References
- Baeten, J. M., Benki, S., Chohan, V., Lavreys, L., McClelland, R. S., Mandaliya, K., … Overbaugh, J. (2007). Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women. AIDS, 21(13), 1771–1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328270388a
- Boonstra, H., Barot, S., & Lusti-Narasimhan, M. (2014). Making the case for multipurpose prevention technologies: The socio-epidemiological rationale. BJOG, 121(Suppl 5), 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12851
- Castle, S., & Askew, I. (2015). Contraceptive Discontinuation: Reasons, Challenges, and Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.familyplanning2020.org/microsite/contraceptive-discontinuation [accessed on 5 May 2016].
- Cleland, J., Harbison, S., & Shah, I. H. (2014). Unmet need for contraception: Issues and challenges. Studies in Family Planning, 45(2), 105–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00380.x
- Cohen, S. (2008). Hiding in plain sight: The role of contraception in preventing HIV. Guttamacher Policy Review, 11(1), 2–5.
- Crankshaw, T. L., Mindry, D., Munthree, C., Letsoalo, T., & Maharaj, P. (2014). Challenges with couples, serodiscordance and HIV disclosure: Healthcare provider perspectives on delivering safer conception services for HIV-affected couples, South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17(1), 18832. http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18832
- Delany-Moretlwe, S., Mullick, S., Eakle, R., & Rees, H. (2016). Planning for HIV preexposure prophylaxis introduction: Lessons learned from contraception. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 11(1), 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000221
- Dinh, T. H., Delaney, K. P., Goga, A., Jackson, D., Lombard, C., Woldesenbet, S., … Shaffer, N. (2015). Impact of maternal HIV seroconversion during pregnancy on early mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) measured at 4–8 weeks postpartum in South Africa 2011–2012: A National Population-Based Evaluation. PLoS One, 10(5), e0125525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125525
- Dragoman, M., Jatlaoui, T., Nanda, K., Curtis, K. M., & Gaffield, M. E. (2015). Research gaps identified during the 2014 update of the WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use and selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. Contraception. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.12.009
- Drake, A. L., Wagner, A., Richardson, B., & John-Stewart, G. (2014). Incident HIV during pregnancy and postpartum and risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 11(2), e1001608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001608
- FHI360. (2016). ECHO Study of hormonal contraception and HIV begins. Retrieved from http://www.fhi360.org/news/echo-study-hormonal-contraception-and-hiv-begins (accessed 5 May 2016).
- Gay, J., Croce-Galis, M., & Hardee, K. (2012). Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV.What Works for Women and Girls: Evidence for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project.
- Goga, A. E., Dinh, T. H., Jackson, D. J., Lombard, C., Delaney, K. P., Puren, A., … PMTCT Evaluation Team, South Africa. (2015). First population-level effectiveness evaluation of a national programme to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, South Africa. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(3), 240–248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204535
- Haddad, L. B., Philpott-Jones, S., & Schonfeld, T. (2015). Contraception and prevention of HIV transmission: A potential conflict of public health principles. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 41(1), 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100844
- Heffron, R., Donnell, D., Rees, H., Celum, C., Mugo, N., Were, E., … Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. (2012). Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70247-X
- Horwood, C., Butler, L. M., Haskins, L., Phakathi, S., & Rollins, N. (2013). HIV-infected adolescent mothers and their infants: Low coverage of HIV services and high risk of HIV transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS One, 8(9), e74568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074568
- Hubacher, D., Mavranezouli, I., & McGinn, E. (2008). Unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: Magnitude of the problem and potential role of contraceptive implants to alleviate it. Contraception, 78(1), 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2008.03.002
- Jain, A. K., Obare, F., RamaRao, S., & Askew, I. (2013). Reducing unmet need by supporting women with met need. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(3), 133–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3913313
- Matthews, L. T., Bajunirwe, F., Kastner, J., Sanyu, N., Akatukwasa, C., Ng, C., … Kaida, A. (2016). “I always worry about what might happen ahead”: Implementing safer conception services in the current environment of reproductive counseling for HIV-affected men and women in Uganda. BioMed Research International, 4195762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4195762
- Matthews, L. T., Crankshaw, T., Giddy, J., Kaida, A., Psaros, C., Ware, N. C., … Bangsberg, D. R. (2012). Reproductive counseling by clinic healthcare workers in Durban, South Africa: Perspectives from HIV-infected men and women reporting serodiscordant partners. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 146348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/146348
- McNairy, M. L., Teasdale, C. A., El-Sadr, W. M., Mave, V., & Abrams, E. J. (2015). Mother and child both matter: Reconceptualizing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission care continuum. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 10(6), 403–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000199
- Melaku, Y. A., & Zeleke, E. G. (2014). Contraceptive utilization and associated factors among HIV positive women on chronic follow up care in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. PLoS One, 9(4), e94682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094682
- Mindry, D. L., Crankshaw, T. L., Maharaj, P., Munthree, C., Letsoalo, T., Milford, C., … Smit, J. A. (2015). “We have to try and have this child before it is too late”: Missed opportunities in client-provider communication on reproductive intentions of people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 27(1), 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.951311
- Moodley, D., Esterhuizen, T. M., Pather, T., Chetty, V., & Ngaleka, L. (2009). High HIV incidence during pregnancy: Compelling reason for repeat HIV testing. AIDS (London, England), 23(10), 1255–1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832a5934
- Mugo, N. R., Heffron, R., Donnell, D., Wald, A., Were, E. O., Rees, H., … Baeten, J. M. (2011). Increased risk of HIV-1 transmission in pregnancy: A prospective study among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples. AIDS (London, England), 25(15), 1887–1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834a9338
- Noguchi, L. M., Richardson, B. A., Baeten, J. M., Hillier, S. L., Balkus, J. E., Chirenje, Z. M., … Voice Study Team. (2015). Risk of HIV-1 acquisition among women who use diff erent types of injectable progestin contraception in South Africa: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet. HIV, 2(7), e279–e287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00058-2
- Ott, M. A., Adler, N. E., Millstein, S. G., Tschann, J. M., & Ellen, J. M. (2002). The trade-off between hormonal contraceptives and condoms among adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 34(1), 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3030227
- Petruney, T., Robinson, E., Reynolds, H., Wilcher, R., & Cates, W. (2008). Contraception is the best kept secret for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(6), B.
- Polis, C. B., Phillips, S. J., Curtis, K. M., Westreich, D. J., Steyn, P. S., Raymond, E., … Turner, A. N. (2014). Hormonal contraceptive methods and risk of HIV acquisition in women: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Contraception, 90(4), 360–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.009
- Polisi, A., Gebrehanna, E., Tesfaye, G., & Asefa, F. (2014). Modern contraceptive utilization among female ART attendees in health facilities of Gimbie town, West Ethiopia. Reproductive Health, 11(1), 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-30
- Prata, N., Bell, S., Weidert, K., Nieto-Andrade, B., Carvalho, A., & Neves, I. (2015). Varying family planning strategies across age categories: Differences in factors associated with current modern contraceptive use among youth and adult women in Luanda, Angola. Open Access Journal of Contraception, 7, 1–9.
- Ramjee, G., & McCormack, S. (2015). The role of progestins in HIV acquisition in young women. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00476-4
- Ramraj, T., Jackson, D., Dinh, T., Olorunju, S., Lombard, C., Sherman, G., … SAPMTCTE Team. (2015). Mother-to-child transmission of HIV amongst adolescents: findings from three national surveys, South Africa, 2010, 2011–12 and 2012–13. Paper presented at the 7th South African AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa.
- Reynolds, H. W., Janowitz, B., Wilcher, R., & Cates, W. (2008). Contraception to prevent HIV-positive births: Current contribution and potential cost savings in PEPFAR countries. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 84(Suppl 2), ii49–ii53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.030049
- Robinson, J. A., Jamshidi, R., & Burke, A. E. (2012). Contraception for the HIV-positive woman: A review of interactions between hormonal contraception and antiretroviral therapy. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 890160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/890160
- Schelar, E., Polis, C. B., Essam, T., Looker, K. J., Bruni, L., Chrisman, C. J., & Manning, J. (2016). Multipurpose prevention technologies for sexual and reproductive health: Mapping global needs for introduction of new preventive products. Contraception, 93(1), 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.09.002
- Secura, G. (2013). Long-acting reversible contraception: A practical solution to reduce unintended pregnancy. Minerva Ginecologica, 65(3), 271–277.
- Shelton, J. D. (2015). Reduced effectiveness of contraceptive implants for women taking the antiretroviral efavirenz (EFV): still good enough and for how long? Global Health, Science and Practice, 3(4), 528–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00356
- Singh, S., Darroch, J., Ashford, L., & Vlassoff, M. (2009). Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health. US: UNFPA and the Guttmacher Institute.
- UNAIDS. (2014a). 2014 Progress Report on the Global Plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. Geneva: Author.
- UNAIDS. (2014b). Fast-Track: ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Geneva: Author.
- UNAIDS. (2014c). The GAP Report. Geneva: Author.
- UNFPA. (2014). The State of World Population 2014. Geneva: Author.
- UNICEF. (2013). Towards an AIDS-free Generation: Children and AIDS Sixth Stocktaking Report. New York: Author.
- UNICEF. (2014). Children, adolescents and AIDS: 2014 statistical update. New York: Author.
- United Nations. (2013). World Contraceptive Patterns 2013 Wall Chart. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/worldContraceptivePatternsWallChart2013.pdf.
- Wand, H., & Ramjee, G. (2012). The effects of injectable hormonal contraceptives on HIV seroconversion and on sexually transmitted infections. AIDS, 26(3), 375–380. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834f990f
- WHO. (2010). PMTCT Strategic Vision 2010–2015: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV to Reach the UNGASS and Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: Author.
- Wilcher, R., Cates, W.Jr., & Gregson, S. (2009). Family planning and HIV: Strange bedfellows no longer. AIDS (London, England), 23(Suppl 1), S1–S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000363772.45635.35