The rise and fall of HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe: the social, political and economic context

References

• ANC HIV Estimates Technical Working Group Zimbabwe 2009 Zimbabwe National HIV and AIDS Estimates 2009 . Harare, , Zimbabwe , Ministry of Health and Child Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Batsell , J. 2005 . “ AIDS, politics, and NGOs in Zimbabwe ” . In The African State and the AIDS Crisis , Edited by: Patterson , A.S. Burlington : Vermont, Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Biesma , R.G. , Brugha , R. , Harmer , A. , Walsh , A. , Spicer , N. and Walt , G. 2009 . The effects of global health initiatives on country health systems: a review of the evidence from HIV/AIDS control . Health Policy and Planning , 24 ( 4 ) : 239 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , P. and Manyanya , M. 2003 . Zimbabwe's Plunge: Exhausted Nationalism. Neoliberalism and Search for Social Justice , Harare : Zimbabwe, Merlin Press/University of Natal/Weaver Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buvé , A. 2006 The HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa: Why so severe? Why so heterogeneous? An epidemiological perspective . In: Denis , P. & C. , Becker The HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Historical Perspective . October 2006. Online edition: <http://rds.refer.sn/IMG/pdf/AIDSHISTORYALL.pdf> .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , H. 2003 . Reclaiming Zimbabwe: The Exhaustion of the Patriarchal Model of Liberation , Trenton : New Jersey, Africa World Press .
   Google Scholar
• Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace & Legal Resources Foundation 2006 Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: A Report into the Disturbances in Matabeleland and The Midlands 1980–1988 . Johannesburg, , South Africa , Jacana Media .
   Google Scholar
• Cawthorne , M. 1999 . “ The Third Chimurenga ” . In Reflections on Gender Issues in Africa , Edited by: McFadden , P. Harare, , Zimbabwe : SAPES Books .
   Google Scholar
• Dalai , S.C. , De Oliveira , T. , Harkins , G.W. , Kassaye , S.G. , Lint , J. , Manasa , J. , Johnston , E. and Katzenstein , D. 2009 . Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe . AIDS , 23 ( 18 ) : 2523 – 2532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis , P. & C. , Becker 2006 The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Historical Perspective . October 2006. Online edition [in English]: <http://rds.refer.sn/IMG/pdf/AIDSHISTORYALL.pdf> .
   Google Scholar
• De Waal , A. 2006 . AIDS and Power: Why There Is No Political Crisis — Yet , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Echenberg , M. 2006 . “ Historical perspectives on HIV/AIDS: lessons from South Africa and Senegal ” . In The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Historical Perspective Edited by: Denis , P. and Becker , C.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , H. 2007 . The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the Fight against AIDS , London : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Fourie , P.P. 2005 One burden too many: public policy-making on HIV/AIDS in South Africa, 1982–2004 . PhD thesis , University of Johannesburg, Department of Politics , Johannesburg, , South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Garbus , L. and Khumalo-Sakutukwa , G. 2003 . HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe , San Francisco, California : University of California AIDS Policy Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Zimbabwe 2010 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) Report on HIV and AIDS. Follow-Up to the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, Zimbabwe Country Report. Reporting Period: January 2008 to December 2009 . Harare , Government of Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Gregson , S. , Garnett , G.P. , Nyamukapa , C.A. , Hallett , T.B. , Lewis , J.J.C. , Mason , P.R. , Chandiwana , S.K. and Anderson , R.M. 2006 . HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe . Science , 311 ( 5761 ) : 664 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson , S. , Gonese , E. , Hallett , T.B. , Taruberekera , N. , Hargrove , J.W. , Lopman , B. , Corbett , E.L. , Dorrington , R. , Dube , S. , Dehne , K. and Mugurungi , O. 2010 . HIV decline in Zimbabwe due to reductions in risky sex? Evidence from a comprehensive epidemiological review . International Journal of Epidemiology , 39 ( 5 ) : 1311 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson , S. , Nyamukapa , C.A. , Garnett , G.P. , Mason , P.R. , Zhuwau , T. , Caraël , M. , Chandiwana , S.K. and Anderson , R.M. 2002 . Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe . The Lancet , 359 ( 9321 ) : 1896 – 1903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson , S. , Nyamukapa , C. , Schumacher , C. , Mugurungi , O. , Benedikt , C. , Mushati , P. , Campbell , C. and Garnett , G.P. 2011 . Did national HIV prevention programs contribute to HIV decline in eastern Zimbabwe? Evidence from a prospective community survey . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 38 ( 6 ) : 475 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson , S. , Terceira , N. , Mushati , P. , Nyamukapa , C. and Campbell , C. 2004 . Community group participation: Can it help young women to avoid HIV? An exploratory study of social capital and school education in rural Zimbabwe . Social Science and Medicine , 58 ( 11 ) : 2119 – 2132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett , T. , Gregson , S. , Lewis , J. , Lopman , B. and Garnett , G. 2007 . Behaviour change in generalised HIV epidemics: impact of reducing cross-generational sex and delaying age at sexual debut . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 83 ( supplement 1 ) : i50 – i54 .
   Google Scholar
• Hallett , T. , Gregson , S. , Mugurungi , O. , Gonese , E. and Garnett , G.P. 2009 . Assessing evidence for behaviour change affecting the course of the HIV epidemics: a new mathematical modelling approach and application to data from Zimbabwe . Epidemics , 1 ( 2 ) : 108 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin , D.T. & Epstein , H. 2007 Opinion: Why is HIV prevalence so severe in southern Africa? The role of multiple concurrent partnerships and lack of male circumcision: implications for AIDS prevention . The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine March 2007 , pp. 19 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Halperin , D. , Muchini , B. , Gomo , E. , Mate , R. , Magure , T. , Mugurungi , O. , Campbell , B. & Benedict , C. 2008 Qualitative research findings regarding trends in sexual behaviour, underlying socio-economic factors and possible program impacts . Paper presented at the XVII International AIDS Conference , Mexico City , Mexico , 3–8 August 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Halperin , D.T. , Mugurungi , O. , Hallett , T.B. , Muchini , B. , Campbell , B. , Magure , T. , Benedikt , C. & Gregson , S. 2011 A surprising prevention success: Why did the HIV epidemic decline in Zimbabwe? PLoS Medicine 8 2 [published online] .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar , A. 2008 . In the name of sovereignty: displacement and state-making in post-independence Zimbabwe . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 26 ( 4 ) : 417 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , K. , Woelk , G. , Jackson , H. , Kerkhoven , R. , Manjonjori , N. , Maramba , P. , Mutambirwa , J. , Ndimande , E. and Vera , E. 1998 . The cost of home-based care for HIV/AIDS patients in Zimbabwe . AIDS Care , 10 ( 6 ) : 751 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston , S. 1990 ‘AIDS: Zimbabwe lost the war.’ Parade , June 1990 , Harare, , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2010 Press release, 20 May 2011 : ‘ IOM supports the Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency (Zimstat) to enumerate the Diaspora in the 2012 national census .’ Harare , IOM Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• IRIN News 2008 ‘Zimbabwe: NGO ban starting to bite.’ 7 July 200. Online article: <http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportID=79127> [Accessed 31 March 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Kriger , N.J. 1992 . Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War Peasant Voices , Harare, , Zimbabwe : Baobab Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kwenda , S. 2010 ‘Debt crowds-out essential spending on health.’ IPS (Inter-Press Service), 18 October 2010. Online article: <http://www.ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=53196> [Accessed 23 February 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Loewenson , R. & Masotya , M. 2008 Equity Watch: Assessing Progress towards Equity in Health: Zimbabwe, 2008 . Harare, Zimbabwe , Regional Network for Equity in Health in East and Southern Africa (EQUINET) .
   Google Scholar
• Lopman , B. , Lewis , J. , Nyamukapa , C. , Mushati , P. , Chandiwana , S. and Gregson , S. 2007 . HIV incidence and poverty in Manicaland, Zimbabwe: Is HIV becoming a disease of the poor? . AIDS , 21 ( supplement 7 ) : S57 – S66 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopman , B.A. , Nyamukapa , C. , Hallett , T.B. , Mushati , P. , Preez , N.S. , Kurwa , F. , Wambe , M. and Gregson , S. 2009 . Role of widows in the heterosexual transmission of HIV in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 1998–2003 . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 85 ( supplement 1 ) : i41 – i48 .
   Google Scholar
• Mail & Guardian [South Africa] 2010 ‘ Mugabe, Tsvangirai reject gay rights for Zim charter ,’ 26 March 2010. Online article: <http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-03-26-mugabe-tsvangirai-reject-gay-rights-for-zim-charter> [Accessed 24 February 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani , M. 2008 ‘ Lessons of Zimbabwe .’ London Review of Books 30 23 , 4 December 2008 , pp. 17 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Marunda , S. 2009 HIV prevalence reduction among young people: the Zimbabwean experience . Presentation by the Zimbabwe National AIDS Council, Tudor Hotel , New York City , 26 October 2009 [presentation outline available online] .
   Google Scholar
• Mavhu , W. , Langhaug , L. , Pascoe , S. , Dirawo , J. , Hart , G. and Cowan , F. 2011 . A novel tool to assess community norms and attitudes to multiple and concurrent sexual partnering in rural Zimbabwe: participatory attitudinal ranking . AIDS Care , 23 ( 1 ) : 52 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measure DHS 2010 ‘ Zimbabwe: Surveys .’ Calverton, Maryland, Measure DHS/ICF Macro. Online at: <http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/country_main.cfm?ctry_id=48> [Accessed 23 February 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture [Zimbabwe] 2007 Report on the Development and State of the Art of Adult Learning and Education in Zimbabwe, 1997–2007 . Harare, , Zimbabwe , Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture . Available at: <http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/INSTITUTES/UIL/confintea/pdf/National_Reports/Africa/Africa/Zimbabwe.pdf> [Accessed 8 September 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOHCW), National AIDS Council (NAC) & United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 2004 The HIV and AIDS Epidemic in Zimbabwe: Where Are We Now, Where Are We Going? Background, Projections, Impacts, Strategic Response . Harare, , Zimbabwe , MOHCW/NAC, and Washington, D.C., USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. and Mawowa , S. 2010 . “ Mbimbos, zvipamuzis and primitive accumulation in Zimbabwe's violent mineral economy: crisis, chaos and the state ” . In The Political Economy of Africa , Edited by: Padayachee , V. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Moyo , S. and Yeros , P. 2007 . The radicalised state: Zimbabwe's interrupted revolution . Review of African Political Economy , 34 ( 111 ) : 103 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Muchini , B. , Benedikt , C. , Gregson , S. , Gomo , E. , Mate , R. , Mugurungi , O. , Magure , T. , Campbell , B. , Dehne , K. and Halperin , D. 2010 . Local perceptions of the forms, timing and causes of behavior change in response to the AIDS epidemic in Zimbabwe . AIDS and Behavior , 15 ( 2 ) : 487 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugabe , R.G. 1999 Foreword. In : National Policy on HIV/AIDS for the Republic of Zimbabwe . Harare, , Zimbabwe , Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Mugabe , R.G. 2010 Foreword. In : 2010 Millennium Development Goals Status Report: Zimbabwe . Harare , Government of Zimbabwe/National MDG Taskforce and UNFPA Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Mugurungi , O. , Gregson , S. , McNaghten , A.D. , Dube , S. and Grassly , N.C. 2007 . “ HIV in Zimbabwe 1985–2003: measurement, trends and impact ” . In HIV, “Resurgent Infections and Population Change in Africa (international Studies in Population) , Edited by: Caraël , M. and Glynn , J.R. Dordrecht : The Netherlands, Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Mundawarara , T. and Mapanda , B. 2010 . Corruption Burns Universal Access , Harare, , Zimbabwe : Lawyers for Human Rights, HIV/ AIDS, Human Rights and Law Project .
   Google Scholar
• Mvududu , S.C. 2002 . Lobola: Its Implications for Women's Reproductive Rights in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe , Harare, , Zimbabwe : Women and Law in Southern Africa Research Trust .
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Council NAC [Zimbabwe] 2004 The Story So Far: 2000–2004 Zimbabwe . Harare, , Zimbabwe , NAC .
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Council NAC [Zimbabwe] 2006 Comprehensive Review of Behavioural Change as a Means of Preventing Sexual HIV Transmission in Zimbabwe . Harare, , Zimbabwe , NAC .
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Council NAC [Zimbabwe] 2011 ‘ Situational Analysis. HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe as of December 2010 .’ Online at: <http://www.nac.org.zw/about/hiv-aids-zimbabwe> [Accessed 8 September 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Council (NAC) [Zimbabwe] & UNFPA 2009 National Behaviour Change Strategy Baseline Survey 2007/08 . Harare, , Zimbabwe , NAC and UNFPA .
   Google Scholar
• National MDG Taskforce [Zimbabwe] 2010 2010 Millennium Development Goals Status Report: Zimbabwe . Harare , Government of Zimbabwe/National MDG Taskforce and UNFPA Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• New African [UK] 1987 ‘Zimbabwe tackles AIDS.’ September 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• Nhamo , M. , Campbell , C. and Gregson , S. 2010 . Obstacles to local-level AIDS competence in rural Zimbabwe: putting HIV prevention in context . AIDS Care , 22 ( 2 ) : 1662 – 1669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyahoda , P. 2006 External assistance to the national response on HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe, 2005 . Paper presented at the Global Conference on Gearing Macroeconomic Policies to Reverse the HIV/AIDS Epidemic , Brasilia , Brazil , 20–21 November 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien , S. and Broom , A. 2010 . The prevalence and politics of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: examining the ideological, political and historical factors behind the ‘decline.’ . Politikon , 37 ( 2/3 ) : 309 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paediatric Association of Zimbabwe 1997 The effects of structural adjustment on child health in Zimbabwe . Proceedings of a workshop held on 15 August 1997 in Gelfand Rickten Hall , Harare, , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Peersman , G. & Sikipa , G. 2002 Strengthening the National Response to HIV/AIDS the Role of CDC Global AIDS Programme in Zimbabwe: A Case Study . Atlanta, , Georgia , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Policies of the Movement for Democratic Change Zimbabwe 2008 ‘ A new Zimbabwe — a new beginning .’ Online at: <http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/polpar/080221mdc.asp?sector=ELEC> [Accessed 8 September 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Poverty Reduction Forum Institute of Development Studies [University of Zimbabwe] 2004 Redirecting our Responses to HIV/AIDS: The Ultimate War for Survival . Zimbabwe Human Development Report 2003 . Harare, , Zimbabwe , United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) .
   Google Scholar
• Price-Smith , A.T. & Daly , J.L. 2004 Downward Spiral: HIV/AIDS, State Capacity, and Political Conflict in Zimbabwe . July 2004. Peaceworks No. 53 . Washington, D.C , United States Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Raftopoulos , B. & Mlambo , A. 2009 Introduction: the hard road to becoming national . In: Raftopoulos , B. & A. , Mlambo Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-Colonial Period to 2008 . Harare, , Zimbabwe , Weaver Press .
   Google Scholar
• Renfrew , A. 1996 . ESAP and Health: the Effects of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme on the Health of the People of Zimbabwe , Gweru, , Zimbabwe : Mambo Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rödlach , A. 2006 . Witches, Westerners, and HIV: AIDS and Cultures of Blame in Africa , Walnut Creek, California : Left Coast Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rödlach , A. 2009 . Home-based care for people living with AIDS in Zimbabwe: voluntary caregivers’ motivations and concerns . African Journal of AIDS Research (AJAR) , 8 ( 4 ) : 423 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachikonye , L.M. 2003 . "The situation of commercial farm workers after land reform in Zimbabwe: a report prepared for the Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe (FCTZ) , Harare, , Zimbabwe : Farm Community Trust of Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Sachikonye , L.M. 2004 . “ Land reform and farm workers ” . In Zimbabwe: The Past Is the Future: Rethinking Land, State, and Nation in the Context of Crisis , Edited by: Harold- Barry , D. Harare, , Zimbabwe : Weaver Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sadomba , W. and Helliker , K. 2010 . Transcending objectifications and dualisms: farm workers and civil society in contemporary Zimbabwe . Journal of Asian and African Studies , 45 ( 2 ) : 209 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , R. and Spicer , E. 2000 . Never the Same Again: Zimbabwe's Growth towards Democracy 1980–2000 [book and video] , Harare, , Zimbabwe : Edwina Spicer Productions .
   Google Scholar
• Scoones , I. , Marongwe , N. , Mavedzenge , B. , Mahenehene , J. , Murimbarimba , F. and Sukume , C. 2010 . Zimbabwe's Land Reform Myths and Realities , Johannesburg, , South Africa : Jacana Media .
   Google Scholar
• Smart , T. 2006 ‘Zimbabwe observes a reduction in HIV prevalence, but why?’ 5 July 2006, aidsmap News and NAM Publications, London. Online article: <http://www.aidsmap.com/Zimbabwe-observes-a-reduction-in-HIV-prevalence-but-why/page/1424210/> .
   Google Scholar
• Sollom , R. 2009 . Health in Ruins: A Man-Made Disaster in Zimbabwe. An Emergency Report by Physicians for Human Rights , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Physicians for Human Rights .
   Google Scholar
• Southern African Development Community (SADC) 2006 Expert think-tank meeting on HIV prevention in high-prevalence countries in southern Africa: Report SADC , Maseru, , Lesotho , 10 – 12 May 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Stoneman , C. 1981 Zimbabwe's Inheritance . The College Press , London .
   Google Scholar
• Sunday Mail [Zimbabwe] 1990 ‘Future of Zimbabwe placed in great jeopardy: President.’ 25 November 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• The Herald [Zimbabwe] 1990 ‘Hospital problems.’ 23 November 1990 , Harare, Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank 2011 ‘Data by country: Zimbabwe.’ Online at: <http://data.worldbank.org/country/zimbabwe> [Accessed 8 September 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Tibaijuka , A.K. 2005 . Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to Assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina , New York : The United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Tumushabe , J. 2006 . The Politics of HIV/AIDS in Uganda , Geneva : United Nations Research Institute for Social Development .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2001 Population Mobility and AIDS . UNAIDS , Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2004 ‘Three Ones' Key Principles’ . UNAIDS , Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2005 Evidence for HIV Decline in Zimbabwe: A Comprehensive Review of the Epidemiological Data . UNAIDS , Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2010a MDG 6: Six Things You Need to Know about the AIDS Response Today . UNAIDS , Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2010b UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic . UNAIDS , Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2011 Feature story, 15 March 2011: ‘Zimbabwe: an HIV-prevention success story .’ Online at: <http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2011/march/20110315zimbabwe/> [Accessed 16 March 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF 2004 Facing the Future Together: Zimbabwe Country Report of the United Nations Secretary-General's Task Force on Women, Girls, and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa . UNICEF , Harare, , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF 2006 ‘Zimbabwe: Background’ UNICEF.org. Online at: <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/zimbabwe_1403.html> [Accessed 23 February 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations 2010 Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2010 . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) , Harare, , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2008 Comprehensive Economic Recovery in Zimbabwe: A Discussion Document . UNDP , Harare, , Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2010 Human Development Report 2010: 20th Anniversary Edition . New York , Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Straten , A. Cheng , H. & Minnis , A.M. 2010 Change in condom and other barrier method use during and after an HIV-prevention trial in Zimbabwe . Journal of the International AIDS Society 13 [published online] .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Walle , N. 2001 . African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999 , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Whiteside , A. 2008 . HIV/AIDS: A Very Short Introduction , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency & Measure DHS 2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2010–11, Preliminary Report . June 2011 . Harare , Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, and Calverton, Maryland, Measure DHS .
   Google Scholar