Patterns of chironomid body-size distribution in an effluent-impacted river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

References

• Allen CR, Garmestani AS, Havlicek TD, Marquet PA, Peterson GD, Restrepo C, Stow CA, Weeks BE. 2006. Patterns in body mass distributions: sifting between alternative hypotheses. Ecology Letters 9: 630–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley G, Kneale P. 2002. Reviewing the impact of metals and PAHs on macroinvertebrates in urban watercourses. Progress in Physical Geography 26: 236–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binning KA, Baird D. 2001. Survey of heavy metals in the sediments of the Swartkops River Estuary, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Water SA 27: 461–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanckenhorn WU. 2000. The evolution of body size: what keeps organisms small?. The Quarterly Review of Biology 75: 385–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallas HF, Day JA. 2004. The effect of water quality variables on aquatic ecosystems – a review. Report No. TT 22/04. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
   Google Scholar
• de Bruyn AMH, Marcogliese DJ, Rasmussen JB. 2002. Altered body size distributions in a large river fish community enriched by sewage. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 819–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens CWS, Graham PM. 2002. The South Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment method for rivers. African Journal of Aquatic Science 27: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Dolédec S, Statzner B. 2008. Invertebrate traits for the biomonitoring of large European rivers: an assessment of specific types of human impacts. Freshwater Biology 53: 617–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry). 1996a. Zwartkops River water resources management plan: situation assessment and development of a catchment water quality monitoring programme. DWAF Report No. N/M100/REQ/0896. DWAF, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) 1996b. South African water quality guidelines Vol. 7: aquatic ecosystems use. Pretoria: DWAF.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards FW. 1929. British non-biting midges. Transactions of Entomological Society of London 77: 279–430.
   Google Scholar
• Enviro-Fish Africa. 2011. Swartkops Estuary and the Swartkops River Valley and Aloes nature reserves. Volume II. Produced by Enviro-Fish Africa for CapeNature, Rondebosch, and the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, Port Elizabeth.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrington LC. 2008. Global diversity of non-biting midges (Chironomidae; Insecta-Diptera) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 447–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford JB. 1959. A study of larval growth, the number of instars and sexual differentiation in the Chironomidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal of Entomological Society of London 34: 151–160.
   Google Scholar
• Franquet E. 1999. Chironomidae assemblage of a lower Rhone dike field: relationships between substratum and biodiversity. Hydriobiologia 397: 121–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromme GAW. 1988. Dynamics of the Swartkops Estuary. CSIR Report EMA-T 8804. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch.
   Google Scholar
• Frouz J, Ali A, Lobinske RJ. 2002. Suitability of morphological parameters for instar determination in pestiferous midges Chironomus crassicaudatus and Glyptotendipes paripes (Diptera: Chironomidae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 18: 222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern M, Gasith A, Broza M. 2002. Does the tube of a benthic chironomid larva play a role in protecting its dweller against chemical toxicants?. Hydrobiologia 470: 49–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer O 2012. PAST-Paleontological statistics version 2.17 reference manual. Oslo: Natural History Museum, University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison AD. 2003. Chironomidae. In: Day JA, Harrison AD, de Moor IJ (eds), Guides to the freshwater invertebrates of southern Africa. Vol. 9: Diptera. WRC Report No. TT 201/02. Pretoria: Water Research Commission. pp 110–158.
   Google Scholar
• Havlicek TD, Carpenter SR. 2001. Pelagic species size distribution in lakes: are they discontinuous?. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 1021–1033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling CS. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62: 447–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin T, Brockhoff C, Creed J, EMMC Methods Work Group. 1994. Method 200.7. Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. US Environmental Protection Agency. Revision 4.4.
   Google Scholar
• McLachlan AJ. 1976. Variation of gill size in the larvae of the African midge Chironomus transvaalensis Kieffer. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa 2: 55–56.
   Google Scholar
• Menezes S, Baird DJ, Soares AMVM. 2010. Beyond taxonomy: a review of macroinvertebrate trait-based community descriptors as tools for freshwater biomonitoring. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 711–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odume ON, Muller WJ. 2011. Diversity and structure of Chironomidae communities in relation to water quality differences in the Swartkops River, South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36: 929–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odume ON, Muller WJ, Arimoro FO, Palmer CG. 2012. The impact of water quality deterioration on macroinvertebrate communities in Swartkops River, South Africa: a multimetric approach. African Journal of Aquatic Science 37: 191–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poff NL. 1997. Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in stream ecology. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16: 391–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardi VS, Rebechl D, Aranha JMR, Navarro-Silva MA. 2013. Determination of larval instars in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae) using novel head capsule structures. Zoologica 30: 211–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson BJ, Barmuta LA, Fairweather PG. 2005. Methodological and conceptual issues in the search for a relationship between animal body-size distributions and benthic habitat architecture. Marine and Freshwater Research 56: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqueira T, Roque FD, Trivinho-Strixino S. 2008. Species richness, abundance, and body size relationships from a neotropical chironomid assemblage: looking for patterns. Basic and Applied Ecology 9: 606–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwood TRE. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?. Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 336–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwood TRE. 1988. Tactics, strategies and templets. Oikos 52: 3–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statzner B, Beche L. 2010. Can biological invertebrate traits resolve effects of multiple stressors on running water ecosystems?. Freshwater Biology 55: 80–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead TK, Schmid-Araya JM, Schmid PE, Hildrew AG. 2005. The distribution of body size in a stream community: one system, many patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 74: 475–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundermann A, Gerhardt M, Kappes H, Haase P. 2013. Stressor prioritisation in riverine ecosystems: which environmental factors shape benthic invertebrate assemblage metrics?. Ecological Indicators 27: 8–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomanova S, Moya N, Oberdorff T. 2008. Using macroinvertebrate biological traits for assessing biotic integrity of neotropical streams. River Research and Applications 24: 1230–1239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend CR, Hildrew AG. 1994. Species traits in relation to a habitat template for river systems. Freshwater Biology 170: 243–255.
   Google Scholar
• van den Brink PJ, Alexander AC, Desrosiers M, Goedkoop W, Goethals PL, Liess M, Dyer SD. 2011. Trait-based approaches in bioassessment and ecological risk assessment: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 7: 198–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Kleef HH. 2010. Identifying and crossing thresholds in managing moorland pool macroinvertebrates. PhD thesis, Radboud University, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Wiederholm T (ed.). 1983. Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and diagnoses. Vol. 1. Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 19.
   Google Scholar