References
- Avert. (2017). HIV AIDS in Kenya. Retrieved from https://www.avert.org/infographics/hiv-and-aids-kenya-2015
- Baral, S., Beyrer, C., Muessig, K., Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Decker, M. R., … Kerrigan, D. (2012). Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 12(7), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70066-X
- Beattie, T. S., Bhattacharjee, P., Isac, S., Mohan, H. L., Simic-Lawson, M., Ramesh, B. M., … Heise, L. (2015). Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India, following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1), 20079. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.20079
- Beattie, T. S., Bhattacharjee, P., Suresh, M., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., & Moses, S. (2012). Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment and care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(Suppl 2), ii42–ii48. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200475
- Beattie, T. S., Mohan, H. L., Bhattacharjee, P., Chandrashekar, S., Isac, S., Wheeler, T., … Watts, C. (2014). Community mobilization and empowerment of female sex workers in Karnataka State, South India: Associations with HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk. American Journal of Public Health, 104(8), 1516–1525. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301911
- Bhattacharjee, P., McClarty, L. M., Musyoki, H., Anthony, J., Kioko, J., Kaosa, S., … Moses, S. (2015). Monitoring HIV prevention programme outcomes among key populations in Kenya: Findings from a national survey. PLoS One, 10(8), e0137007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137007
- Bhattacharjee, P., Prakash, R., Pillai, P., Isac, S., Haranahalli, M., Blanchard, A., … Moses, S. (2013). Understanding the role of peer group membership in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers in Karnataka, India. AIDS Care, 25(sup1, Suppl 1), S46–S54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.736607
- Biradavolu, M. R., Burris, S., George, A., Jena, A., & Blankenship, K. M. (2009). Can sex workers regulate police? Learning from an HIV prevention project for sex workers in southern India. Social Science & Medicine, 68(8), 1541–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.040
- Blanchard, A. K., Mohan, H. L., Shahmanesh, M., Prakash, R., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., … Blanchard, J. F. (2013). Community mobilization, empowerment and HIV prevention among female sex workers in south India. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-234
- Blankenship, K. M., Burroway, R., & Reed, E. (2010). Factors associated with awareness and utilisation of a community mobilisation intervention for female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i69–i75. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038653
- Bradley, J., Moses, S., Blanchard, J. F., Rajaram, S., Ramesh, B. M., Verma, S., & Alary, M. (2010). Assessing reported condom use among female sex workers in southern India through examination of condom availability. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i44–i48. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038398
- Campbell, C., & Cornish, F. (2010). Towards a “fourth generation” of approaches to HIV/AIDS management: Creating contexts for effective community mobilisation. AIDS Care, 22(sup2, Suppl 2), 1569–1579. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.525812
- Chersich, M. F., Luchters, S., Ntaganira, I., Gerbase, A., Lo, Y. R., Scorgie, F., & Steen, R. (2013). Priority interventions to reduce HIV transmission in sex work settings in sub-Saharan Africa and delivery of these services. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(1), 17980. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.17980
- Cohen, J. (2004). HIV/AIDS in India. Sonagachi sex workers stymie HIV. Science, 304(5670), 506. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5670.506
- Cornwall, A. (2016). Women’s empowerment: What works? Journal of International Development, 28(3), 342–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3210
- Decker, M. R., Crago, A. L., Chu, S. K., Sherman, S. G., Seshu, M. S., Buthelezi, K., … Beyrer, C. (2015). Human rights violations against sex workers: Burden and effect on HIV. Lancet, 385(9963), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60800-X
- Deering, K. N., Boily, M. C., Lowndes, C. M., Shoveller, J., Tyndall, M. W., Vickerman, P., … Alary, M. (2011). A dose-response relationship between exposure to a large-scale HIV preventive intervention and consistent condom use with different sexual partners of female sex workers in southern India. BMC Public Health, 11(Suppl 6), S8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S6-S8
- Gelmon, L., Kenya, P., Oguya, F., Cheluget, B., & Haile, G. (2009). Kenya HIV prevention response and modes of transmission analysis. Kenya Analysis of HIV Prevention Response and Modes of HIV Transmission Study, Final Report. Nairobi, Kenya: National AIDS Control Council.
- Halli, S. S., Ramesh, B. M., O’Neil, J., Moses, S., & Blanchard, J. F. (2006). The role of collectives in STI and HIV/AIDS prevention among female sex workers in Karnataka, India. AIDS Care, 18(7), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500466937
- Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., Rajaram, S., Washington, R., Bradley, J. E., Reza-Paul, S., … Moses, S. (2015). Changes in HIV and syphilis prevalence among female sex workers from three serial cross-sectional surveys in Karnataka state, South India. BMJ Open, 5(3), e007106. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007106
- Kabeer, N. (1999). Resource, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
- Kaul, R., Kimani, J., Nagelkerke, N. J., Fonck, K., Ngugi, E. N., Keli, F., … Moses, S., & the Kibera HIV Study Group. (2004). Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 2555–2562. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2555
- Kerrigan, D., Telles, P., Torres, H., Overs, C., & Castle, C. (2008). Community development and HIV/STI-related vulnerability among female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Health Education Research, 23(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cym011
- Kerrigan, D., Wirtz, A., Baral, S., Decker, M., Murray, L., Poteat, T., … Beyrer, C. (2013). The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9774-9
- Laga, M., Alary, M., Nzila, N., Manoka, A. T., Tuliza, M., Behets, F., … Piot, P. (1994). Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet, 344(8917), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93005-8
- Laga, M., Galavotti, C., Sundaramon, S., & Moodie, R. (2010). The importance of sex-worker interventions: The case of Avahan in India. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i6–i7. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.039255
- Lippman, S. A., Chinaglia, M., Donini, A. A., Diaz, J., Reingold, A., & Kerrigan, D. L. (2012). Findings from Encontros: A multilevel STI/ HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31823b1937
- Luchters, S., Chersich, M. F., Rinyiru, A., Barasa, M. S., King’ola, N., Mandaliya, K., … Temmerman, M. (2008). Impact of five years of peer-mediated interventions on sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-143
- Luke, N. (2005). Confronting the ‘sugar daddy’ stereotype: Age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1363/3100605
- Luke, N. (2006). Exchange and condom use in informal sexual relationships in urban Kenya. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(2), 319–348. https://doi.org/10.1086/497011
- Mishra, S., Pickles, M., Blanchard, J. F., Moses, S., Shubber, Z., & Boily, M. C. (2014). Validation of the modes of transmission model as a tool to prioritize HIV prevention targets: A comparative modelling analysis. PLoS One, 9(7), e101690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101690
- Mishra, S., Sgaier, S. K., Thompson, L. H., Moses, S., Ramesh, B. M., Alary, M., … Blanchard, J. F. (2012). HIV epidemic appraisals for assisting in the design of effective prevention programmes: Shifting the paradigm back to basics. PLoS One, 7(3), e32324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032324
- Mugo, N. R., Ngure, K., Kiragu, M., Irungu, E., & Kilonzo, N. (2016). The preexposure prophylaxis revolution; from clinical trials to programmatic implementation. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 11(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000224
- Musyoki, H., Kellogg, T. A., Geibel, S., Muraguri, N., Okal, J., Tun, W., … Kim, A. A. (2015). Prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and risk behaviours among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Results of a respondent driven sampling study. AIDS and Behavior, 19(S1, Suppl 1), S46–S58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0919-4
- NACC, & NASCOP. (2012). Geographic mapping of most at risk populations for HIV in Kenya. Nairobi: National AIDS Control Council and National AIDS and STI Control Programme.
- NACC. (2014). Kenya AIDS Strategic Framework 2014/15–2018/19. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
- NACC. (2015). Kenya HIV estimates 2015. Nairobi: National AIDS Control Council.
- NASCOP. (2014a). 2010–2011 Integrated biological and behavioural surveillance survey among key populations in Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Public Health, Government of Kenya.
- NASCOP. (2014b). National guidelines for HIV/STI programming with key populations. Nairobi: National AIDS and STI Control Programme.
- NASCOP. (2016). Quarterly programme reports, July–September 2015. Nairobi: National AIDS and STI Control Programme.
- Ngugi, E. N., Wilson, D., Sebstad, J., Plummer, F. A., & Moses, S. (1996). Focused peer-mediated educational programs among female sex workers to reduce sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus transmission in Kenya and Zimbabwe. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174(Suppl 2), S240–S247. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/174.Supplement_2.S240
- Odek, W. O., Githuka, G. N., Avery, L., Njoroge, P. K., Kasonde, L., Gorgens, M., … Moses, S. (2014). Estimating the size of the female sex worker population in Kenya to inform HIV prevention programming. PLoS One, 9(3), e89180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089180
- Pickles, M., Boily, M. C., Vickerman, P., Lowndes, C. M., Moses, S., Blanchard, J. F., … Alary, M. (2013). Assessment of the population-level effectiveness of the Avahan HIV-prevention programme in South India: A preplanned, causal-pathway-based modelling analysis. The Lancet. Global Health, 1(5), e289–e299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70083-4
- Ramakrishnan, L., Gautam, A., Goswami, P., Kallam, S., Adhikary, R., Mainkar, M. K., … Paranjape, R. S. (2010). Programme coverage, condom use and STI treatment among FSWs in a large-scale HIV prevention programme: Results from cross-sectional surveys in 22 districts in southern India. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i62–i68. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038760
- Ramesh, B. M., Beattie, T. S., Shajy, I., Washington, R., Jagannathan, L., Reza-Paul, S., … Moses, S. (2010). Changes in risk behaviours and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections following HIV preventive interventions among female sex workers in five districts in Karnataka state, south India. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i17–i24. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038513
- Reed, E., Gupta, J., Biradavolu, M., Devireddy, V., & Blankenship, K. M. (2010). The context of economic insecurity and its relation to violence and risk factors for HIV among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.), 125(4_suppl, Suppl 4), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549101250S412
- Reza-Paul, S., Lorway, R., O’Brien, N., Lazarus, L., Jain, J., Bhagya, M., … Steen, R. (2012). Sex worker-led structural interventions in India: A case study on addressing violence in HIV prevention through the Ashodaya Samithi collective in Mysore. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 135, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.93431
- Rou, K., Wu, Z., Sullivan, S. G., Li, F., Guan, J., Xu, C., … Yin, Y. (2007). A five-city trial of a behavioural intervention to reduce sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk among sex workers in China. AIDS (London, England), 21(Suppl 8), S95–S101. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000304703.77755.c7
- Saggurti, N., Mishra, R. M., Proddutoor, L., Tucker, S., Kovvali, D., Parimi, P., & Wheeler, T. (2013). Community collectivization and its association with consistent condom use and STI treatment-seeking behaviors among female sex workers and high-risk men who have sex with men/transgenders in Andhra Pradesh, India. AIDS Care, 25(sup1, Suppl 1), S55–S66. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.749334
- Sarkar, S. (2010). Community engagement in HIV prevention in Asia: Going from ‘for the community’ to ‘by the community’—must we wait for more evidence? Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i2–i3. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.039289
- Scorgie, F., Nakato, D., Harper, E., Richter, M., Maseko, S., Nare, P., … Chersich, M. (2013). ‘We are despised in the hospitals’: Sex workers’ experiences of accessing health care in four African countries. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(4), 450–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2012.763187
- Shahmanesh, M., Patel, V., Mabey, D., & Cowan, F. (2008). Effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in resource poor setting: A systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(5), 659–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02040.x
- Steen, R., & Dallabetta, G. (2003). Sexually transmitted infection control with sex workers: Regular screening and presumptive treatment augment efforts to reduce risk and vulnerability. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(22), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(03)02295-X
- Steen, R., Mogasale, V., Wi, T., Singh, A. K., Das, A., Daly, C., … Dallabetta, G. (2006). Pursuing scale and quality in STI interventions with sex workers: Initial results from Avahan India AIDS Initiative. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(5), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.020438
- Steen, R., Wheeler, T., Gorgens, M., Mziray, E., & Dallabetta, G. (2015). Feasible, efficient and necessary, without exception — working with sex workers interrupts HIV/STI transmission and brings treatment to many in need. PLoS One, 10(10), e0121145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121145
- Steen, R., Zhao, P., Wi, T. E., Punchihewa, N., Abeyewickreme, I., & Lo, Y. R. (2013). Halting and reversing HIV epidemics in Asia by interrupting transmission in sex work: Experience and outcomes from ten countries. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 11(10), 999–1015. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2013.824717
- Syvertsen, J. L., Robertson Bazzi, A. M., Scheibe, A., Adebajo, S., Strathdee, S. A., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2014). The promise and peril of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): using social science to inform prep interventions among female sex workers. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(3), 74–83.
- Thomsen, S. C., Ombidi, W., Toroitich-Ruto, C., Wong, E. L., Tucker, H. O., Homan, R., … Luchters, S. (2006). A prospective study assessing the effects of introducing the female condom in a sex worker population in Mombasa, Kenya. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(5), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.019992
- UNAIDS. (2016). Prevention Gap Report. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
- van Griensven, G. J., Limanonda, B., Ngaokeow, S., Ayuthaya, S. I., & Poshyachinda, V. (1998). Evaluation of a targeted HIV prevention programme among female commercial sex workers in the south of Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 74(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.74.1.54
- Varga, C. A. (1997). The condom conundrum: Barriers to condom use among commercial sex workers in Durban, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3583277
- Walden, V. M., Mwangulube, K., & Makhumula-Nkhoma, P. (1999). Measuring the impact of a behaviour change intervention for commercial sex workers and their potential clients in Malawi. Health Education Research, 14(4), 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/14.4.545
- Wang, Y., Li, B., Song, D. M., Ding, G. Y., & Cathy, E. (2007). Power relation and condom use in commercial sex behaviors. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 20(4), 302–306.
- Wi, T., Ramos, E. R., Steen, R., Esguerra, T. A., Roces, M. C., Lim-Quizon, M. C., … Dallabetta, G. (2006). STI declines among sex workers and clients following outreach, one time presumptive treatment, and regular screening of sex workers in the Philippines. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(5), 386–391. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2005.018283
- Maina, W. K., Kim, A. A., Rutherford, G. W., Harper, M., K’Oyugi, B. O., Sharif, S., . . . De Cock, K. M., for the KAIS Study Group. (2014). Kenya AIDS indicator surveys 2007 and 2012: Implications for public health policies for HIV prevention and treatment. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66(1), S130–S137. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000123
- Wojcicki, J. M., & Malala, J. (2001). Condom use, power and HIV/ AIDS risk: Sex-workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert Park/Berea, Johannesburg. Social Science & Medicine, 53(1), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00315-4
- Wu, Z., Rou, K., Jia, M., Duan, S., & Sullivan, S. G. (2007). The first community-based sexually transmitted disease/HIV intervention trial for female sex workers in China. AIDS (London, England), 21(Suppl 8), S89–S94. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000304702.70131.fa
- Zaba, B., Slaymaker, E., Urassa, M., & Boerma, J. T. (2005). The role of behavioral data in HIV surveillance. AIDS (London, England), 19(Suppl 2), S39–S52. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000172876.74886.86