A comparative assessment of the health status of feral populations of Clarias gariepinus from three dams in the Limpopo and Olifants river systems, Limpopo province, South Africa, using the fish health assessment index protocol

References

• Abel , PD and Skidmore , JF. 1975 . Toxic effects of an anionic detergent on the gills of rainbow trout . Water Research , 9 : 759 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , SM , Brown , AM and Goede , RW. 1993 . A qualitative health assessment index for rapid evaluation of fish condition in the field . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 122 : 63 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agius , C. 1979 . The role of melano-macrophage centres in iron storage in normal and diseased fish . Journal of Fish Diseases , 2 : 337 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagenal , TB and Tesch , FW. 1978 . “ Age and growth ” . In Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh waters , 3rd edn , Edited by: Bagenal , T . 101 – 136 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , RTM , Martin , P and Davies , SJ. 1997 . Ingestion of sub-lethal levels of iron sulphate by African catfish affects growth and tissue lipid peroxidation . Aquatic Toxicology , 40 : 51 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , H , Xiao , Q and Lun , L. 2008 . Toxicity studies of nonylphenol on rosy barb (Puntius conchonious): a biochemical and histopathological evaluation . Tissue and Cell , 40 : 243 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bopp , SK , Abicht , HK and Knauer , K. 2008 . Copper-induced oxidative stress in rainbow trout gill cells . Aquatic Toxicology , 86 : 197 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brönmark , C and Hansson , L. 1998 . The biology of dams and ponds , 50 – 51 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bush , AO , Lafferty , KD , Lotz , JM and Shostak , AW. 1997 . Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. Revisited . Journal of Parasitology , 83 : 575 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crafford , D and Avenant-Oldewage , A. 2009 . Application of a fish health assessment index and associated parasite index to Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system, South Africa . African Journal of Aquatic Science , 34 : 261 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallas HF Day JA. 2004 . The effect of water quality variables on riverine ecosystems: a review . WRC Report No. TT 224/04 . Pretoria : Water Research Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Diamant , A , Banet , A , Paperna , I , Westernhagen , HV , Broeg , K , Kruener , G , Koerting , W and Zander , S. 1999 . The use of fish metabolic, pathological and parasitological indices in pollution monitoring: II. The Red Sea and Mediterranean . Helgoland Marine Research , 53 : 195 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) . 1993 . South African water quality guidelines for domestic, recreational, and agricultural use. Volumes 1–3 . Pretoria : Department of Water Affairs and Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) . 1996 . South African water quality guidelines. Volume 7: aquatic ecosystems () , 2nd edn . Pretoria : Department of Water Affairs and Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Giari , L , Manera , M , Simoni , E and Dezfuli , BS. 2007 . Cellular alterations in different organs of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) exposed to cadmium . Chemosphere , 67 : 1171 – 1181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goede , RW and Barton , BA. 1990 . “ Organismic indices and an autopsybased assessment as indicators of health and condition of fish ” . In Biological indicators of stress in fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium Edited by: Adams , SM . 93 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Heath R Coleman T Engelbrecht J. 2010 . Water quality survey and literature review of ecology of the Olifants River . WRC Report No. K8/858 . Pretoria : Water Research Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Heath R du Preez H Genthe B Avenant-Oldewage A. 2003 . Freshwater fish and human health reference guide . WRC Report No. TT212/03 . Pretoria : Water Research Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , DE , Baumann , PC , Gardner , GR , Hawkins , WE , Hendricks , JD , Murchelano , RA and Okihiro , MS. 1992 . “ Histopathologic biomarkers ” . In Biomarkers: biochemical, physiological and histological markers of anthropogenic stress , Edited by: Huggett , RJ , Kimerle , RA , Mehrle , PM Jr and Bergman , HL . 155 – 209 . Boca Raton , Florida : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Houston , AH. 1997 . Are the classical haematological variables acceptable indicators of fish health? . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 126 : 879 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer , KDA , Govender , D , Pienaar , DJ and Deacon , AR. 2011 . Steatitis in wild sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), in the Olifants and Lower Letaba Rivers in the Kruger National Park, South Africa . Journal of Fish Diseases , 34 : 489 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen , A , Seppälä , O and Valtonen , ET. 2004 . Eye fluke-induced cataract formation in fish: quantitative analysis using an ophthalmological microscope . Parasitology , 129 : 473 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempster PL van Vliet HR. 1980 . Summarised water quality criteria . Technical Report TR 108 . Pretoria : Department of Water Affairs and Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Stoskopf , S. 1993 . “ Immunology ” . In Fish medicine , Edited by: Stoskopf , MK . 149 – 159 . Philadelphia : WB Saunders Company, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mallatt , J. 1985 . Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 24 : 630 – 648 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand , MJ , Pieterse , GM and Barnhoorn , IEJ. 2008 . Preliminary results on sperm motility and testicular histology of two feral fish species, Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus, from a currently DDT-sprayed area, South Africa . Journal of Applied Ichthyology , 24 : 423 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand , MJ , van Dyk , JC , Pieterse , GM , Barnhoorn , IEJ and Bornman , MS. 2009 . Histopathological alterations in the liver of the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus from polluted aquatic systems in South Africa . Environmental Toxicology , 24 : 133 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , TS. 2005 . Groundwater in the wetland of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its contribution to the structure and function of the ecosystem . Journal of Hydrology , 320 : 264 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberholster PJ Ashton PJ Macmillan PM. 2009 . A water quality reconnaissance investigation of the Nwanedzi Dam, Limpopo province . Report No. GWDMS 175044. Compiled by the CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria .
   Google Scholar
• Overstreet RM Howse HD. Some parasites and diseases of estuarine fishes in polluted habitats of Mississippi Aquatic pollutant and biologic effects with emphasis on neoplasia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Kraybill HF Dawe CJ Harshbarger JC Tardiff RG 1977 298 427 – 462
   Google Scholar
• Ravengai , S , Love , D , Love , I , Gratwicke , B , Mandingaisa , O and Owen , RJS. 2005 . Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life – Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe . Water SA , 31 : 219 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenbach-Klinke HH . 1973 . Reichenbach-Klinke's fish pathology: a guide to the recognition and treatment of disease and injuries of fishes, with emphasis on environmental and pollution problems . New Jersey : TFH Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Rios , FS , Kalinin , AL and Rantin , FT. 2002 . The effects of long-term food deprivation on respiration and haematology of the neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus . Journal of Fish Biology , 61 : 85 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , RJ. 1978 . “ The pathophysiology and systematic pathology of teleosts ” . In Fish pathology , Edited by: Roberts , RJ . 55 – 91 . London : Bailliére Tindall .
   Google Scholar
• Runnels RA Monlux WS Monlux AW. 1965 . Principles of veterinary pathology , 7th edn . Ames : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharples , AD and Evans , CW. 1996 . Pathology of fin erosion in goldfish Carassius auratus . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 24 : 81 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinderman , CJ. 1979 . Pollution associated diseases and abnormalities of fish and shellfish: a review . Fishery Bulletin , 76 : 717 – 749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate P. 2006 . Invasion of the eye flukes . Available at http://www.thefishsite.com/ [accessed 15 November 2010] .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak CJF , Smilauer P. 1998 . CANOCO reference manual and user's guide to CANOCO for Windows: software for canonical community ordination (Version 4) . Ithaca , New York : Microcomputer Power .
   Google Scholar
• Valtonen , ET , Holmes , JC and Koskivaara , M. 1997 . Eutrophication, pollution and fragmentation: effects on the parasite communities in roach and perch in four dams in Central Finland . Parasitologia , 39 : 233 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Dyk , JC , Marchand , MJ , Pieterse , GM , Barnhoorn , IEJ and Bornman , MS. 2009b . Histological changes in the gills of Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei: Clariidae) from a polluted South African urban aquatic system . African Journal of Aquatic Science , 34 : 283 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dyk , JC , Marchand , MJ , Smit , NJ and Pieterse , GM. 2009a . A histologybased fish health assessment of four commercially and ecologically important species from the Okavango Delta panhandle, Botswana . African Journal of Aquatic Science , 34 : 273 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vuren JHJ , du Preez HH , Wepener V , Adendorff A , Barnhoorn IEJ , Coetzee L , Kotze P , Nussey G. 1999 . Lethal and sublethal effects of metals on the physiology of fish: an experimental approach with monitoring support . WRC Report No. 608/1/99 . Pretoria : Water Research Commission .
   Google Scholar