, Muller H, Jelander S. 2013. Outeniqua Research Farm: 60 years of excellence: a snapshot of research (1953–2013). Pretoria: AgriConnect Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Botha PR, Meeske R, Snyman HA. 2008a. Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass and clover: dry matter production, botanical composition and nutritional value. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 25: 93–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botha PR, Meeske R, Snyman HA. 2008b. Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass and clover: grazing capacity, milk production and milk composition. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 25: 103–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow M, Barber DG, Anstis AR, Chataway RG. 2012. Irrigated mixed sward of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) exceeds 20 t DM/ha/yr utilisation for dairy production. In: Jacobs J (ed.), Proceedings of the 5th Australasian Dairy Science Symposium, 13–15 November 2012, Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne: Australasian Dairy Science Symposium Committee. pp 403–406.
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee K ( compiler). 2014. Lacto Data vol. 17 no. 1. Pretoria: Milk Producers’ Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Colman RL, Kaiser AG. 1974. The effect of stocking rate on milk production from kikuyu grass pastures fertilised with nitrogen. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 14: 155–160.
   Google Scholar
• Dickenson EB, Hyam GFS, Breytenbach WAS, Metcalf HD, Basson WD, Williams FR, Scheepers LJ, Plint AP, Smith HRH, Smith PJ et al. 2010. Lolium multiflorum and Lolium perenne. In: Kynoch pasture handbook (2nd English edn). Noordheuwel: Kejafa Knowledge Works. pp 58–70.
   Google Scholar
• Elmore CL, Gibeault VA, Cudney DW. 1997. Invasion resistance of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Weed Technology 11: 24–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erasmus L. 2009. Milk production from cows grazing kikuyuryegrass pasture systems. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Farina S. 2009. Strategies to maximise intake per ha in a pasture based system. University of Sydney Dairy Research Foundation: Current Topics in Dairy Production 14: 33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Fenthum-Vermeulen S. 2009. Evaluation of techniques to determine the production potential of cultivated pastures. MSc thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ. 1997. Use of the rising plate meter to allocate pasture. Research to Farm. Wollongbar: Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Lowe KJ, Ayres JF, Launders T. 1993. Northern dairy feedbase 2001. 3. Winter pastures and crops. Tropical Grasslands 27: 162–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Neal JS, Clark CF, Horadagoda A, Nandra KS, Barchia I. 2007. Nutritive value of forage species grown in the warm temperate climate of Australia for dairy cows: grasses and legumes. Livestock Science 107: 253–264.
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Reeves M. 1996. Management and productivity of white clover in a kikuyu grass sward in subtropical Australia. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 57: 199–201.
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Slack K. 1993. Estimating mass of temperate and tropical pastures in the subtropics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33: 865–869.
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Slack K, Havilah E. 1999. The effect of defoliation interval and height on growth and herbage quality of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Tropical Grasslands 33: 138–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulkerson WJ, Slack K, Hennesy DW, Hough GM. 1998. Nutrients in ryegrass (Lolium spp.), white clover (Trifolium repens) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures in relation to season and stage of regrowth in a subtropical environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38: 227–240.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia SC, Fulkerson WJ, Kenny S, Nettle R. 2006. Producing 40 t dry matter/ha per year through a complementary forage rotation system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 68: 69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia SC, Islam MR, Clark CEF, Martin PM. 2014. Kikuyu-based pasture for dairy production: a review. Crop and Pasture Science 65: 787–797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giron HC. 1973. Comparison between dry ashing and wet digestion in the preparation of plant material for atomic adsorption analysis. Atomic Absorption Newsletter 12: 28–29.
   Google Scholar
• Harris DI. 1999. Oversowing kikuyu with annual ryegrass. In: Bartholomew PE (ed.), Proceedings of a kikuyu technology day held at Cedara on 25 November 1998. Pietermaritzburg: KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture. pp 59–60.
   Google Scholar
• Harris DI, Bartholomew PE. 1991. The production of four ryegrass cultivars over-sown at various seeding rates into irrigated kikuyu. Journal of the Grassland Society of South Africa 8: 82–85.
   Google Scholar
• Joyce JP. 1974. Nutritive value of kikuyu grass. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 17: 197–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert JP, Rumball PJ, Christie JR. 1977. Comparison of ryegrass and kikuyu grass pastures under mowing. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 5: 71–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe KF, Bowdler TM, Casey ND, Moss RJ. 1999. Performance of temperate perennial pastures in the Australian tropics 1. Yield, persistence, and pasture quality. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39: 663–676.
   Google Scholar
• MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food). 1984. Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants (2nd edn). London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Marais JP. 2001. Factors affecting the nutritive value of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) — a review. Tropical Grasslands 35: 65–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeske R. 2002. Weidingskwaliteit en melkproduksie. Weidingskursus 2002 Inligtingsbundel. George: Suid-Kaap Landbouontwikkelingssetrum, Departement Landbou Wes-Kaap. pp 106–109.
   Google Scholar
• Meeske R, Rothauge A, van der Merwe GD, Greyling JF. 2006. The effect of concentrate supplementation on the productivity of grazing Jersey cows on a pasture based system. South African Journal Animal Science 36: 105–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles N, de Villiers JF, Dugmore TJ. 1995. Macro mineral composition of kikuyu herbage relative to the requirements of ruminants. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 66: 206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (6th revised edn). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th revised edn). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson JB, van Soest PJ. 1981. The detergent system of analysis. In: James WPT, Theander O (eds), The analysis of dietary fibre in food. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp 123–158.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves M. 1997. Milk production from kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves M, Fulkerson WJ, Kellaway RC. 1996. Production responses of dairy cows grazing well managed kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures to energy and protein supplementation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36: 763–770.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 8, vol. 2. Cary: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Stockdale CR. 1984. Evaluation of techniques for estimating the yield of irrigated pastures intensively grazed by dairy cows. II. The rising plate meter. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24: 305–311.
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel PA, Botha PR, Snyman H, du Preez CC. 2015. Impact of cultivation method on the productivity and botanical composition of kikuyu–ryegrass pasture. African Journal of Range and Forage Science.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanepoel PA, Habig J, du Preez CC, Botha PR, Snyman HA. 2014. Biological quality of a podzolic soil after 19 years of irrigated minimum-till kikuyu–ryegrass pasture. Soil Research 52: 64–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharmaraj J, Chapman DF, Nie ZN, Lane AP. 2008. Herbage accumulation, botanical composition and nutritive value of five pasture types for dairy production in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59: 127–138.
   Google Scholar
• Thom ER, Prestidge RA. 1996. Use of Italian ryegrass on seasonal dairy farms in northern New Zealand 1. Feed production and persistence. New Zealand of Agricultural Research 39: 223–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilley JMA, Terry RA. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass and Forage Science 18: 104–111.
   Google Scholar
• 't Mannetjie L. 2000. Measuring biomass of grassland vegetation. In: 't Mannetjie L, Jones RM (eds), Field and laboratory methods for grassland and animal production research. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. pp 151–177.
   Google Scholar
• van der Colf J, Botha PR. 2014. The production potential of perennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass hybrids in the southern Cape of South Africa. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Congress of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, 20–25 July 2014, Bloemfontein, South Africa. pp 93–94.
   Google Scholar
• van der Colf J, Botha PR. 2013. The evaluation of annual ryegrass cultivars in the southern Cape: 2010 to 2011. In: Research Article Compilation, Outeniqua Research Farm 2008–2013. Elsenburg: Western Cape Department of Agriculture. pp 101–107.
   Google Scholar
• van der Colf J, Botha PR, Lombard MM. 2013. The production potential of perennial ryegrass and ryegrass hybrid cultivars over a three year evaluation period. In: Research Article Compilation, Outeniqua Research Farm 2008–2013. Elsenburg: Western Cape Department of Agriculture. pp 19–28.
   Google Scholar
• van der Colf J, Botha PR, Meeske R, Truter WF. 2015. Grazing capacity, milk production and milk composition of kikuyu over-sown with annual or perennial ryegrass. African Journal of Range and Forage Science.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkens RJ, Gibb MJ, Huckle CA. 1995. Lactation performance of spring-calving dairy cows grazing mixed perennial ryegrass/white clover swards of differing composition and height. Grass and Forage Science 50: 199–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis MJ. 1995. Over-and undersowing kikuyu with ryegrass. Booklet. East London: Kynoch Fertilizer (Pty) Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Zulu LB, van der Colf J, Botha PR. 2014. The production potential of annual ryegrass cultivars in the souther Cape. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Congress of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, 20–25 July 2014, Bloemfontein, South Africa. p 97.
   Google Scholar