References
- Anonymous 1984. Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act 43 of 1983). Government Gazette 227 (9238).
- Austin MP. 1985. Continuum concept, ordination methods, and niche theory. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.000351.
- Behnke R, Scoones I, Kerven C (Eds). 1994. Range ecology at disequilibrium: New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
- Bonenfant C, Gaillard JM, Coulson T, Festa-Bianchet M, Loison A, Garel M, Loe LE, Blanchard P, Pettorelli N, Owen-Smith N, du Toit JT, Duncan P. 2009. Empirical evidence of density-dependence in populations of large herbivores. Advances in Ecological Research 41: 313–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(09)00405-X.
- Campbell BM, Gordon IJ, Luckert MK, Petheram L, Vetter S. 2006. In search of optimal stocking regimes in semi-arid grazing lands: one size does not fit all. Ecological Economics 60: 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.010.
- Dethier MN, Graham ES, Cohen S, Tear LM. 1993. Visual vs. random point percent cover estimations: ‘objective’ is not always better. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96: 93–100. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps096093.
- Ellis JE, Swift DM. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41: 450–459. https://doi.org/10.2307/3899515.
- Fynn RWS, O’Connor TG. 2001. Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid savanna, South Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00513.x.
- Gillson L, Hoffman MT. 2007. Rangeland ecology in a changing world. Science 315: 53–54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136577.
- Hardin G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 163: 1243–1248.
- Helm CV, Witkowski ETF. 2012. Characterising wide spatial variation in population size structure of a keystone savanna tree. Forest Ecology and Management 263: 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.024.
- Hempson GP, Illius AW, Hendricks HH, Bond WJ, Vetter S. 2015. Herbivore population regulation and resource heterogeneity in a stochastic environment. Ecology 96: 2170–2180. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1501.1.
- Hoffman MT, Todd SW. 2010. Using fixed-point photography, field surveys, and GIS to monitor environmental change: an example from Riemvasmaak, South Africa. (p 46–56). In: Webb RH, Boyer DE, Turner RM (Eds). Repeat Photography: Methods and Applications in the Natural Sciences. Washington DC: Island Press
- Hoffman MT, Sonnenburg D, Hurford JL, Jagger BW. 1995. The ecology and management of Riemvasmaak’s natural resources. Unpublished report. Cape Town: National Botanical Institute and FARM Africa.
- Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P. 2008. Simultaneous Inference in General Parametric Models. Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift 50: 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200810425.
- Illius AW, O’Connor TG. 1999. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to semi-arid grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9: 798–813. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0798:OTRONC]2.0.CO;2.
- Illius AW, O’Connor TG. 2000. Resource heterogeneity and ungulate population dynamics. Oikos 89: 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890209.x.
- Jukola-Salonen EL, Salemaa M. 1985. A comparison of different sampling methods of quantitative vegetation analysis. Silva Fennica 19: 325–337. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15426.
- Kraaij T, Ward D. 2006. Effects of rain, nitrogen, fire and grazing on tree recruitment and early survival in bush-encroached savanna, South Africa. Plant Ecology 186: 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9125-4.
- Microsoft Corporation. 2016. Microsoft Excel. Retrieved from https://office.microsoft.com/excel.
- Moeketsi K. 2018. Report on Riemvasmaak Community Trust: Portfolio Committee on Rural Development and Land Reform. Upington:.Rural Development and Land Reform.
- Moritz M, Behnke R, Beitl CM, Bird RB, Chiaravalloti RM, Clark JK, Crabtree SA, Downey IM, Phang SC, Scholte P, et al. 2018. Emergent sustainability in open property regimes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115: 12859–12867. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812028115.
- Müller B, Schulze J, Kreuer D, Linstädter A, Frank K. 2015. How to avoid unsustainable side effects of managing climate risk in drylands - The supplementary feeding controversy. Agricultural Systems 139: 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.07.001.
- Owen-Smith N. 2006. Demographic determination of the shape of density-dependence for three African ungulate populations. Ecological Monographs 76: 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0765.
- Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team. 2020. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-144, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.
- Pinheiro J and Bates D. 2000. Linear Mixed-Effects Models. (p 1–270). In: Kimmel J (Ed.). Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-Plus. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Rook AJ, Dumont B, Isselstein J, Osoro K, Wallisdevries M, Parente G, Mills J. 2004. Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures – a review. Biological Conservation 119: 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.11.010.
- Salemaa M, Monni S, Ryro Perris F, Uhlig C. 1999. Sampling strategy for the assessment of temporal changes in ground vegetation in boreal forests. Finnish Forest Research Institute Research Papers 743: 117–127.
- Sankaran M, Augustine DJ, Ratnam J. 2013. Native ungulates of diverse body sizes collectively regulate long-term woody plant demography and structure of a semi-arid savanna. Journal of Ecology 101: 1389–1399. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12147.
- Scoones I. 2004. New directions in pastoral development in Africa. (p 1–37). In: Scoones I (Ed.). Living with uncertainty: New directions in pastoral development in Africa. London: Institute of Development Studies.
- Seymour CL. 2008. Grass, rainfall and herbivores as determinants of Acacia erioloba (Meyer) recruitment in an African savanna. Plant Ecology 197: 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9366-x.
- Shackleton CM. 1993. Demography and dynamics of the dominant woody species in a communal and protected area of the eastern Transvaal Lowveld. South African Journal of Botany 59: 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30672-X.
- Silvertown J, Charlesworth D. 2001. Introduction to plant population biology. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Skelcher B. 2003. Apartheid and the removal of black spots from Lake Bhangazi in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Black Studies 33: 761–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934703033006003.
- Souther S, Loeser M, Crews TE, Sisk T. 2019. Complex response of vegetation to grazing suggests need for coordinated, landscape- level approaches to grazing management. Global Ecology and Conservation 20: 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00770.
- Sullivan S, Rohde R. 2002. On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1595–1618. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00799.x.
- Steenkamp CJ, Vogel JC, Fuls A, Van Rooyen N, Van Rooyen MW. 2008. Age determination of Acacia erioloba trees in the Kalahari. Journal of Arid Environments 72: 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.07.015.
- Mucina L, Rutherford MC. 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitza 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
- Tsheboeng G, Murray-Hudson M. 2013. Spatial variation of population size structure of selected riparian tree species in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Biodiversity & Ecology 5: 341–350. https://doi.org/10.7809/b-e.00287.
- Tyson PD. 1986. Climatic change and variability in Southern Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Van der Merwe H, van Rooyen N, Bezuidenhout H, Bothma J du P, van Rooyen MW. 2019. Vachellia erioloba dynamics over 38 years in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 61: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v61i1.1534.
- van Hees WWS, Mead BR. 2000. Ocular estimates of understory vegetation structure in a closed Picea glauca/Betula papyrifera forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 195–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236799.
- Venter SM and ETF Witkowski. 2010. Baobab Adansonia digitata L. density, size class distribution and population trends between four land-use types in northern Venda, South Africa. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 294–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.016.
- Vetter S. 2005. Rangelands at equilibrium and non-equilibrium: Recent developments in the debate. Journal of Arid Environments 62: 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.11.015.
- Vetter S and Bond WJ. 2012. Changing predictors of spatial and temporal variability in stocking rates in a severely degraded communal rangeland. Land Degradation & Development 23: 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1076.
- Vetter S. 2013 Development and sustainable management of rangeland commons - aligning policy with the realities of South Africa’s rural landscape. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 30: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2012.750628.
- Werger MJ, Coetzee BJ. 1977. A phytosociological and phytogeographical study of Augrabies Falls National Park, Republic of South Africa. Koedoe 20: 11–51. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v20i1.929.