Depressive symptoms among older adults with HIV in Namibia: the role of social support and spirituality

References

• Amuzie, R., & Jones, M. (2012). A systematic review: The role of spirituality in reducing depression in people living with HIV/AIDS. The British Journal of General Practice, 62(595): 68. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp12X625049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asrat, B., Schneider, M., Ambaw, F., & Lund, C. (2020). Effectiveness of psychological treatments for depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 270, 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, C., Dabis, F., & de Rekeneire, N. (2017). Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 12(8): e0181960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J., Hanson, J. E., Schmotzer, B., & Webel, A. R. (2014). Spirituality and optimism: A holistic approach to component-based, self-management treatment of HIV. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(5), 1317–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9722-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheadle, A. C. D., & Dunkel Schetter, C. D. (2017). Untangling the mechanisms underlying the links between religiousness, spirituality, and better health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(2), e12299. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicirelli, V. G. (2011). Religious and nonreligious spirituality in relation to death acceptance or rejection. Death Studies, 35(2), 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.535383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmida, S. G., Holstad, M. M., Dilorio, C., & Laderman, G. (2011). Spiritual well-being and health-related quality of life among African American women with HIV/AIDS. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 6, 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-010-9122-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Brito, H. L., & Seidl, E. M. F. (2019). Resilience of people with HIV/AIDS: Influence of religious coping. Trends in Psychology, 27(3), 647–660. https://doi-org.proxy.wichita.edu/10.9788/tp2019.3-04
   Google Scholar
• Doolittle, B. R., Justice, A. C., & Fiellin, D. A. (2018). Religion, spirituality, and HIV clinical outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 22(6), 1792–1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1651-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatch, R., Emenyonu, N. I., Muyindike, W., Kekibiina, A., Woolf-King, S., & Hahn, J. (2017). Alcohol interactive toxicity beliefs and ART non-adherence among HIV-infected current drinkers in Mbarara, Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 21, 1812–1824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1429-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe, L. P., Alfano, C. M., Kent, E. E., Weaver, K. E., Bellizzi, K., Arora, N., Aziz, N., Keel, G., & Rowland, J. H. (2014). Social support, self-efficacy for decision-making, and follow-up care use in long-term cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 23(7), 788–796. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics: A simple guide and reference (14th ed.). Rutledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315545899
   Google Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N. (2017). Associations between HIV-related stigma, self- esteem, social support, and depressive symptoms in Namibia. Aging & Mental Health, 22(12), 1570–1576. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1387763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N., Kyoung H. L., & Besthorn, F. H. (2017). Depressive symptoms among older, female caregivers raising children affected by HIV/AIDS in the Omusati Region of Namibia. Health Care for Women International, 38(12), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2017.1368514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalomo, E. N., & Liao, M. (2018). Burden of care among caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in rural Namibia. Social Work in Public Health, 33(1), 70–84. doi: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1415180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick, H. M. (2017). Are religion and spirituality barriers or facilitators to treatment for HBIV: A systematic review of the literature. AIDS Care, 29(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1201196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, C., Fitzgerald, J., Operario, D., & Casale, M. (2012). Social support disparities forcaregivers of AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(6), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassiter, J. M., & Poteat, T. (2020). Religious coping and depressive symptoms among Black Americans living with HIV: An intersectional approach. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(3), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Li, L., Ji, G., & Jie, W. (2015). Emotional social support and access to care among older people living with HIV in rural China. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(10), 1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayston, R., Frissa, S., Tekola, B., Hanlon, C., Prince, M., & Fekadu, A. (2020). Explanatory models of depression in sub-Saharan Africa: Synthesis of qualitative evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 246, 112760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2005). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (3rd ed.). Pyrczak Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Mthembu, J. C., Mabaso, M. L. H., Khan, G., & Simbayi, L. C. (2017). Prevalence of psychological distress and its association with socio-demographic and HIV-risk factors in South Africa: Findings from the 2012 HIV prevalence, incidence and behavior survey. SSM – Population Health, 3(3), 658–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namibia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment [NAMPHIA]. (2018). Summary Sheet: Preliminary Findings, July 2018. https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/33462E280%A2NAMPHIA-SS_A4_B.v41.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Namibia Statistic Agency [NSA]. (2014). 2013/2014 NSA Report. https://d3rp5jatom3eyn.cloudfront.net/cms/assets/documents/p19dmktf171harue1jub1p3v16nb1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nyirenda, M., Chatterji, S., Rochat, T., Mutevedzi, P., & Newell, M. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of depression among HIV-infected and-affected older people in rural South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okareh, O. T., Akpa, O. M., Okunlola, J. O., & Okoror, A. (2015). Management of conflicts arising from disclosure of HIV status among married women in southwest Nigeria. Health Care for Women International, 36(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2013.794461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellowski, J. A., Kalichman, S. C., Kalichman, M. O., & Cherry, C. (2016). Alcohol-antiretroviral therapy interactive toxicity beliefs and daily medication adherence and alcohol use among people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 28(8), 963–970. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1154134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, I., Hanass-ancock, J., Bhana, A., & Govender, K. (2014). A group-based counselling intervention for depression comorbid with HIV/AIDS using a task shifting approach in South Africa: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 158, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramjee, G., & Daniels, B. (2013). Women and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Research and Therapy, 10, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-10-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, S., Law, S., & Rourke, S. B. (2014). Psychosocial, mental health, and behavioral issues of aging with HIV. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 9(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, E., Houle, B., Mojola, S. A., Angotti, A., & Williams, J. (2018). How to “Live a good life”: Aging and HIV testing in rural South Africa. Journal of Aging and Health, 31(4) 709–732. doi: 10.1177/0898264317751945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sia, D., Onadja, Y., Hajizadeh, M., Heymann, S. J., Brewer, T. F., & Nandi, A. (2016). What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys. BMC Public Health, 16, 1136–1154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3783-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper, D. (2020). Free Statistic Calculators. https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Steers, M. L. N., Chen, T. A., Neisler, J., Obasi, E. M., McNeill, L. H., & Reitzel, L. R. (2019). The buffering effect of social support on the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress among church-going African-American adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 115, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steglitz, J., Ng, R., Mosha, J. S., & Kershaw, T. (2012). Divinity and distress: The impact of religion and spirituality on the mental health of HIV-positive adults in Tanzania. AIDS and Behavior, 16(8), 2392–2398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0261-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaflarski, M. (2013). Spirituality and religion among HIV-infected individuals. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(4), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-013-0175-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Nambia Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) & ICF International. (2014). The Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Windhoek, Namibia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: MoHSS and ICF International
   Google Scholar
• Thoth, C. A., Tucker, C., Leahy, M., & Stewart, S. M. (2014). Self-disclosure of serostatus by youth who are HIV-positive: A review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9485-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuck, I. (2012). A critical review of a spirituality intervention. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 34(6), 712–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945911433891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2014). The gap report. People left behind: People aged 50 years and older. Geneva. Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/images/gap_report_popn_12_50yrsandolder_2014july-sept.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vance, D. E., Struzick, T., & Childs, G. (2010). Challenges of depression and suicidal ideation associated with aging with HIV/AIDS: Implications for social work. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634370903415692
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vigliotti, V., Taggart, T., Walker, M., Kusmastuti, S., & Ransome, Y. (2020). Religion, faith, and spiritually influences on HIV prevention activities: A scoping review. PloS One, 15(6), e0234720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2008). The global burden of the disease: 2004 Update. World Health Organization, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Yonah, G., Fredrick, F., & Leyna, G. (2014). HIV serostatus disclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS in Mwanza, Tanzania. AIDS Research and Therapy, 11(1): 5. https://doi-org.proxy.wichita.edu/10.1186/1742-6405-11-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-11-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G., Dahlem, N., Zimet, S., & Farley, G. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar