References
- Abuto, E. (2013, June 22). Girls as young as 13 having sex in Kenya. Daily Nation, p. 3.
- Annenberg Media Exposure Research Group. (2008). Linking measures of media exposure to sexual cognitions and behaviours:Areview. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(1-2), 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312450802063180
- Appel, M., Stiglbauer, B., Batinic, B., & Holtz, P. (2014). Internet use and verbal aggression: The moderating role of parents and peers. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 235–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.007
- Atieno, R. (2010). Abstract: Damaging effects of media on sexual perception and behaviour of teenagers aged between 13 and 17 from high socio-economic backgrounds in Nairobi. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/handle/123456789/4774
- Bersamin, M., Todd, M., Fisher, D., A., Hill, D., L., Grube, J., W., & Walker, S. (2008). Parenting practices and adolescent sexual behaviour: A longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 70(1), 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00464.x
- Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., Hennessy, M., Jordan, A., Chernin, A., & Stevens, R. (2008). Developing respondent based multi-media measures of exposure to sexual content. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(1–2), 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312450802063040
- Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2008). It works both ways. The relationship between Exposure to sexual content in media and adolescent sexual behaviour. Media Psychology, 11(4), 443–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15213260802491986
- Brilliant production but … (2012, February 18). The Standard. Retrieved from http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/
- Brown, J., D., Halpern, C., T., & L'Engle, K., L. (2005). Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(5), 420–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.003
- Brown, J., D., L'Engle, K., L., Pardun, C., J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). ‘Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, TV, and magazines predicts Black and White adolescents’ sexual behaviour’. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1018–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1406
- Chandra, A., Martino, S., C., Collins, R., L., Elliott, M., N., Berry, S., H., Kanouse, D., E., & Miu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on TV predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal study of youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 1047–1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3066
- Collins, R., L., Elliott, M., N., Berry, S., H., Kanouse, D., E., Kunkel, D., Hunter, S., B., & Miu, A. (2004). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behaviour. Pediatrics, 114(3), e280–e289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2003-1065-L
- Communication Commission of Kenya. (2014). Quarterly sector statistics report second quarter of the financial year 2012/13. Retrieved from http://www.cck.go.ke/resc/downloads/Sector_statistics_for_Quarter_2_-_2012-2013.pdf
- de Leeuw, R. N. H., Sargent, J. D., Stoolmiller, M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Tanski, S. E. (2011). Association of smoking onset with r-rated movie restrictions and adolescent sensation seeking. Pediatrics, 127(1), e96–e105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3443
- Eyal, K., & Finnerty, K. (2009). The portrayal of sexual intercourse on TV: How, who, and with what consequence? Mass Communication & Society, 12(2), 143–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205430802136713
- Gakuha, N. (2011). The role of broadcast media in behaviour change and HIV/AIDS communication to the youth: A focus on Kenya's music industry. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 2(7), 154–158. http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/JMCS/article-full-text-pdf/3B753FE10954
- Gentile, D., A., Nathanson, A., I., Rasmussen, E., E., Reimer, R., A., & Walsh, D., A. (2012). Do you see what I see? Parent and child reports of parental monitoring of media. Family Relations, 61(3), 470–487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x
- Hennessy, N., Bleakley, A., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2009). Estimating the longitudinal association between adolescent sexual behavior and exposure to sexual media content. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 586–596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490902898736
- Kabiru, W., C., & Orpinas, P. (2009). Factors associated with sexual activity among high school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Adolescence, 32(4), 1023–1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.08.001
- Kaiser Family Foundation. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the likes of 8-18 year olds. Retrieved from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/mh012010presentl
- Kenya Institute of Economic Affairs. (2010). Youth Fact Book. Nairobi, Kenya: Author.
- Kim, J., L., Collins, R., L., Kanouse, D., E., Elliott, M., N., Berry, S., H., Hunter, S., B., … , Kunkel, D. (2006). Sexual readiness, household policies, and other predictors of adolescents’ exposure to sexual content in mainstream entertainment media. Media Psychology, 8(4), 449–471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_6
- Kinaro, J., W. (2012). Why adults and teachers information about sexual behaviour and its consequences does not prevent unplanned pregnancies among adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Health, 1, 14–23.
- Kinsman, J., Nyanzi, S., & Pool, R. (2000). Socializing influence and the value of sex: The experience of adolescent school girls in rural Masaka, Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2(2), 151–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136910500300778
- Kunkel, D., Eyal, K., Finnerty, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2005). Sex on Television 2005. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
- L'Engle, K., L., Brown, J., D., & Kenneavy, K. (2006). ‘The mass media are an important context for adolescents’ sexual behaviour’. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 186–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.020
- Mbugua, N. (2004). Strategies for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among adolescents: The case of high school students in Kenya. In E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, & J. Ghosh (Eds.), HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond epidemiology (pp. 104–120). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Muyinda, H., Kengeya, J., K., Pool, R., & Whitworth, J. (2000). Traditional sex counselling in STI/HIV prevention among young women in rural Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 3, 353–361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050152484768
- Mwakulemu E. (2011). Factors affecting parents in provision of sex education to adolescents: a survey of Embakasi, Nairobi. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/handle/123456789/3303
- Nathanson, A., I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children's aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002
- Nathanson, A., I. (2001a). Parents versus peers – exploring the significance of peer mediation of antisocial television. Communication Research, 28(3), 251–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365001028003001
- Nathanson, A., I. (2001b). Parent and child perspectives on the presence and meaning of parental television mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(2), 201–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4502_1
- Nathanson, A., I. (2002). The unintended effects of parental mediation of television on adolescents. Media Psychology, 4(3), 207–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_01
- O'Hara, R., E., Gibbons, F., X., Li, Z., Gerrard, M., & Sargent, J., D. (2013). Specificity of early movie effects on adolescent sexual behaviour and alcohol use. Social Science & Medicine, 96, 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.032
- Onyeonoro U, Oshi DC, Ndimele EC, Chuku NC, Onyemuchara IL, Ezekwere SC, Oshi SN, Emelumadu OF. (2011). Sources of sex information and its effects on sexual practices among in-school female adolescents in Osisioma Ngwa LGA, South East Nigeria. Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology 24, i 294–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.05.002
- Palaver, M. (2013, November 1). Kenyan television stations. The Standard, p.15.
- Pardun, C., J., L'Engle, K., L., & Brown, J., B. (2005). Linking exposure to outcomes: Early adolescents’ consumption of sexual content in six media. Mass Communication & Society, 8, 75–91. doi: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0802_1
- Parkes, A., Wight, D., Hunt, K., Henderson, M., & Sargent, J. (2013). Are sexual media exposure, parental restrictions on media use and co-viewing television and DVDs with parents and friends associated with teenagers’ early sexual behaviour? Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1121–1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.019
- Pinkleton, B., E., Austin, E., W., Chen, Y.-C., & Cohen, M. (2012). The role of media literacy in shaping adolescents’ understanding of and responses to sexual portrayals in mass media. Journal of Health Communication, 17(4), 460–476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.635770
- Rubin, A., M. (1993). Audience activity and media use. Communication Monographs, 60(1), 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637759309376300
- Ruh Linder, J., R., & Werner, N., E. (2012). Relationally aggressive media exposure and children's normative beliefs: Does parental mediation matter. Family Relations, 61(3), 488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00707.x
- Steele, R., J. (1999). Teenage sexuality and media practice: Factoring in the influences of family, friends, and school. Journal of Sex Research, 36(4), 331–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499909552005
- Steele, J., R., & Brown, J., D. (1995). Adolescent room culture: Studying media in everyday life. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 551–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01537056
- Synovate Kenya. 2010. Explosion in media changes audience and advertising Trends. pdf. http://www.google.co.ke
- UNAIDS. (2012). World AIDS Day report. Geneva: Author.
- Uchudi, J., Magadi, M., & Mostazir, M. (2012). A multilevel analysis of the determinants of high-risk sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(03), 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932011000654
- Wright, P., J. (2009). Sexual socialization messages in mainstream entertainment mass media: A review and synthesis. Sexuality & Culture, 13(4), 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-009-9050-5
- Wright, P., J. (2011). Media effects on youth sexual behaviour. Communication Yearbook, 35, 343–385.