Morphological and electrophysiological field observations on electric freshwater fish of the genus Mormyrops Müller 1843 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from West and southern Africa

References

• Arnegard ME, Carlson BA. 2005. Electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272: 1305–1314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigorne R. 1987. Le genre Mormyrops (Pisces, Mormyridae) en Afrique de l'ouest. Revue d'Hydrobiologie Tropicale 20: 145–164.
   Google Scholar
• Bigorne R. 2003. Mormyridae. In: Paugy D, Lévêque C, Teugels GG (eds), Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa), vol. 1. Paris: IRD Éditions. pp 155–222.
   Google Scholar
• Bracewell RN. 1986. The Fourier transform and its applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Bullock TH, Hopkins CD, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds). 2005. Electroreception. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford JD, Hopkins CD. 1989. Detection of a previously unrecognized mormyrid fish (Mormyrus subundulatus) by electric discharge characters. Cybium 13: 319–326.
   Google Scholar
• Davis PJ, Hersh R. 1980. The mathematical experience. Boston: Birkhäuser.
   Google Scholar
• Feulner PGD, Kirschbaum F, Schugardt C, Ketmaier V, Tiedemann R. 2006. Electrophysiological and molecular genetic evidence for sympatrically occurring cryptic species in African weakly electric fishes (Teleostei: Mormyridae: Campylomormyrus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 198–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN. 2013. A guide to fish collections in the Catalog of Fishes database. Available at http://research.calacademy.org/redirect?url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp [accessed 4 January 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Gosse J-P. 1984. Mormyriformes. In: Daget J, Gosse J-P, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE (eds), Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa. Bondy: ORSTOM; Tervuren: MRAC. pp 63–124.
   Google Scholar
• Gosse J-P, Szabo T. 1960. Variation morphologique et fonctionnelle de l'organe électrique dans une même espèce de Mormyrides (Mormyrops deliciosus Leach). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 251: 2791–2793.
   Google Scholar
• Graff C, Kramer B. 1992. Trained weakly-electric fishes Pollimyrus isidori and Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae, Teleostei) discriminate between waveforms of electric pulse discharges. Ethology 90: 279–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanika S, Kramer B. 2000. Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48: 218–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins CD, Lavoué S, Sullivan JP. 2007. Mormyridae. In: Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD (eds), Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de basse Guinée, ouest de l'Afrique centrale (The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa) vol. 1. Paris: IRD Éditions. pp 220–334.
   Google Scholar
• Keuper A. 1988. FFT in der praxis. Grundlagen und hinweise zur anwendung der Fast-Fourier-Transformation. Elektronik Journal 20: 104–110.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 1990. Electrocommunication in teleost fishes: behavior and experiments. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 1996. Electroreception and communication in fishes. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 1997a. A field study of African elephantfish (Mormyridae, Teleostei): electric organ discharges in Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852) and Petrocephalus catostoma (Günther, 1866) as related to sex. Journal of African Zoology 111: 313–341.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 1997b. Electric organ discharges and their relation to sex in mormyrid fishes. Naturwissenschaften 84: 119–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 2013a. A morphological study on species of African Mormyrus (Teleostei: Mormyridae) and their electric organ discharges. African Journal of Aquatic Science 38: 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B. 2013b. Differentiation in morphology and electrical signalling in four species of para- and sympatric Marcusenius (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 46: 105–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, Bills R, Skelton P, Wink M. 2012. A critical revision of the churchill snoutfish, genus Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Mormyridae), from southern and eastern Africa, with the recognition of Petrocephalus tanensis, and the description of five new species. Journal of Natural History 46: 2179–2258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, Skelton P, van der Bank H, Wink M. 2007. Allopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two African Journal of Aquatic Science 2013: 1–11 11 new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 41: 647–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, Swartz ER. 2010. A new species of slender stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes). Journal of Natural History 44: 2213–2242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, van der Bank FH. 2000. The southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi, a new species of mormyrid from South Africa defined by electric organ discharges, genetics, and morphology. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59: 393–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, van der Bank FH. 2011. The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45: 2669–2699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, van der Bank H, Flint N, Sauer-Gürth H, Wink M. 2003. Evidence for parapatric speciation in the mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus castelnaui (Boulenger, 1911) from the Okavango– Upper Zambezi river systems: P. marianne sp. nov., defined by electric organ discharges, morphology and genetics. Environmental Biology of Fishes 77: 47–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, van der Bank FH, Wink M. 2004. The Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi River system, with a description of a new species, H. szaboi (Mormyridae). Zoologica Scripta 33: 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer B, van der Bank FH, Wink M. In press. Marked differentiation in a new species of dwarf stonebasher, Pollimyrus cuandoensis sp. nov. (Mormyridae, Teleostei), from a contact zone with two sibling species of the Okavango and Zambezi rivers. Journal of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B, Westby GWM. 1985. No sex difference in the waveform of the pulse type electric fish Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). Experientia 41: 1530–1531.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer B, Wink M. 2013. East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern Africa: the description of a new species for the Cunene River, Namibia (Mormyridae, Teleostei). Journal of Natural History. Doi: 10.1080/00222933.2013.798699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoué S, Arnegard ME, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD. 2008b. Petrocephalus of Ozdala offer insights into evolutionary patterns of signal diversification in the Mormyridae, a family of weakly electrogenic fishes from Africa. Journal of Physiology – Paris 102: 322–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoué S, Sullivan JP, Arnegard ME, Hopkins CD. 2008a. Differentiation of morphology, genetics and electric signals in a region of sympatry between sister species of African electric fish (Mormyridae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21: 1030–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévêque C. 1997. Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lévêque C, Paugy D. 1984. Guide des poissons d'eau douce de la zone du programme de lutte contre l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest. Paris: Convention ORSTOM-OMS.
   Google Scholar
• Lévêque C, Paugy D, Teugels GG (eds). 1990. Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale; Paris: Éditions de l'ORSTOM.
   Google Scholar
• Leviton AE, Gibbs RH, Heal E, Dawson CE. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985: 802–832.
   Google Scholar
• Linné C von. 1758. Systema naturae: per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Salvius.
   Google Scholar
• Moller P. 1995. Electric fishes: history and behaviour. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Moller P, Brown B. 1990. Meristic characters and electric organ discharge of Mormyrops curviceps Roman (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from the Moa River, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Copeia 1990: 1031–1040.
   Google Scholar
• Mulisch M, Welsch U (eds). 2010. Romeis mikroskopische Technik. München: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Paintner S, Kramer B. 2003. Electrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly electric mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus adspersus (Günther, 1866). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55: 197–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paugy D. 2002. Reproductive strategies of fishes in a tropical temporary stream of the Upper Senegal basin: Baoulé River in Mali. Aquatic Living Resources 15: 25–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts TR. 1989. Mormyrus subundulatus, a new species of mormyrid fish with a tubular snout from West Africa. Cybium 13: 51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Skelton P. 2001. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik.
   Google Scholar
• Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD (eds). 2007. Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de basse Guinée, ouest de l'Afrique centrale (The fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa), vol. 1. Paris: IRD Éditions.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan JP, Lavoué S, Arnegard ME, Hopkins CD. 2004. AFLPs resolve phylogeny and reveal mitochondrial introgression within a species flock of African electric fish (Mormyroidea: Teleostei). Evolution 58: 825–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashima F, Hibiya T (eds). 1995. An atlas of fish histology: normal and pathological features. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• van der Knaap M. 1994. Status of fish stocks and fisheries of thirteen medium-sized African reservoirs. CIFA Technical Paper no. 26. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar