Furcocercous cercariae shed by the freshwater snails Pila occidentalis (Mousson, 1887) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss, 1848) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

References

• Andersen L, Magnussen P, Wouters JSM, Berczy JJ, Friis H, Ali MI. 1985. Human schistosomiasis in Ngamiland, Botswana. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 37: 291–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appleton CC. 1996. Freshwater molluscs of southern Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton CC. 2006a. Do rice paddies provide a route for the introduction of intestinal schistosomiasis into north-eastern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa? In: Madsen H, Appleton CC (eds), Proceedings of a Workshop on African Freshwater Malacology, 9–12 September 2003, Kampala, Uganda. Copenhagen: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Centre for Health Research and Development. pp 79–104.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton CC. 2006b. The avian Schistiosomatidae of sub-Saharan Africa, with particular reference to Cercaria herini, a cause of dermatitis in people. In: Madsen H, Appleton CC (eds), Proceedings of a Workshop on African Freshwater Malacology, 9–12 September 2003, Kampala, Uganda. Copenhagen: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Centre for Health Research and Development. pp 213–233.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton CC, Ellery WN, Byskov J, Mogkweetsinyana SS. 2008. Epidemic transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis in the seasonal part of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 102: 611–623. doi: 10.1179/136485908X311867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton CC, Madsen H. 2012. Human schistosomiasis in wetlands in southern Africa. Wetlands Ecology and Management 20: 253–269. doi: 10.1007/s11273-012-9266-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DS. 1994. Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance (2nd edn). Great Britain: Burgess Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandiwana SK, Taylor P. 1985. First report of the occurrence of Schistosoma rodhaini Brumpt 1931 in Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79: 565–566. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90103-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen NØ, Frandsen F, Kristensen TK. 1986. African Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) and the intermediate snail host genera Bulinus Müller, 1781 and Biomphalaria Preston, 1910 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae). A review. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 100: 137–152.
   Google Scholar
• Esch, GW, Barger, MA, Fellis, KJ. 2002. The transmission of digenetic trematodes: style, elegance, complexity. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42: 304–312. doi: 10.1093/icb/42.2.304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fain A. 1953. Contribution à l’étude des formes larvaires des trématodes au Congo Belge et spécialement de la larvae de Schistosoma mansoni. Mémoires Institut Royal Colonial Belge. Section des Sciences Naturelles et Médicales 22: 1–312.
   Google Scholar
• Frandsen F, Christensen NØ. 1984. An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica 41: 181–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen van Rensburg C. 2001. Snail borne larval trematodes of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. MSc thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• King PH, van As JG. 1996. A description of the life stages of Echinoparyphium elegans (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). South African Journal of Zoology 31: 145–153. doi: 10.1080/02541858.1996.11448405
   Google Scholar
• King PH, van As JG. 1997. Morphology and Scanning Electron Microscopy of cercariae shed by Bulinus tropicus (Krauss, 1848) in the Free State. Journal of African Zoology 111: 301–312.
   Google Scholar
• King PH, van As JG. 2000. Morphology and life history of Petasiger variospinosus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in the Free State, South Africa. Journal of Parasitology 86: 312–318. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0312:MALHOP]2.0.CO;2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lühe M. 1909. Parasitische Plattwürmer. I. Trematodes. Die Süsswasser-Fauna Deutschlands 17: 1–217.
   Google Scholar
• Moema E, King PH, Baker C. 2008. Cercariae developing in Lymnaea natalensis Krauss, 1848 collected in the vicinity of Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 75: 215–223. doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v75i3.97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moema EBE, King PH, Baker C. 2012. Descriptions of strigea cercariae from the Gauteng and North West Provinces, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 79: Art. #410 (8 pp). doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monde C, Syampungani S, Van den Brink PJ. 2015. Exploring the potential of host-environment relationships in the control of schistosomiasis in Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 40: 47–55. doi: 10.2989/16085914.2014.986643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadasan DS, Appleton CC. 2006. Studies on larval trematode infections in freshwater snails in Durban, South Africa. I. Morphology and surface topography of cercariae. In: Madsen H, Appleton CC (eds), Proceedings of Workshop on African Freshwater Malacology, 9–12 September 2003, Kampala, Uganda. Copenhagen: Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Centre for Health Research and Development. pp 133–166.
   Google Scholar
• Paperna I. 1997. Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa – an update. CIFA Technical Paper No. 31. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford RJ. 1966. Some African schistosomes: genus Schistosoma. South African Journal of Science 62: 202–205.
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford RJ. 1974. Some preliminary observations on schistosomes occurring in antelope in central southern Africa. Rhodesian Veterinary Journal 4: 57–61.
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford RJ. 1976. Preliminary observations on the distribution, definitive hosts and possible relation with other schistosomes, of Schistosoma margrebowiei Le Roux, 1933 and Schistosoma leiperi Le Roux, 1955. Journal of Helminthology 50: 111–123. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X00027590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford RJ. 1977. A checklist of definitive hosts exhibiting evidence of the genus Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 acquired naturally in Africa and the Middle East. Journal of Helminthology 51: 229–252. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X00007574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford RJ, Meyling AH, Meyling J, du Toit JF. 1969. Cercarial shedding patterns of various schistosome species under outdoor conditions in the Transvaal. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 63: 359–371. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1969.11686637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford RJ, Visser PS. 1966. The activity of various schistosome cercariae in outdoor aquaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 60: 518–521. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1966.11686446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter A. 1938. The larval Trematoda found in certain South African Mollusca, with special reference to schistosomiasis (bilharziasis). SAIMR Publications No. 42. Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research.
   Google Scholar
• Schwetz J. 1954. On two schistosomes of wild rodents of the Belgian Congo: Schistosoma rodhaini Brumpt, 1931 and Schistosoma mansoni var. rodentorum and their relationship to S. mansoni of man. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 48: 89–92. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(54)90043-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth JD. 1994. Introduction to animal parasitology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taplin BF. 1964. Studies on larval Digenea from freshwater gastropods in the Johannesburg area, Transvaal. MSc thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• van Eeden JA. 1960. Key to the genera of South African freshwater and estuarine gastropods (Mollusca). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 24: 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Vercammen-Grandjean PH. 1960. Les Trématodes du Lac Kivu sud. Annales de Museé Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, Nouvelle Série (Sciences Zoologiques) 5: 9–171.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguti S. 1940. Zur entwicklungsgeschichte von Cyathocotyle orientalis Faust, 1921. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 12: 78–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02121963
   Google Scholar